XSLT stylesheets with erroneously placed import elements are now rejected

In accordance with XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 1.0 (http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt), the xsl:import element is only allowed as a top-level element. The xsl:import element children must precede all other element children of an xsl:stylesheet element, including any xsl:include element children.

The JDK implementation has previously allowed the xsl:import element erroneously placed anywhere in a stylesheet. This issue has been fixed in the JDK 9 release. The JDK implementation now rejects any XSLT stylesheets with erroneously placed import elements.

"sun.lang.ClassLoader.allowArraySyntax" system property is no longer supported

The system property sun.lang.ClassLoader.allowArraySyntax was introduced as a temporary workaround to give customers time to remove their source dependency on calling ClassLoader.loadClass with the array syntax that is not supported since JDK 6. This temporary workaround is removed in JDK 9 and setting sun.lang.ClassLoader.allowArraySyntax system property will have no effect to ClassLoader.loadClass. Existing code that calls ClassLoader.loadClass to create a Class object of an array class shall be replaced with Class.forName; otherwise it will get ClassNotFoundException.

De-synchronize java.util.Properties getter methods

java.util.Properties is a subclass of the legacy Hashtable class, which synchronizes on itself for any access. System properties are stored in a Properties object. They are a common way to change default settings, and sometimes must be read during classloading.

System.getProperties() returns the same Properties instance accessed by the system, which any application code might synchronize on. This situation has lead to deadlocks in the past, such as 6977738.

The Properties class has been updated to store its values in an internal ConcurrentHashMap (instead of using the inherited Hashtable mechanism), and its getter methods and legacy Enumerations are no longer synchronized. This should reduce the potential for deadlocks. It also means that since Properties' Iterators are now generated by ConcurrentHashMap, they don't fail-fast - ConcurrentModificationExceptions are no longer thrown.

JavaFX builder classes have been removed

The JavaFX builder classes, which were previously deprecated in JDK 8 with the stated intention to remove them, have been removed from JDK 9. JavaFX applications that use the builder classes should instead construct the needed scene graph objects directly and set the desired properties with the equivalent method calls.

Remove com.sun.security.auth.callback.DialogCallbackHandler

The com.sun.security.auth.callback.DialogCallbackHandler class has been removed. This class, which is in the JDK-specific extensions to JAAS, was deprecated in JDK 8 and previously flagged for removal.

auth.login.LoginContext needs to be updated to work with modules

After this change, besides implementing the necessary methods (initialize, login, logout, commit, abort), any login module must implement the LoginModule interface. Otherwise a LoginException will be thrown when the login module is used.

Access ExtendedGSSContext.inquireSecContext() result through SASL

The output of ExtendedGSSContext.inquireSecContext() is now available as negotiated properties for the SASL GSSAPI mechanism using the name "com.sun.security.jgss.inquiretype.", where "typename" is the string form of the InquireType enum parameter in lower case. For example, "com.sun.security.jgss.inquiretype.krb5getsessionkey_ex" for the session key of an established Kerberos 5 security context.

Non Java SE DOM APIs moved to jdk.xml.dom module

Before the Java SE 9 release, the DOM API package in org.w3c.dom included sub-packages that were not defined as a part of the Jave SE API. As of Java SE 9, these sub-packages are moved out of the java.xml module to a separate module called jdk.xml.dom. These packages are as follows: ` org.w3c.dom.css org.w3c.dom.html org.w3c.dom.stylesheets org.w3c.dom.xpath `

orb.idl and ir.idl moved to include directory

orb.idl and ir.idl have moved from the JDK lib directory to the include directory. Applications that use a CORBA IDL compiler in their build may need to change the include path from $JAVA_HOME/lib to $JAVA_HOME/include.

Remove Oracle Solaris ISA bin directories and links

On Oracle Solaris, the JDK and JRE no longer have an ISA (Instruction Specific Architecture) bin directory. The $JAVA_HOME/bin/sparcv9 and $JAVA_HOME/bin/amd64 directories, and the sym links in the directories, were present in JDK 8 to aid migration after 32-bit support was removed. Scripts or applications that rely on these locations should be updated to use $JAVA_HOME/bin.

lib/$ARCH directory removed from Linux and Solaris images

The lib/$ARCH directory, which used to contain native-code shared objects (.so files) for the VM and the libraries, has been removed and the contents has moved up one level into the lib/ directory.

com.sun.tracing APIs are removed

The following unsupported APIs are removed: * com.sun.tracing * com.sun.tracing.dtrace

Fixed memory leak when Java objects are passed into JavaScript

The bug fix for JDK-8089861, which was first integrated in JDK 8u102, fixes a memory leak when Java objects are passed into JavaScript. Prior to JDK 8u102, the WebView JavaScript runtime held a strong reference to such bound objects, which prevented them from being garbage collected. After the fix for JDK-8089861, the WebView JavaScript runtime uses weak references to refer to bound Java objects. The specification was updated to make it clear that this is the intended behavior.

Applications which rely on the previously unspecified behavior might be affected by the updated behavior if the application does not hold a strong reference to an object passed to JavaScript. In such case, the Java object might be garbage collected prematurely. The solution is to modify the application to hold a strong reference in Java code for objects that should remain live after being passed into JavaScript.

Fixed memory leak when Java objects are passed into JavaScript

The bug fix for JDK-8089861, which was first integrated in JDK 8u102, fixes a memory leak when Java objects are passed into JavaScript. Prior to JDK 8u102, the WebView JavaScript runtime held a strong reference to such bound objects, which prevented them from being garbage collected. After the fix for JDK-8089861, the WebView JavaScript runtime uses weak references to refer to bound Java objects. The specification was updated to make it clear that this is the intended behavior.

Applications which rely on the previously unspecified behavior might be affected by the updated behavior if the application does not hold a strong reference to an object passed to JavaScript. In such case, the Java object might be garbage collected prematurely. The solution is to modify the application to hold a strong reference in Java code for objects that should remain live after being passed into JavaScript.

Fixed memory leak when Java objects are passed into JavaScript

The bug fix for JDK-8089861, which was first integrated in JDK 8u102, fixes a memory leak when Java objects are passed into JavaScript. Prior to JDK 8u102, the WebView JavaScript runtime held a strong reference to such bound objects, which prevented them from being garbage collected. After the fix for JDK-8089861, the WebView JavaScript runtime uses weak references to refer to bound Java objects. The specification was updated to make it clear that this is the intended behavior.

Applications which rely on the previously unspecified behavior might be affected by the updated behavior if the application does not hold a strong reference to an object passed to JavaScript. In such case, the Java object might be garbage collected prematurely. The solution is to modify the application to hold a strong reference in Java code for objects that should remain live after being passed into JavaScript.

Remove Launch-Time JRE Version Selection

The Launch-Time JRE Version Selection also known as Multiple JRE or mJRE functionality will no longer be available with the java launcher. This means the java launcher will not invoke another JRE version, and will exit with an error.

The presence of "-version:x.y.z", "-jre-restrict-search" and "-jre-no-restrict-search" on the java launcher's command-line will cause it to exit with an error message. The environment variable "JREVERSIONPATH" will be ignored.

The Java Archive (jar) manifest entry "JRE-version" will cause the java launcher to emit a warning, and "JRE-Restrict-Search" will be ignored.

Support @-files for java command-line tool

The java launcher now supports reading arguments from "argument files" specified on the command line. It is not uncommon that the java launcher is invoked with very long command lines (a long class path for example). Many operating systems impose a limit on the length of a command line, something that "argument files" can be used to work around.

In JDK 9, java now can read arguments from specified files as they are put on the command line. See java command reference and java Command-Line Argument Files for more details.

Add a new launcher environment variable JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS

JDK 9 supports a new environment variable JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS to prepend options to those specified on the command line. The new environment variable has several advantages over the legacy/unsupported _JAVA_OPTIONS environment variable including the ability to include java launcher options and @file support. The new environment variable may also be useful when migrating from JDK 8 to JDK 9 for cases where new command line options (that are not supported by JDK 8) are needed.

For more details, see java launcher reference guide.

The launcher no longer uses ergonomics to select the VM

In previous releases, on platforms that supported more than one VM, the launcher could use ergonomics to select the Server VM over the Client VM. Ergonomics would identify a "server-class" machine based on the number of CPUs and the amount of memory. With modern hardware platforms most machines are identified as server-class, and so now, only the Server VM is provided on most platforms. Consequently the ergonomic selection is redundant and has been removed. Users are advised to use the appropriate launcher VM selection flag on those systems where multiple VMs still exist.

IBM1166 character set now available

This release adds IBM1166 character set. It provides support for cyrillic multilingual with euro for Kazakhstan. Aliases for this new character set include "cp1166","ibm1166", "ibm-1166", "1166".

keytool now prints warnings when reading or generating certificates/certificate requests/CRLs using weak algorithms

With one exception, keytool will always print a warning if the certificate, certificate request, or CRL it is parsing, verifying, or generating is using a weak algorithm or key. When a certificate is from an existing TrustedCertificateEntry, either in the keystore directly operated on or in the cacerts keystore when the -trustcacerts option is specified for the -importcert command, keytool will not print a warning if it is signed with a weak signature algorithm. For example, suppose the file cert contains a CA certificate signed with a weak signature algorithm, keytool -printcert -file cert and keytool -importcert -file cert -alias ca -keystore ks will print out a warning, but after the last command imports it into the keystore, keytool -list -alias ca -keystore ks will not show a warning anymore.

An algorithm or a key is weak if it matches the value of the jdk.certpath.disabledAlgorithms security property defined in the conf/security/java.security file.

keytool now prints out information of a certificate's public key

Keytool now prints out the key algorithm and key size of a certificate's public key, in the form of "Subject Public Key Algorithm: `<size>-bit RSA key", where <size>` is the key size in bits (ex: 2048).

Custom Policy Providers may need additional configuration

Classes loaded from the extensions directory are no longer granted AllPermission by default. See JDK-8040059.

A custom java.security.Policy provider that was using the extensions mechanism may be depending on the policy grant statement that had previously granted it AllPermission. If the policy provider does anything that requires a permission check, the local policy file may need to be adjusted to grant those permissions.

Also, custom policy providers are loaded by the system class loader. The classpath may need to be configured to allow the provider to be located.

New default -sigalg and -keysize for jarsigner and keytool

Default signature algorithms for jarsigner and keytool are determined by both the algorithm and the key size of the private key which makes use of comparable strengths as defined in Tables 2 and 3 of NIST SP 800-57 Part 1-Rev.4. Specifically, for a DSA or RSA key with a key size greater than 7680 bits, or an EC key with a key size greater than or equal to 512 bits, SHA-512 will be used as the hash function for the signature algorithm. For a DSA or RSA key with a key size greater than 3072 bits, or an EC key with a key size greater than or equal to 384 bits, SHA-384 will be used. Otherwise, SHA-256 will be used. The value may change in the future.

For DSA keys, the default key size for keytool has changed from 1024 bits to 2048 bits.

There are a few potential compatibility risks associated with these changes:

1. If you use jarsigner to sign JARs with the new defaults, previous versions (than this release) might not support the stronger defaults and will not be able to verify the JAR. jarsigner -verify on such a release will output the following error: ` jar is unsigned. (signatures missing or not parsable) If you add-J-Djava.security.debug=jarto thejarsignercommand line, the cause will be output: `` jar: processEntry caught: java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException: SHA256withDSA Signature not available `` If compatibility with earlier releases is important, you can, at your own risk, use the-sigalgoption ofjarsigner` and specify the weaker SHA1withDSA algorithm.

2. If you use a PKCS11 keystore, the SunPKCS11 provider may not support the SHA256withDSA algorithm. jarsigner and some keytool commands may fail with the following exception if PKCS11 is specified with the -storetype option, ex:

   ` keytool error: java.security.InvalidKeyException: No installed provider supports this key: sun.security.pkcs11.P11Key$P11PrivateKey A similar error may occur if you are using NSS with the SunPKCS11 provider. The workaround is to use the-sigalgoption ofkeytool` and specify SHA1withDSA.

3. If you have a script that uses the default key size of keytool to generate a DSA keypair but then subsequently specifies a specific signature algorithm, ex: ` keytool -genkeypair -keyalg DSA -keystore keystore -alias mykey ... keytool -certreq -sigalg SHA1withDSA -keystore keystore -alias mykey ... it will fail with one of the following exceptions, because the new 2048-bit keysize default is too strong for SHA1withDSA: `` keytool error: java.security.InvalidKeyException: The security strength of SHA-1 digest algorithm is not sufficient for this key size keytool error: java.security.InvalidKeyException: DSA key must be at most 1024 bits ```

   You will see a similar error if you use jarsigner to sign JARs using the new 2048-bit DSA key with -sigalg SHA1withDSA set.

   The workaround is to remove the -sigalg option and use the stronger SHA256withDSA default or, at your own risk, use the -keysize option of keytool to create new keys of a smaller key size (1024).

See JDK-8057810, JDK-8056174 and JDK-8138766 for more details.

Deprecate pre-1.2 SecurityManager methods and fields with forRemoval=true

The following pre-1.2 deprecated java.lang.SecurityManager methods and fields have been marked with forRemoval=true: the inCheck field, and the getInCheck, classDepth, classLoaderDepth, currentClassLoader, currentLoadedClass, inClass, and inClassLoader methods. This field and these methods should no longer be used and are subject to removal in a future version of Java SE.

Comodo Root CA removed

The Comodo "UTN - DATACorp SGC" root CA certificate has been removed from the cacerts file.

New IdenTrust certificates added to root CAs

Three new root certificates have been added :

IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1 alias: identrustpublicca DN: CN=IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1, O=IdenTrust, C=US

IdenTrust Commercial Root CA 1 alias: identrustcommercial DN: CN=IdenTrust Commercial Root CA 1, O=IdenTrust, C=US

IdenTrust DST Root CA X3 alias: identrustdstx3 DN: CN=DST Root CA X3, O=Digital Signature Trust Co.

jarsigner -verbose -verify should print the algorithms used to sign the jar

The jarsigner tool has been enhanced to show details of the algorithms and keys used to generate a signed JAR file and will also provide an indication if any of them are considered weak.

Specifically, when "jarsigner -verify -verbose filename.jar" is called, a separate section is printed out showing information of the signature and timestamp (if it exists) inside the signed JAR file, even if it is treated as unsigned for various reasons. If any algorithm or key used is considered weak, as specified in the Security property jdk.jar.disabledAlgorithms, it will be labeled with "(weak)".

For example: ` - Signed by "CN=weak_signer" Digest algorithm: MD2 (weak) Signature algorithm: MD2withRSA (weak), 512-bit key (weak) Timestamped by "CN=strong_tsa" on Mon Sep 26 08:59:39 CST 2016 Timestamp digest algorithm: SHA-256 Timestamp signature algorithm: SHA256withRSA, 2048-bit key `

Deprecate the com.sun.jarsigner package

The com.sun.jarsigner package is now deprecated. This includes the ContentSigner class, the ContentSignerParameters interface, and the jarsigner command's "-altsigner" and "-altsignerpath" options.

Required Algorithms for JDK 9

The following have been added to the security algorithm requirements for JDK implementations (keysize in parentheses):

1. Signature: SHA256withDSA
2. KeyPairGenerator: DSA (2048), DiffieHellman (2048, 4096), RSA (4096)
3. AlgorithmParameterGenerator: DSA (2048), DiffieHellman (2048)
4. Cipher: AES/GCM/NoPadding (128), AES/GCM/PKCS5Padding (128)
5. SSLContext: TLSv1.1, TLSv1.2
6. TrustManagerFactory: PKIX

Change in the default keystore type to PKCS12

As of JDK 9, the default keystore type (format) is "pkcs12" which is based on the RSA PKCS12 Personal Information Exchange Syntax Standard. Previously, the default keystore type was "jks" which is a proprietary format. Other keystore formats are available, such as "jceks" which is an alternate proprietary keystore format with stronger encryption than "jks" and "pkcs11", which is based on the RSA PKCS11 Standard and supports access to cryptographic tokens such as hardware security modules and smartcards.

Add mechanism to allow non default root CAs to not be subject to algorithm restrictions

'New certpath constraint: jdkCA In the java.security file, an additional constraint named "jdkCA" is added to the jdk.certpath.disabledAlgorithms property. This constraint prohibits the specified algorithm only if the algorithm is used in a certificate chain that terminates at a marked trust anchor in the lib/security/cacerts keystore. If the jdkCA constraint is not set, then all chains using the specified algorithm are restricted. jdkCA may only be used once in a DisabledAlgorithm expression.

Example:  To apply this constraint to SHA-1 certificates, include the following:  `SHA1 jdkCA`

New certificates added to root CAs

Eight new root certificates have been added :

QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3 alias: quovadisrootca1g3 DN: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3, O=QuoVadis Limited, C=BM

QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3 alias: quovadisrootca2g3 DN: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3

QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3 alias: quovadisrootca3g3 DN: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3, O=QuoVadis Limited, C=BM

DigiCert Assured ID Root G2 alias: digicertassuredidg2 DN: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G2, OU=www.digicert.com, O=DigiCert Inc, C=US

DigiCert Assured ID Root G3 alias: digicertassuredidg3 DN: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G3, OU=www.digicert.com, O=DigiCert Inc, C=US

DigiCert Global Root G2 alias: digicertglobalrootg2 DN: CN=DigiCert Global Root G2, OU=www.digicert.com, O=DigiCert Inc, C=US

DigiCert Global Root G3 alias: digicertglobalrootg3 DN: CN=DigiCert Global Root G3, OU=www.digicert.com, O=DigiCert Inc, C=US

DigiCert Trusted Root G4 alias: digicerttrustedrootg4 DN: CN=DigiCert Trusted Root G4, OU=www.digicert.com, O=DigiCert Inc, C=US

Deprecate the java.security.acl API

The java.security.acl API has been deprecated. The classes in this package should no longer be used. The java.security package contains suitable replacements. See Policy and related classes for details.

Deprecate policytool

The policytool security tool is deprecated in JDK 9. It will be removed in a future release.

Fix denyAfter and usage types for security properties

A new constraint named 'usage' has been added to the 'jdk.certpath.disabledAlgorithms' security property, that when set, restricts the algorithm if it is used in a certificate chain for the specified usage(s). Three usages are initially supported: 'TLSServer' for restricting authentication of TLS server certificate chains, 'TLSClient' for restricting authentication of TLS client certificate chains, and 'SignedJAR' for restricting certificate chains used with signed JARs. This should be used when disabling an algorithm for all usages is not practical. The usage type follows the keyword and more than one usage type can be specified with a whitespace delimiter. For example, to disable SHA1 for TLS server and client certificate chains, add the following to the property: "SHA1 usage TLSServer TLSClient"

The 'denyAfter' constraint has been added to the 'jdk.jar.disabledAlgorithms' security property. When set, it restricts the specified algorithm if it is used in a signed JAR after the specified date, as follows:

a. if the JAR is not timestamped, it will be restricted (treated as unsigned) after the specified date

b. if the JAR is timestamped, it will not be restricted if it is timestamped before the specified date.

For example, to restrict usage of SHA1 in jar files signed after January 1, 2018, add the following to the property: "SHA1 denyAfter 2018-01-01".

De-privileged module permissions granted by default

When using a SecurityManager, the permissions required by JDK modules are granted by default, and are not dependent on the policy.url properties that are set in the java.security file.

This also applies if you are setting the java.security.policy system property with either the '=' or '==' option.

Modify requirements on Authority Key Identifier extension field during X509 certificate chain building

The requirement to have the Authority Key Identifier (AKID) and Subject Key Identifier (SKID) fields matching when building X509 certificate chains has been modified for some cases.

Add variant of DSA Signature algorithms that do not ASN.1 encode the signature bytes

A non-ASN.1 encoded form for DSA and ECDSA signatures has been implemented. This new signature output format concatenates the r and s values from the signature in conformance with IEEE P1363. Signature objects using this format must provide one of the following algorithm Strings to the Signature.getInstance() method:

For DSA: NONEwithDSAinP1363Format SHA1withDSAinP1363Format SHA224withDSAinP1363Format SHA256withDSAinP1363Format

For ECDSA: NONEwithECDSAinP1363Format SHA1withECDSAinP1363Format SHA224withECDSAinP1363Format SHA256withECDSAinP1363Format SHA384withECDSAinP1363Format SHA512withECDSAinP1363Format

Update SecurityManager::checkPackageAccess to restrict non-exported JDK packages by default

The implementation of the checkPackageAccess and checkPackageDefinition methods of java.lang.SecurityManager now automatically restrict all non-exported packages of JDK modules loaded by the platform class loader or its ancestors. This is in addition to any packages listed in the package.access and package.definition security properties. A "non-exported package" refers to a package that is not exported to all modules. Specifically, it refers to a package that either is not exported at all by its containing module or is exported in a qualified fashion by its containing module.

If your application is running with a SecurityManager, it will need to be granted an appropriate accessClassInPackage.{package} RuntimePermission to access any internal JDK APIs (in addition to specifying an appropriate --add-exports option). If the application has not been granted access, a SecurityException will be thrown.

Note that an upgraded JDK module may have a different set of internal packages than the corresponding system module, and therefore may require a different set of permissions.

The package.access and package.definition properties no longer contain internal JDK packages that are not exported. Therefore, if an application calls Security.getProperty("package.access"), it will not include the builtin non-exported JDK packages.

Also, when running under a SecurityManager, an attempt to access a type in a restricted package that does not contain any classes now throws a ClassNotFoundException instead of an AccessControlException. For example, loading sun.Foo now throws a ClassNotFoundException instead of an AccessControlException because there are no classes in the sun package.

New DTrust certificates added to root CAs

Two new root certificates have been added :

D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009 alias: dtrustclass3ca2 DN: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009, O=D-Trust GmbH, C=DE

D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009 alias: dtrustclass3ca2ev DN: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009, O=D-Trust GmbH, C=DE

New APIs for jar signing

A new jdk.security.jarsigner.JarSigner API is added to the jdk.jartool module which can be used to sign a jar file.

Sonera Class1 CA Removed

The "Sonera Class1 CA" root CA certificate has been removed from the cacerts file.

Removed stopThread RuntimePermission from the default java.policy

The default java.policy no longer grants stopThread runtime permission in JDK 9.

In previous releases, untrusted code had the stopThread runtime permission by default. This allows untrusted code to call Thread::stop ( on threads other than the current one ). Having an arbitrary exception thrown asynchronously is not something that trusted code should be expected to handle gracefully. So this permission is removed by default in JDK 9. The following line is deleted from the file conf/security/java.policy : permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "stopThread";

SunPKCS11 Provider no longer offering SecureRandom by default

SecureRandom.PKCS11 from the SunPKCS11 Provider is disabled by default on Solaris because the native PKCS11 implementation has poor performance and is not recommended. If your application requires SecureRandom.PKCS11, you can re-enable it by removing "SecureRandom" from the disabledMechanisms list in conf/security/sunpkcs11-solaris.cfg

Performance improvements have also been made in the java.security.SecureRandom class. Improvements in the JDK implementation has allowed for synchronization to be removed from the java.security.SecureRandom.nextBytes(byte[] bytes) method.

Default key sizes for the AlgorithmParameterGenerator and KeyPairGenerator implementations updated

To improve security, the default key size for the RSA and DiffieHellman KeyPairGenerator implementations and the DiffieHellman AlgorithmParameterGenerator implementations has been increased from 1024 bits to 2048 bits. The default key size for the DSA KeyPairGenerator and AlgorithmParameterGenerator implementations remains at 1024 bits to preserve compatibility with applications that are using keys of that size with the SHA1withDSA signature algorithm.

With increases in computing power and advances in cryptography, the minimum recommended key size increases over time. Therefore, future versions of the platform may increase the default size.

Disallow null values for Subject inputs

Inputs to the javax.security.auth.Subject class now prohibit null values in the constructors and modification operations on the Principal and credential Set objects returned by Subject methods.

For the non-default constructor, the principals, pubCredentials, and privCredentials parameters may not be null, nor may any element within the Sets be null. A NullPointerException will be thrown if null values are provided.

For operations performed on Set objects returned by getPrincipals(), getPrivateCredentials() and getPublicCredentials(), a NullPointerException is thrown under the following conditions: * add(), remove(), or contains() uses a null parameter. * addAll(), removeAll(), containsAll() or retainsAll() provides a Collection containing a null element.

Security providers are now loaded through ServiceLoader and registered by name

As part of work for JEP 220 "Modular Run-Time Images", security providers loading mechanism is enhanced to support modular providers through java.util.ServiceLoader. The default JDK security providers have been refactored to be modular providers and registered inside java.security file by provider name instead of provider class name. As for providers which have not been re-worked to modules, they should be registered by provider class names in java.security file.

Support added to jarsigner for specifying timestamp hash algorithm

A new -tsadigestalg option is added to jarsigner to specify the message digest algorithm that is used to generate the message imprint to be sent to the TSA server. In older JDK releases, the message digest algorithm used was SHA-1. If this new option is not specified, SHA-256 will be used on JDK 7 Updates and later JDK family versions. On JDK 6 Updates, SHA-1 will remain the default but a warning will be printed to the standard output stream.

Demo references in Solaris install documentation

Demos were removed from the package tar.Z bundle(JDK-7066713). There is a separate Demos&Samples bundle beginning with 7u2 b08 and 6u32 b04, but Solaris patches still contain SUNWj7dmo/SUNWj6dmo. The 64 bit packages are SUNWj7dmx/SUNWj6dmx.

Demo packages remain in the existing Solaris patches; however, just because they are there doesn't mean that they are installed. They will be patched only if the end user has them installed on the system.

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/webnotes/install/solaris/solaris-jdk.html

The link above is to the Solaris OS Install Directions for the JDK. The SUNWj7dmx package is mentioned in the tar.Z portion of the directions. This is confusing to some as, according to the cited bug, the SUNWj7dmx package shouldn't be part of the tar.Z bundle.

The JNI function DetachCurrentThread must tolerate pending exceptions

The JNI function DetachCurrentThread has been added to the list of JNI functions that can safely be called with an exception pending. The HotSpot Virtual Machine has always supported this as it reports that the exception occurred in a similar manner to the default handling of uncaught exceptions at the Java level. Other implementations are not obligated to do anything with the pending exception.

Fork/Join common pool threads return the system class loader as their thread context class loader

In Java SE 9, threads that are part of the fork/join common pool will always return the system class loader as their thread context class loader. In previous releases, the thread context class loader may have been inherited from whatever thread causes the creation of the fork/join common pool thread, e.g. by submitting a task. An application cannot reliably depend on when, or how, threads are created by the fork/join common pool, and as such cannot reliably depend on a custom defined class loader to be set as the thread context class loader.

Extend the search path for the org.omg.CORBA.ORB orb.properties file

org.omg.CORBA.ORB specifies the search order to locate an ORB's orb.properties file, and this includes searching ${java.home}/lib. The JDK 9 release will include a ${java.home}/conf directory as the location for properties files. As such, the ORB.init processing has been amended, to include ${java.home}/conf directory in its search path for an orb.properties file. Thus, the preferred approach is to use the ${java.home}/conf directory, in preference to the ${java.home}/lib directory, as a location for an orb.properties file.

JAX-WS, JAXB, JAF are deprivileged and defined by platform class loader

The defining class loader of java.xml.ws, java.xml.bind, and java.activation module and their classes is changed to the platform class loader (non-null) (see the specification for java.lang.ClassLoader::getPlatformClassLoader).

Existing code that assumes the defining class loader of JAX-WS, JAXB, JAF classes may be impacted by this change (e.g. custom class loader delegation to the bootstrap class loader skipping the extension class loader).

Serialization Filter Configuration

Serialization Filtering introduces a new mechanism which allows incoming streams of object-serialization data to be filtered in order to improve both security and robustness. Every ObjectInputStream applies a filter, if configured, to the stream contents during deserialization. Filters are set using either a system property or a configured security property. The value of the "jdk.serialFilter" patterns are described in JEP 290 Serialization Filtering and in <JRE>/lib/security/java.security. Filter actions are logged to the 'java.io.serialization' logger, if enabled.

serialver -show option is removed

The serialver -show option has been removed in this release.

Support the "s" (second) unit for kdc_timeout in krb5.conf

An interoperability issue is found between Java and the native Kerberos implementation on BSD (including macOS) on the kdc_timeout setting in krb5.conf, where Java interpreted it as milliseconds and BSD as seconds when no unit is specified. This code change adds support for the "s" (second) unit. Therefore if the timeout is 5 seconds, Java accepts both "5000" and "5s". Customers concerned about interoperability between Java and BSD should use "5s".

accept yes/no for boolean krb5.conf settings

Besides "true" and "false", krb5.conf now also accepts "yes" and "no" for boolean-valued settings.

Support "include" and "includedir" in krb5.conf

The krb5.conf file now supports including other files using either the "include FILENAME" or "includedir DIRNAME" directives. FILENAME or DIRNAME must be an absolute path. The named file or directory must exist and be readable. Including a directory includes all files within the directory whose names consist solely of alphanumeric characters, dashes, or underscores. An included file can include other files but no recursion is allowed.

Also, before this change, when the same setting for a single-valued option (For example, default_realm) is defined more than once in krb5.conf, the last value was chosen. After this change, the first value is chosen. This is to be consistent with other krb5 vendors.

rcache interop with krb5-1.15

The hash algorithm used in the Kerberos 5 replay cache file (rcache) is updated from MD5 to SHA256 with this change. This is also the algorithm used by MIT krb5-1.15. This change is interoperable with earlier releases of MIT krb5, which means Kerberos 5 acceptors from JDK 9 and MIT krb5-1.14 can share the same rcache file.

A new system property named jdk.krb5.rcache.useMD5 is introduced. If the system property is set to "true", JDK 9 will still use the MD5 hash algorithm in rcache. This is useful when both of the following conditions are true: 1) the system has a very coarse clock and has to depend on hash values in replay attack detection, and 2) interoperability with earlier versions of JDK for rcache files is required. The default value of this system property is "false".

Correction to end time checking for native TGT

The end times for native TGTs (ticket-granting tickets) are now compared with UTC time stamps.

Removal of native2ascii tool

native2ascii tool is removed in JDK 9. JDK 9 supports UTF-8 based properties resource bundles (see JEP 226 and the conversion for UTF-8 based properties resource bundles to ISO-8859-1 is no longer needed.

extcheck tool removed

The extcheck tool has been removed in this release.

MethodHandles.bind obeys protected access rules

The method java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.bind has been fixed to correctly obey the access rules when binding a receiver object to a protected method.

java.lang.invoke.LambdaMetafactory cannot be constructed

A behavioural change has been made to class java.lang.invoke.LambdaMetafactory so that it is no longer possible to construct an instance. This class only has static methods to create "function objects" (commonly utilized as bootstrap methods) and should not be instantiated. The risk of source and binary incompatibility is very low; analysis of existing code bases found no instantiations.

Class.getSimpleName() reads from the InnerClasses attribute

Class.getSimpleName() was changed to use the name recorded in the InnerClasses attribute of the class file. This change may affect applications which generate custom bytecode with incomplete or incorrect information recorded in the InnerClasses attribute.

invokedynamic implementation should not wrap Errors

The invokedynamic byte code instruction is no longer specified by the Java Virtual Machine Specification to wrap any Throwable thrown during linking in java.lang.invoke.BootstrapMethodError, which is then thrown to the caller.

If during linking an instance of Error, or a subclass of, is thrown then that Error is no longer wrapped and is thrown directly to the caller. Any other instance of Throwable, or subclass of, is still wrapped in java.lang.invoke.BootstrapMethodError.

This change in behaviour ensures that errors such as OutOfMemoryError or ThreadDeath are thrown unwrapped and may be acted on or reported directly, thereby enabling more uniform replacement of byte code with an invokedynamic instruction whose call site performs the same functionality as the replaced byte code (and may throw the same errors).

Internal package sun.invoke.anon has been removed

The internal package sun.invoke.anon has been removed. The functionality it used to provide, namely anonymous class loading with possible constant pool patches, is available via the Unsafe.defineAnonymousClass() method.

Add security property to configure XML Signature secure validation mode

A new security property named jdk.xml.dsig.secureValidationPolicy has been added that allows you to configure the individual restrictions that are enforced when the secure validation mode of XML Signature is enabled. The default value for this property in the java.security configuration file is: ` jdk.xml.dsig.secureValidationPolicy=\ disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116,\ disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#rsa-md5,\ disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#hmac-md5,\ disallowAlg http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmldsig-more#md5,\ maxTransforms 5,\ maxReferences 30,\ disallowReferenceUriSchemes file http https,\ noDuplicateIds,\ noRetrievalMethodLoops Please refer to the definition of the property in thejava.security` file for more information.

The XML Digital Signature API (javax.xml.crypto and subpackages) has been enhanced to better support generics

The XML Digital Signature APIs (the javax.xml.crypto package and subpackages) have been enhanced to better support Generics, as follows: - all Collection and Iterator parameters and return types have been changed to parameterized types - the javax.xml.crypto.NodeSetData interface has been changed to a generic type that implements Iterable so that it can be used in for-each loops

Provided new utility visitors supporting SourceVersion.RELEASE_9

The constructors for the utility visitors in javax.lang.model.util that correspond to the RELEASE_6 source level have been deprecated since the reference implementation regards -source 6 as obsolete. Authors of annotation processors should update their processors to support newer source versions.

IANA Data 2015g

JDK contains IANA time zone data version 2015g. For more information, refer to [Timezone Data Versions in the JRE Software|http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tzdata-versions-138805.html].

Deprecate sun.misc.Unsafe.defineClass

The method sun.misc.Unsafe.defineClass is deprecated for removal. Use the method java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup.defineClass to define a class to the same class loader and in the same runtime package and protection domain of a given Lookup's lookup class.

Three com.sun.java.accessibility.utils internal fields are now private

Three static fields exposing event listener instances whose types are internal and intended use was internal are now made private. These are very unlikely to have been used by many applications as until recently they were shipped only as an unbundled component.

Improved exception handling for bad LDAP referral replies

The JDK was throwing a NullPointerException when a non-compliant REFERRAL status result was sent but no referral values were included. With this change, a NamingException with message value of "Illegal encoding: referral is empty" will be thrown in such circumstances. See JDK-8149450 and JDK-8154304 for more details

Exported elements referring to inaccessible types in java.naming

The javax.naming.CompoundName, an extensible type, has a protected member, impl whose type, javax.naming.NameImpl, is package-private. This is a long standing issue where an inaccessible implementation type has mistakenly made its way into the public Java SE API.

The new javac lint option javac -Xlint helped identify this issue. In Java SE 9, this protected member has been removed from the public API.

Compatibility:

Since the type of the member is package-private it cannot be directly referenced by non-JDK code. The member type does not implement or extend any super type directly, therefore any non-JDK subtype of javax.naming.CompoundName could only refer to this member as Object. It is possible that such a subtype might invoke the toString, or any of Object's methods on this member, or even synchronize on it. In such a case such subtypes of javax.naming.CompoundName will require updating.

Source incompatible:

Code making a static reference to the member will fail to compile, e.g. error: impl has private access in CompoundName

Binary incompatible:

Previously compiled code executed with JDK 9, accessing the member directly will fail, e.g. java.lang.IllegalAccessError: tried to access field javax.naming.CompoundName.impl from class CompoundName$MyCompoundName

Context.APPLET is ignored when creating a JNDI InitialContext

javax.naming.Context.APPLET has been deprecated. If the environment specified when creating an InitialContext contains Context.APPLET then it is ignored. Applets with JNDI configuration in applet parameters should use the Applet.getParameter(String) method to read the parameters and use the values to create the JNDI context.

Support system or alternative implementations of zlib

The Java runtime now uses system zlib library (the zlib library installed on the underlying operation system) for its zlib compression support (the deflation and inflation functionality in java.util.zip, for example) on Solaris and Linux platforms.

Remove Packer/Unpacker addPropertyChangeListener and removePropertyListener methods

The deprecated addPropertyListener and removePropertyListener methods have been removed from java.util.jar.Pack200.Packer and java.util.jar.Pack200.Unpacker. Applications that need to monitor progress of a packer or unpacker should poll the value of the PROGRESS property instead.

java.util.zip.ZipFile.getEntry() now always returns the ZipEntry instance with a '/' ended entry name for directory entry

java.util.zip.ZipEntry API doc specifies "A directory entry is defined to be one whose name ends with a '/'". However, in previous JDK releases java.util.zip.ZipFile.getEntry(String entryName) may return a ZipEntry instance with an entry name that does not end with '/' for an existing zip directory entry when the passed in argument entryName does not end with a '/' and there is a matching zip directory entry with name entryName + '/' in the zip file. With JDK 9 the name of the ZipEntry instance returned from java.util.zip.ZipFile.getEntry() always ends with '/' for any zip directory entry.

The system property sun.zip.disableMemoryMapping has been removed

The zip library implementation has been improved in JDK 9. The new java.util.zip.ZipFile implementation does not use mmap to map ZIP file central directory into memory anymore. As a result, the sun.zip.disableMemoryMapping system property is no longer needed and has been removed.

Remove HTTP proxying from RMI

The mechanism of proxying RMI requests through HTTP, which was deprecated in Java SE 8, has been removed in Java SE 9. This mechanism used a web CGI script called java-rmi.cgi. This script has also been removed. The default mechanism for transmitting RMI requests is now simply a direct socket connection.

rmic -Xnew option is disabled

The experimental rmic -Xnew option has been disabled for this release.

RMI server-side multiplex protocol has been disabled

The RMI multiplex protocol is disabled by default. It can be re-enabled by setting the system property "sun.rmi.transport.tcp.enableMultiplexProtocol" to "true".

CodeStore service has been removed

The possibility to provide provide subclasses of jdk.nashorn.internal.runtime.CodeStore through the java.util.ServiceLoader API has been removed in JDK 9.

Remove per-compiler performance counters

Per-thread compiler performance counters have been removed because they became obsolete in the presence of more fine-grained and precise compilation events. The corresponding interface in sun.management.* has been deprecated since it will no longer provide information without the performance counters. Users can get similar or more fine-grained information via global performance counters, the event tracing API (JFR) or -XX:+PrintCompilation.

Remove BackEdgeThreshold flag

The -XX:BackEdgeThreshold flag has been removed because it is no longer supported. Users now need to use -XX:OnStackReplacePercentage instead.

Interpreter and compiled code process signaling NaN values inconsistently in 32-bit x86 VM

The IEEE 754 standard distinguishes between signaling and quiet NaNs. When executing floating point operations, some processors silently convert signaling NaNs to quiet NaNs. The 32-bit x86 version of the HotSpot JVM allows silent conversions to happen. With JVM releases preceding JDK 9, silent conversions happen depending on whether the floating point operations are part of compiled or interpreted code. With the JDK 9 release, interpreted and compiled code behaves consistently with respect to signaling and quiet NaNs.

AVX-512 (AVX3) instructions set support

JDK 9 will support code generation for AVX-512 (AVX3) instructions set on x86 CPUs, but not by default. A maximum of AVX2 is supported by default in JDK 9. The flag -XX:UseAVX=3 can be used to enable AVX-512 code generation on CPUs that support it.

Remove Use486InstrsOnly flag

The -XX:+Use486InstrsOnly flag has been removed because it is no longer supported.

Compilers accept modification of final fields outside initializer methods

According to the Java VM Specification, final fields can be modified by the putfield byte code instruction only if the instruction appears in the instance initializer method <init> of the field's declaring class. Similar, static final fields can be modified by a putstatic instruction only if the instruction appears in the class initializer method <clinit> of the field's declaring class. With the JDK 9 release, the HotSpot VM fully enforces the previously mentioned restrictions, but only for class files with version number >= 53. For class files with version numbers < 53, restrictions are only partially enforced (as it is done by releases preceding JDK 9). That is, for class files with version number < 53, final fields can be modified in any method of the class declaring the field (not only class/instance initializers).

Implemented performance improvements for BigInteger.montgomeryMultiply

We have implemented improvements that will improve performance of several security algorithms, especially when using ciphers with key lengths of 2048-bit or greater. To turn on these improvements, use the options -XX:+UseMontgomeryMultiplyIntrinsic and -XX:+UseMontgomerySquareIntrinsic. This improvement is only for Linux and Solaris on x86_64 architecture.

Nondeterministic wrong answer on arithmetic corrected

When performing OSR on loops with huge stride and/or initial values, in very rare cases, the tiered/server compilers could produce non-canonical loop shapes that produce nondeterministic answers when the answers should be deterministic. This issue has now been fixed.

Remove SafepointPollOffset flag

The -XX:SafepointPollOffset flag has been removed because it was introduced only to reproduce a problem with the C1 compiler and is no longer needed.

Remove EnableInvokeDynamic flag

The -XX:EnableInvokeDynamic flag has been removed because the VM does no longer support execution without invokedynamic.

Emulate client build on platforms with reduced virtual address space

The 32-bit Client VM was removed from linux-x86 and Windows. As a result, the -client flag is ignored with 32-bit versions of Java on this platform. The 32-bit Server VM is used instead. However, due to limited virtual address space on Windows in 32-bit mode, by default the Server VM emulates the behavior of the Client VM and only uses the C1 JIT compiler, Serial GC, 32Mb CodeCache. To revert to server mode, the flag -XX:{+|-}TieredCompilation can be used. On linux-x86 there is no Client VM mode emulation.

Removed PICL warning message

In 8u40, and 7u80, a new feature was introduced to use the PICL library on Solaris to get some system information. If this library was not found, we printed an error message:

Java HotSpot(TM) Server VM warning: PICL (libpicl.so.1) is missing. Performance will not be optimal.

This warning was misleading. Not finding the PICL library is a very minor issue, and the warnings mostly lead to confusion. In this release, the warning was removed.

Support for Customization of Default Enabled Cipher Suites via System Properties

The system property jdk.tls.client.cipherSuites can be used to customize the default enabled cipher suites for the client side of SSL/TLS connections. In a similar way, the system property jdk.tls.server.cipherSuites can be used for customization on the server side.

The system properties contain a comma-separated list of supported cipher suite names that specify the default enabled cipher suites. All other supported cipher suites are disabled for this default setting. Unrecognized or unsupported cipher suite names specified in properties are ignored. Explicitly setting enabled cipher suites will override the system properties.

Refer to the Java Cryptography Architecture Standard Algorithm Name Documentation for the standard JSSE cipher suite names, and the Java Cryptography Architecture Oracle Providers Documentation for the cipher suite names supported by the SunJSSE provider.

Note that the actual use of enabled cipher suites is restricted by algorithm constraints.

Note also that these system properties are currently supported by the JDK Reference Implementation. They are not guaranteed to be supported by other implementations.

Warning: These system properties can be used to configure weak cipher suites, or the configured cipher suites may become more weak over time. We do not recommend using the system properties unless you understand the security implications. Use them at your own risk.

Fix to resolve "Unable to process PreMasterSecret, may be too big" issue

Recent JDK updates introduced an issue for applications that depend on having a delayed provider selection mechanism. The issue was introduced in JDK 8u71, JDK 7u95 and JDK 6u111. The main error seen corresponded to an exception like the following : ` handling exception: javax.net.ssl.SSLProtocolException: Unable to process PreMasterSecret, may be too big `

Deprecate methods that reference javax.security.cert APIs

The java.net.ssl.HandshakeCompletedEvent.getPeerCertificateChain and java.net.ssl.SSLSession.getPeerCertificateChain methods have been deprecated. New applications should use the getPeerCertificates method instead.

Improve the default strength of EC in JDK.

To improve the default strength of EC cryptography, EC keys less than 224 bits have been deactivated in certification path processing (via the "jdk.certpath.disabledAlgorithms" Security Property) and SSL/TLS/DTLS connections (via the "jdk.tls.disabledAlgorithms" Security Property) in JDK. Applications can update this restriction in the Security Properties and permit smaller key sizes if really needed (for example, "EC keySize < 192").

EC curves less than 256 bits are removed from the SSL/TLS/DTLS implementation in JDK. The new System Property, "jdk.tls.namedGroups", defines a list of enabled named curves for EC cipher suites in order of preference. If an application needs to customize the default enabled EC curves or the curves preference, please update the System Property accordingly. For example:

jdk.tls.namedGroups="secp256r1, secp384r1, secp521r1"

Note that the default enabled or customized EC curves follow the algorithm constraints. For example, the customized EC curves cannot re-activate the disabled EC keys defined by the Java Security Properties.

IllegalArgumentException from TLS handshake

A recent issue from the JDK-8148516 fix can cause issue for some TLS servers. The problem originates from an IllegalArgumentException thrown by the TLS handshaker code.

`java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: System property jdk.tls.namedGroups(null) contains no supported elliptic curves`

The issue can arise when the server doesn't have elliptic curve cryptography support to handle an elliptic curve name extension field (if present). Users are advised to upgrade to this release. By default, JDK 7 Updates and later JDK families ship with the SunEC security provider which provides elliptic curve cryptography support. Those releases should not be impacted unless security providers are modified.

See JDK-8173783

Increase the priorities of GCM cipher suites

In TLS, a ciphersuite defines a specific set of cryptography algorithms used in a TLS connection. JSSE maintains a prioritized list of ciphersuites. In this update, GCM-based cipher suites are configured as the most preferable default cipher suites in the SunJSSE provider.

In the SunJSSE provider, the following ciphersuites are now the most preferred by default: ``` TLSECDHEECDSAWITHAES256GCMSHA384 TLSECDHEECDSAWITHAES128GCMSHA256

TLSECDHERSAWITHAES256GCMSHA384 TLSRSAWITHAES256GCMSHA384 TLSECDHECDSAWITHAES256GCMSHA384 TLSECDHRSAWITHAES256GCMSHA384 TLSDHERSAWITHAES256GCMSHA384 TLSDHEDSSWITHAES256GCM_SHA384

TLSECDHERSAWITHAES128GCMSHA256 TLSRSAWITHAES128GCMSHA256 TLSECDHECDSAWITHAES128GCMSHA256 TLSECDHRSAWITHAES128GCMSHA256 TLSDHERSAWITHAES128GCMSHA256 TLSDHEDSSWITHAES128GCM_SHA256 ``` Note that this is a behavior change of the SunJSSE provider in the JDK, it is not guaranteed to be examined and used by other JSSE providers. There is no guarantee the cipher suites priorities will remain the same in future updates or releases.

SHA224 removed from the default support list if SunMSCAPI enabled

SunJSSE allows SHA224 as an available signature and hash algorithm for TLS 1.2 connections. However, the current implementation of SunMSCAPI does not support SHA224 yet. This can cause problems if SHA224 and SunMSCAPI private keys are used at the same time.

To mitigate the problem, we remove SHA224 from the default support list if SunMSCAPI is enabled.

Custom HostnameVerifier enables SNI extension

Earlier releases of JDK 8 Updates didn't always send the Server Name Indication (SNI) extension in the TLS ClientHello phase if a custom hostname verifier was used. This verifier is set via the setHostnameVerifier(HostnameVerifier v) method in HttpsURLConnection. The fix ensures the Server Name is now sent in the ClientHello body. See JDK-8144566 for more details.

Correction of IllegalArgumentException from TLS handshake

A recent issue from the JDK-8148516 fix can cause issue for some TLS servers. The problem originates from an IllegalArgumentException thrown by the TLS handshaker code.

`java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: System property jdk.tls.namedGroups(null) contains no supported elliptic curves`

The issue can arise when the server doesn't have elliptic curve cryptography support to handle an elliptic curve name extension field (if present). Users are advised to upgrade to this release. By default, JDK 7 Updates and later JDK families ship with the SunEC security provider which provides elliptic curve cryptography support. Those releases should not be impacted unless security providers are modified.

TLS Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Extension

JEP 244 has enhanced the Java Secure Socket Extension (JSSE) to provide support for the TLS Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) Extension (RFC 7301). New methods have been added to the javax.net.ssl classes SSLEngine, SSLSocket, and SSLParameters to allow clients and servers to negotiate an application layer value as part of the TLS handshake.

Deprecate the javax.security.cert API

The javax.security.cert API has been deprecated. The classes in this package should no longer be used. The java.security.cert package contains suitable replacements.

Support SHA224withDSA and SHA256withDSA in the SunJSSE provider

The SHA224withDSA and SHA256withDSA algorithms are now supported in the TLS 1.2 "signature_algorithms" extension in the SunJSSE provider. Note that this extension does not apply to TLS 1.1 and previous versions.

OOME caused by very large CDATA section in XML document can now be avoided

An event-based XML parsers may return character data in chunks.

SAX specification: states that SAX parsers may return all contiguous character data in a single chunk, or they may split it into several chunks.

StAX specification: did not specify explicitly.

The JDK implementation before JDK 9 returns all character data in a CData section in a single chunk by default. As of JDK 9, an implementation-only property jdk.xml.cdataChunkSize is added to instruct a parser to return the data in a CData section in a single chunk when the property is zero or unspecified, or in multiple chunks when it is greater than zero. The parser will split the data by linebreaks, and any chunks that are larger than the specified size to ones that are equal to or smaller than the size.

The property jdk.xml.cdataChunkSize is supported through the following means:

1. through the SAX or StAX API, that is SAXParser or XMLReader for SAX, and XMLInputFactory for StAX. If the property is set, its value will be used in preference over any of the other settings.
2. as a system property. The value set in the system property will overwrite that in jaxp.properties, but may be overridden by the API setting above.
3. in the jaxp.properties file. The value in jaxp.properties may be overridden by the system property or an API setting.

Stage background is now filled with Scene fill color

Starting with the JDK 9 release, a Stage on Mac and Linux platforms will be initially filled using the Fill property of the Scene if its Fill is a Color. An average color, computed within the stops range, will be used if the Fill is a LinearGradient or RadialGradient. Previously, it was initially filled with WHITE, irrespective of the Fill in the Scene. This change in behavior will reduce the flashing that can be seen with a dark Scene background, but applications should be aware of this change in behavior so they can set an appropriate Fill color for their Scene.

Removal of com.apple.concurrent.Dispatch

The com.apple.concurrent.Dispatch API was a Mac-only API and was carried into JDK 7u4 with the port of Apple's JDK 6 code. This seldom-used and unsupported API has been removed in JDK 9. Developers are encouraged to use the standard java.util.concurrent.Executor and java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService APIs instead.

Deprecate HostServices.getWebContext method with forRemoval=true

The HostServices.getWebContext method is deprecated in JDK 9 and is marked as forRemoval=true indicating that it will be removed in a future version of the JDK. Applets are deprecated in JDK 9, and this method is only used when running an FX application as an Applet in a browser.

Align behavior and spec for java.util.regex.Pattern.compile()

Pattern.compile(String, int) will throw IllegalArgumentException if anything other than a combination of predefined values is passed as the second argument, in accordance with the specification.

Correction to negation function of RegEx character classes

In `java.util.regex.Patternusing a character class of the form ``[^a-b[c-d]]``, the negation^` negates the entire class, not just the first range. The negation operator "^" has the lowest precedence among the character class operators, intersection "&&", union, range "-" and nested class "[ ]", so it is always applied last.

Previously, the negation was applied only to the first range or group leading to inconsistent and misunderstood matches. Detail and examples in the issue and http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/core-libs-dev/2011-June/006957.html.

Omit public and abstract modifiers in javadoc for annotation type members

Previously javadoc would emit "public" and "abstract" modifiers for methods and fields in annotation types. These flags are not needed in source code and are elided for non-annotation interface types. With this change, those modifiers are also omitted for methods and fields defined in annotation types.

javadoc may exit on non-compliant sources.

If any errors are encountered while reading or analyzing the source code, the javadoc tool will treat them as unrecoverable errors and exit.

Compact javadoc display of single-element annotations

Previously javadoc would include "value=" when displaying annotations even when that text was not necessary in the source because the annotations were of single-element annotation type (JLS 9.6. Annotation Type Elements ). The extraneous "value=" text is now omitted, leading to more concise annotation display.

The old standard doclet is deprecated and will be removed in a future release

The standard doclet is the doclet in the JDK that produces the default HTML-formatted API output. The version that was available in previous releases (com.sun.tools.doclets.standard.Standard) has been replaced by a new version (jdk.javadoc.doclet.Standard). The old version is now deprecated and is subject to removal in a future version of Java SE. For more details, see JEP 221. For more details on the new Doclet API, see the jdk.javadoc module.

XPath enhancement

Java SE 9 improves the javax.xml.xpath API with new APIs that make use of modern language features to facilitate ease of use and extend support of the XPath specification.

1. Support ANY type

javax.xml.xpath supported explicit data types defined by the XPath specification. However, it was missing the important ANY type without which the XPath API assumes that an explicit type is always known, which is not true in some circumstances. The new API now supports the ANY type so that an XPath evalution can be performed when the return type is unknown.

1. Improved ease of use

For ease of use, four new evaluateExpression methods are added to the javax.xml.xpath.XPath and javax.xml.xpath.XPathExpression interfaces to allow specifying explicit types as follows:

When specified explicitly, the new methods return the specific types, including Boolean, Double, Integer, Long, String and org.w3c.dom.Node.

When the return type is expected to be NODESET, the new methods will return a new XPathNodes type. XPathNodes is a new interface that extends Iterable<Node> which makes it easier to use than the traditional org.w3c.dom.NodeList.

When the return type is unknown or ANY, the new methods return a new XPathEvaluationResult type. XPathEvaluationResult provides an XPathResultType enum that defines the supported types that are ANY, BOOLEAN, NUMBER, STRING, NODESET, and NODE.

Various GC combinations have now been removed

The GC combinations that were deprecated in JDK 8 have now been removed. This means that the following GC combinations no longer exist: * DefNew + CMS * ParNew + SerialOld * Incremental CMS The "foreground" mode for CMS has also been removed.

The command line flags that were removed are: -Xincgc, -XX:+CMSIncrementalMode, -XX:+UseCMSCompactAtFullCollection, -XX:+CMSFullGCsBeforeCompaction and -XX:+UseCMSCollectionPassing.

The command line flag -XX:+UseParNewGC no longer has any effect. ParNew can only be used with CMS and CMS requires ParNew. Thus, the -XX:+UseParNewGC flag has been deprecated and will likely be removed in a future release.

UseAutoGCSelectPolicy has been deprecated

This option was deprecated in JDK 9, along with the -XX:AutoGCSelectPauseMillis option.

AutoGCSelectPauseMillis has been deprecated

This option was deprecated in JDK 9, following the deprecation of the -XX:+UseAutoGCSelectPolicy option.

New PerfCounters for STW Phases on Concurrent GC Are Available

A new GC performance counter has been added for pauses during the concurrent phase. This counter will be listed by jstat under the CGC (concurrent GC) heading. This information is only available for GCs with a concurrent phase and is GC specific: * G1 includes remark and cleanup pauses * CMS includes initial mark and remark pauses

For CMS, these pauses were previously included in the time listed by jstat under the FGC (full GC) heading.

The information is also available via the jcmd by using PerfCounter.print.

G1 now collects unreachable Humongous objects during young collections

G1 now tries to collect humongous objects of primitive type (char, integer, long, double) with few or no references from other objects at any young collection. During young collection, G1 checks if any remaining incoming references to these humongous objects are current. G1 will reclaim any humongous object having no remaining incoming references.

Three new experimental JVM options to control this behavior that have been added with this change:

1. G1EagerReclaimHumongousObjects - This option controls whether G1 makes any attempt to reclaim unreachable humongous objects at every young GC. Default is enabled.
2. G1EagerReclaimHumongousObjectsWithStaleRefs - When this option is enabled G1 attempts to reclaim humongous objects that may have a few stale incoming references at every young GC. Default is enabled.
3. G1TraceEagerReclaimHumongousObjects - This option enables printing of some information about the collection of humongous objects at every young GC. Default is disabled.

Providing more granular levels for GC verification

This enhancement provides a way to specify more granular levels for the GC verification enabled using the "VerifyBeforeGC", "VerifyAfterGC" and "VerifyDuringGC" diagnostic options. It introduces a new diagnostic option VerifySubSet using which one can specify the subset of the memory system that should be verified.

With this new option, one or more sub-systems can be specified in a comma separated string. Valid memory sub-systems are: threads, heap, symboltable, stringtable, codecache, dictionary, classloaderdatagraph, metaspace, jnihandles, c-heap and codecacheoops.

During the GC verification, only the sub-systems specified using VerifySubSet get verified: ` D:\tests>java -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions -XX:+VerifyBeforeGC -XX:VerifySubSet="threads,c-heap" -Xlog:gc+verify=debug Test [0.095s][debug ][gc,verify] Threads [0.099s][debug ][gc,verify] C-heap [0.105s][info ][gc,verify] Verifying Before GC (0.095s, 0.105s) 10.751ms [0.120s][debug ][gc,verify] Threads [0.124s][debug ][gc,verify] C-heap [0.130s][info ][gc,verify] Verifying Before GC (0.120s, 0.130s) 9.951ms [0.148s][debug ][gc,verify] Threads [0.152s][debug ][gc,verify] C-heap If any invalid memory sub-systems are specified with VerifySubSet, Java process exits with the following error message: `` D:\tests>java -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions -XX:+VerifyBeforeGC -XX:VerifySubSet="threads,c-heap,hello" -Xlog:gc+verify=debug oom Error occurred during initialization of VM VerifySubSet: 'hello' memory sub-system is unknown, please correct it ```

Change default GC to G1

In JDK 9, the default garbage collector is G1 when a garbage collector is not explicitly specified. G1 provides a better overall experience for most users when compared to a throughput-oriented collector such as the Parallel GC, which was previously the default.

The options to configure the G1 collector are documented in the java command page (link). See also JEP 248 for more information on this change.

Use Unified Logging for GC logging

The logging for all garbage collectors in HotSpot have been changed to make use of a new logging framework that is configured through the -Xlog command line option. The command line flags -XX:+PrintGC, -XX:+PrintGCDetails and -Xloggc have been deprecated and will likely be removed in a future release. They are currently mapped to similar -Xlog configurations. All other flags that were used to control garbage collection logging have been removed. See the documentation for -Xlog for details on how to now configure and control the logging. These are the flags that were removed:

CMSDumpAtPromotionFailure, CMSPrintEdenSurvivorChunks, G1LogLevel, G1PrintHeapRegions, G1PrintRegionLivenessInfo, G1SummarizeConcMark, G1SummarizeRSetStats, G1TraceConcRefinement, G1TraceEagerReclaimHumongousObjects, G1TraceStringSymbolTableScrubbing, GCLogFileSize, NumberOfGCLogFiles, PrintAdaptiveSizePolicy, PrintClassHistogramAfterFullGC, PrintClassHistogramBeforeFullGC, PrintCMSInitiationStatistics, PrintCMSStatistics, PrintFLSCensus, PrintFLSStatistics, PrintGCApplicationConcurrentTime, PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime, PrintGCCause, PrintGCDateStamps, PrintGCID, PrintGCTaskTimeStamps, PrintGCTimeStamps, PrintHeapAtGC, PrintHeapAtGCExtended, PrintJNIGCStalls, PrintOldPLAB, PrintParallelOldGCPhaseTimes, PrintPLAB, PrintPromotionFailure, PrintReferenceGC, PrintStringDeduplicationStatistics, PrintTaskqueue, PrintTenuringDistribution, PrintTerminationStats, PrintTLAB, TraceDynamicGCThreads, TraceMetadataHumongousAllocation, UseGCLogFileRotation, VerifySilently

Deprecate the flag -XX:ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrentAndUnloadsClasses

The flag -XX:ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrentAndUnloadsClasses has been deprecated and will be removed in a future release. A user can enable the same functionality by setting the two flags -XX:+ExplicitGCInvokesConcurrent and -XX:+ClassUnloadingWithConcurrentMark.

Remove deprecated command line flags

These internal command line flags, which have been deprecated or aliased since JDK 6, have been removed:

CMSParPromoteBlocksToClaim, ParCMSPromoteBlocksToClaim, ParallelGCOldGenAllocBufferSize, ParallelGCToSpaceAllocBufferSize, UseGCTimeLimit, CMSPermGenSweepingEnabled, ResizeTLE, PrintTLE, TLESize, UseTLE, MaxTLERatio, TLEFragmentationRatio, TLEThreadRatio

In addition to this, these internal flags have been deprecated:

CMSMarkStackSizeMax, ParallelMarkingThreads, ParallelCMSThreads, CMSMarkStackSize, G1MarkStackSize

javac creates output directories as needed.

Output directories required by javac, specified with the -d, -s, -h options, will be created if they do not already exist.

Replace `java.io.File` with `java.nio.file.Path`

The javac compiler handles source files linked by symbolic links differently starting with this JDK release. Previous behavior would generate the class file in the same directory as the symbolic link target file. The new behavior will generate the class in the same directory as the source of the symbolic link file. To override this behavior, use the -d javac option to specify where to place generated class files.

implement eager resolution of return types

The compiler specification, see JLS8 18.5.2, modified the treatment of nested generic method invocations for which the return type is an inference variable. The compiler has been adapted to implement the new logic. This is important to minimize incompatibility with the javac 7 inference algorithm. Three cases are considered: - The return type needs to be captured - The return type needs to have unchecked conversion - The return type needs to be unboxed

The compiler update implies an eager resolution for generic method invocations, provided that the return type is an inference variable.

Add compile-time check for invalid or out-of-range ConstantValue attributes

The classfile format (see JVMS section 4.7.2) defines an attribute called ConstantValue which is used to describe the constant value associated with a given (constant) field. The layout of this attribute is as follows:

` ConstantValue_attribute { u2 attribute_name_index; u4 attribute_length; u2 constantvalue_index; } Historically,javachas never performed any kind of range validation of the value contained in the constant pool entry atconstantvalue_index. As such, it is possible for a constant field of type e.g.booleanto have a constant value other than0or1(the only legal values allowed for a boolean). Starting from <version>,javacwill start detecting ill-formedConstantValue` attributes, and report errors if out-of-range values are found.

Changes in the way javac handles wildcards and capture type variables

The javac compiler's behavior when handling wildcards and "capture" type variables has been improved for conformance to the language specification. This improves type checking behavior in certain unusual circumstances. It is also a source-incompatible change: certain uses of wildcards that have compiled in the past may fail to compile because of a program's reliance on the javac bug.

Missing unchecked warnings when checking method reference return types

javac does not generate unchecked warnings when checking method reference return types.

``` import java.util.function.; import java.util.;

class Test { void m() { IntFunction[]> sls = List[]::new; //warning Supplier> sls = this::l; //warning }

List l() { return null; } } ```

Starting from , javac will emit a warning when unchecked conversion is required for a method reference to be compatible with a functional interface target.

This change brings the compiler in sync with JLS section 15.13.2:

A compile-time unchecked warning occurs if unchecked conversion was necessary for the compile-time declaration to be applicable, and this conversion would cause an unchecked warning in an invocation context.

and,

A compile-time unchecked warning occurs if unchecked conversion was necessary for the return type R', described above, to be compatible with the function type's return type, R, and this conversion would cause an unchecked warning in an assignment context.

Javac incorrectly allows receiver parameters in annotation methods

javac was erroneously accepting receiver parameters in annotations methods. This implies that tests cases like the one below were being accepted: ` @interface MethodRun { int value(MethodRun this); } The JLS 8, see JLS8 9.6.1, doesn't allow any formal parameter in annotation methods, this extends to receiver parameters. More specifically, the grammar for annotation types does not allow arbitrary method declarations, instead allowing only AnnotationTypeElementDeclarations. The allowed syntax is: `` AnnotationTypeElementDeclaration: {AnnotationTypeElementModifier} UnannType Identifier ( ) [Dims] [DefaultValue]; ``` Note that nothing is allowed between the parentheses.

Remove support for 1.5 and earlier source and target options

The javac command no longer supports -source or-target values for releases before 6/1.6. However, older class files are still readable by javac. Source code for older release can be ported to a newer source level. To generate class files usable by releases older than JDK 6, a javac from a JDK 6, 7, or 8 release family can be used.

JEP 182 documents the policy for retiring old -source and -target options.

Compiler will emit a warning if deprecated javadoc tag is used without @Deprecated annotation

If the javadoc deprecated tag is used on an element without it also being deprecated using the @Deprecated annotation, the compiler will by default produce a new warning to this effect.

The new warning can be suppressed either by adding the command line option -Xlint:-dep-ann to the javac command line or by using @SuppressWarnings("dep-ann") annotation (as with any other warning-suppressing annotation, it is always a good practice to add such an annotation as close to the member being deprecated as possible).

In a future version of Java SE, the compiler may no longer treat @deprecated javadoc tag as indicating formal deprecation.

Several incorporation steps are silently failing when an error should be reported

Reporting previously silent errors found during incorporation, JLS 8 §18.3, was supposed to be a clean-up with performance only implications. But consider the test case: ``` import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List;

class Klass { public static List> foo(List... lists) { return foo(Arrays.asList(lists)); }

public static <B> List<List<B>> foo(List<? extends List<? extends B>> lists) {
    return null;
}

[1] https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8078024

Missing error in qualified default super call

Javac was not in sync with JLS 8 §15.12.1, specifically:

If the form is TypeName . super . [TypeArguments] Identifier, then: ... - Otherwise, TypeName denotes the interface to be searched, I.

Let T be the type declaration immediately enclosing the method invocation. It is a compile-time error if I is not a direct superinterface of T, or if there exists some other direct superclass or direct superinterface of T, J, such that J is a subtype of I.

So javac was not issuing a compiler error for cases like: ``` interface I { default int f(){return 0;} }

class J implements I {}

class T extends J implements I { public int f() { return I.super.f(); } } ``` The compiler had some checks for method invocations of the form:

TypeName . super . [TypeArguments] Identifier

but there was one issue. If TypeName is an interface I and T is the type declaration immediately enclosing the method invocation, the compiler must issue a compile-time error if there exists some other direct superclass or superinterface of T, let's call it J such that J is a subtype of I, as in the example above.

Update class file version to 53.0

When generating class files in conjunction with -target 9 (specified either explicitly or implicitly), javac will generate class files with a major version number of 53. For details of version 53 class files, see the Java Virtual Machine Specification.

The JDK classes themselves mostly use version 53 class files.

Tools or libraries that rely on ASM or other bytecode manipulation libraries may need updated versions of these libraries to work with version 53 class files.

Revamping the pretty print feature for Transformer and LSSerializer

The JAXP library through the Transformer and LSSerializer supports a pretty print feature that can format the output by adding whitespaces and newlines to produce a more readable form of an XML document. As of the JDK 9 release, this feature has been enhanced to generate a format similar to that of the major web browsers. In addition, the xml:space attribute as defined in the XML specification (https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-20060816/#sec-white-space) is now supported.

The Pretty-Print feature does not define the actual format. The output format can change over time or vary from implementation to implementation, and therefore should not be relied on for exact text comparison. It is recommended that such applications turn off the Pretty-Print feature and perform an XML to XML comparison.

java.util.prefs.Preferences now disallows the use of any String containing the null control character

The specification of the class java.util.prefs.Preferences was modified to disallow the use of any String containing the null control character, code point U+0000, in any String used as the key or value parameter in any of the abstract put(), get(), and remove methods. If such a character is detected, an IllegalArgumentException shall be thrown.

The specification of the class java.util.prefs.AbstractPreferences was modified according to the corresponding change in its superclass java.util.prefs.Preferences to disallow the use of any String containing the null control character, code point U+0000, in any String used as the key or value parameter in any of the put(), get(), and remove() method implementations. These method implementations were modified to throw an IllegalArgumentException upon encountering such a character in a key or value String in these contexts. Also, the class specification was modified to correct the erroneous reference to the flush() and sync() methods as returning a boolean value when they are in fact void.

Properties loadFromXML/storeToXML methods do not support all encodings

java.util.Properties defines the loadFromXML and storeToXML methods for Properties stored in XML documents. XML specifications only require XML processors to read entities in UTF-8 and UTF-16 and the API docs for these methods only require an implementation to support UTF-8 and UTF-16. The implementation of these methods has changed in JDK 9 to use a smaller XML parser which may impact applications that have been using these methods with other encodings. The new implementation does not support all encodings that the legacy implementation had support for, in particular it does not support UTF-32/UCS-4, IBM or x-IBM- encodings. For maximum portability, applications are encouraged to use UTF-8 and UTF-16.

java.util.UUID#fromString(String) now throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter is too long

As part of the fix for JDK-8006627, a check of the String parameter of java.util.UUID.fromString(String) was added which will result in an IllegalArgumentException being thrown if the length of the parameter is greater than 36.

Default locale in java.util.Formatter related classes.

The specification of the default locales used in Formatter related classes has been clarified to designate the default locale for formatting (Locale.Category.FORMAT).

Set 32 or 64 bit JRE requirements in a JNLP file

Web Start applications can now specify requested JREs with their arch attributes, and select the first one available that matches, even if it is not the same arch (32 bit vs 64 bit) as the currently running JRE. For example, the JNLP content below would place first preference on 64 bit JDK8, and if not available, 32 bit JDK9: ` <resources arch="x86_64"> <java version="1.8"/> </resources> <resources arch="x86"> <java version="1.9"/> </resources> ` Note that in the above example, in order to launch a 64 bit 1.8 JRE, a 64 bit 9 JRE must be installed. If only a 32 bit 9 JRE is installed, the 64 bit 1.8 JRE is unavailable.

32/64-bit interoperability in Java Web Start

The ability to specify a preference to launch a Java Web Start application in 64-bit or 32-bit architectures is now supported, by adding the 'arch' attribute to the JNLP resources block.

JShell -- New tool and API for interactive Java

Provide an interactive tool to evaluate declarations, statements, and expressions of the Java programming language, together with an API so that other applications can leverage this functionality. Adds Read-Eval-Print Loop (REPL) functionality for Java.

The jshell tool accepts "snippets" of Java code, evaluating them and immediately displaying the results. Snippets include variable and method declarations without enclosing class. An expression snippet immediately shows its value. The jshell tool also accepts commands for displaying and controlling snippets.

The jshell tool is built on the JShell API, making the evaluation of snippets of Java code available any Java program.

See: - jshell tool User's Guide - jshell tool Reference - JShell API Specification - JShell module specification

VP6 video and FXM/FLV container are deprecated

Support for VP6 video encoding format and FXM/FLV container are deprecated in JavaFX Media and it will be removed in a future release. Users encouraged to use H.264/AVC1 in MP4 container or HTTP Live Streaming instead.

Support for serialized applets removed

Support for serialized applets has been removed. The "OBJECT" attribute of the <APPLET> tag and "object" and "java_object" applet parameter tags will no longer be recognized during applet launching, and will be ignored.

AppleScript scripting engine has been removed

The AppleScript engine implementing javax.script engine API has been removed without replacement. The AppleScript engine has worked inconsistently. The services configuration (META-INF/services) file was missing and only worked by accident when installing JDK 7 or JDK 8 on systems that had Apple's version of AppleScriptEngine.jar already on the system.

Remove the JDK-Internal name service provider interface and default implementation

Previous JDK releases documented how to configure java.net.InetAddress to use the JNDI DNS service provider as the name service. This mechanism, and the system properties to configure it, have been removed in JDK 9

A new mechanism to configure the use of a hosts file has been introduced.

A new system property jdk.net.hosts.file has been defined. When this system property is set, the name and address resolution calls of InetAddress, i.e getByXXX, retrieve the relevant mapping from the specified file. The structure of this file is equivalent to that of the /etc/hosts file.

When the system property jdk.net.hosts.file is set, and the specified file doesn't exist, the name or address lookup will result in an UnknownHostException. Thus, a non existent hosts file is handled as if the file is empty.

The netdoc URL protocol Handler is removed

The netdoc protocol handler has been removed in JDK 9. Code that attempts to construct a java.net.URL with the netdoc protocol, for example "netdoc:http://foo.com/index.html" will throw a MalformedURLException.

The netdoc protocol was used to point to network documents either on the local file system or externally through an HTTP URL. This capability is essentially defunct and is not supported by Safari, Firefox, and other major browsers.

Modified HttpURLConnection behavior when no suitable proxy is found

The behavior of HttpURLConnection when using a ProxySelector has been modified with this JDK release. HttpURLConnection used to fall back to a DIRECT connection attempt if the configured proxy(s) failed to make a connection. This release introduces a change whereby no DIRECT connection will be attempted in such a scenario. Instead, the HttpURLConnection.connect() method will fail and throw an IOException which occurred from the last proxy tested.

Modified HttpURLConnection Behavior When a Suitable Proxy Is Not Found

The behavior of HttpURLConnection when using ProxySelector has been modified in this JDK release. HttpURLConnection used to fall back to a direct connection attempt if the configured proxy(s) failed to make a connection. Beginning with this release, the default behavior has been changed to no longer use a direct connection when the first proxy connection attempt fails.

A new system property, sun.net.http.fallbackToDirect, can be set to a value of "true" should an application need to fall back to the old behavior (fall back to a direct connection when the first proxy connection attempt fails).

Allow use of SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH on Microsoft Windows

Applications running on server editions of Microsoft Windows that make heavy use of loopback connections may see latency and performance improvements if SIOLOOPBACKFASTPATH is enabled. The system property "jdk.net.useFastTcpLoopback" controls whether the JDK enables SIOLOOPBACKFASTPATH on Microsoft Windows. It is disabled by default but can be enabled by setting the system property on the command line with -Djdk.net.useFastTcpLoopback or -Djdk.net.useFastTcpLoopback=true.

Platforms without multicasting support

In Java SE 9 the requirement to support multicasting has been somewhat relaxed, in order to support a small number of platforms where multicasting is not available. The specification for the java.net.MulticastSocket::joinGroup and the java.nio.channels.MulticastChannel::join methods has been updated to indicate that an UnsupportedOperationException will be thrown if invoked on a platform that does not support multicasting.

There is no impact to Oracle JDK platforms, since they do support multicasting.

The lib/content-types.properties file has been removed

The lib/content-types.properties file has been removed from the Java run-time image. The lib/content-types.properties file contained the default MIME content-types table used to map content type to file extension, etc, and is used primarily by the URLConnection API. The lib/content-types.properties file was never intended to be user editable. Instead there is a system property, content.types.user.table, that allows one to define their own content types.

See JDK-8039362, for further details on the use of content.types.user.table.

Running jps as root does not show all information

After the fix of [https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8050807] (fixed in 8u31, 7u75 and 6u91), running jps as root did not show all the information from Java processes started by other users on some systems. This has now been fixed.

jhat tool removed.

The experimental/unsupported jhat tool has been removed.

management-agent.jar is removed.

management-agent.jar has been removed. Tools that have been using the Attach API to load this agent into a running VM should be aware that the Attach API has been updated in JDK 9 to define two new methods for starting a management agent: * com.sun.tools.attach.VirtualMachine.startManagementAgent(Properties agentProperties) * com.sun.tools.attach.VirtualMachine.startLocalManagementAgent()

Agent JAR added to app class loader rather than system class loader when running with -Djava.system.class.loader

When running a java application with the options "-javaagent:myagent.jar -Djava.system.classloader=MyClassLoader", myagent.jar is added to the custom system class loader rather than the application class loader.

In addition, the java.lang.instrument package description has a small update making it clear that a custom system class loader needs to define appendToClassPathForInstrumentation in order to load the agent at startup. Before custom system class loaders were required to implement this method only if the agents are started in the live phase (Agent_OnAttach).

JavaFX impl_* methods have been removed

Several deprecated and undocumented "impl_*" methods have been removed from JDK 9.

In prior releases, many public JavaFX classes in exported packages had public or protected implementation methods that were named with "impl_*" in the name, marked as "@Deprecated" with the stated intention of removing them, and hidden from the API documentation with the "@treatAsPrivate" javadoc tag.

These methods were never supported and were not intended to be used by applications. JavaFX applications that were using these undocumented methods will need to stop calling them.

IANA Data 2016a

JDK contains IANA time zone data version 2016a. For more information, refer to Timezone Data Versions in the JRE Software.

UTF-8 based Properties Files

Properties files in UTF-8 encoding are now supported by ResourceBundle, with automatic fall back to ISO-8859-1 encoding if needed. For more detail, refer to PropertiyResourceBundle class description.

Provide a better migration path for ResourceBundleControlProvider

In releases through JDK 8, SPI implementations of java.util.spi.ResourceBundleControlProvider were loaded using Java Extension Mechanism. In JDK 9, this mechanism is no longer available. Instead, SPI implementations may be placed on an application's class path.

Use CLDR locale data by default

In JDK 9, the default locale data uses data derived from the Unicode Consortium's Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR). As a result, users may see differences in locale sensitive services behavior and/or translations. For example, CLDR does not provide localized display names for most 3-letter time zone IDs, thus the display names may be different from JDK 8 and older. The JDK continues to ship with the legacy JRE locale data and the system property java.locale.providers can be used to configure the lookup order. To enable behavior compatible with JDK 8, the system property can be set with:

-Djava.locale.providers=COMPAT,SPI

For more detail, refer to the JEP 252.

SPI based locale sensitive services need to be explicitly specified

The default locale data provider lookup does not load SPI based locale sensitive services. If it is needed, the system property "java.locale.providers" needs to designate "SPI" explicitly. For more detail, refer to LocaleServiceProvider.

Locale sensitive SPI and Input Method SPI implementations are now loaded from application's classpath

Prior to JDK 9, SPI implementations of java.awt.im.spi, java.text.spi, and java.util.spi packages used the Java Extension Mechanism. In JDK 9, this mechanism has been removed. SPI implementations should now be deployed on the application class path or as module on the module path.

Deprecate Object.finalize

The java.lang.Object.finalize method has been deprecated. The finalization mechanism is inherently problematic and can lead to performance issues, deadlocks, and hangs. The java.lang.ref.Cleaner and java.lang.ref.PhantomReference provide more flexible and efficient ways to release resources when an object becomes unreachable. For further information, please see the java.lang.Object.finalize method specification.

Phantom references are automatically cleared as soft and weak references

This enhancement changes phantom references to be automatically cleared by the garbage collector as soft and weak references.

An object becomes phantom reachable after it has been finalized. This change may cause the phantom reachable objects to be GC'ed earlier - previously the referent is kept alive until PhantomReference objects are GC'ed or cleared by the application. This potential behavioral change might only impact existing code that would depend on PhantomReference being enqueued rather than when the referent be freed from the heap.

Spec update of ClassLoader.getResourceXXXXX() : @throws NPE

The spec of the following java.lang.ClassLoader methods for locating a resource by name are updated to throw NullPointerException when the specified name is null: ` getResource(String) getResourceAsStream(String) getResources(String) ` Custom class loader implementations that override these methods should be updated accordingly to conform to this spec.

Unicode 8 support

The JDK 9 release includes support for Unicode 8.0. Since the release of JDK 8, which supported Unicode 6.2.0, the Unicode 8.0 introduced the following new features that are now included in JDK 9:

• 10,555 new characters

• 42 new blocks

• 29 scripts

• 10,555 new characters; Includes Georgian Lari currency symbol. Two newly adopted currency symbols: Manat, used in Azerbaijan & Ruble, used in Russia and other countries.

• 29 new scripts : Ahom Anatolian Hieroglyphs Bassa Vah Caucasian Albanian Duployan Elbasan Grantha Hatran Khojki Khudawadi Linear A Mahajani Manichaean Mende Kikakui Modi Mro Multani Nabataean Old Hungarian Old North Arabian Old Permic Pahawh Hmong Palmyrene Pau Cin Hau Psalter Pahlavi Siddham Sutton SignWriting Tirhuta Warang Citi

• 42 new blocks which includes 29 blocks for the new scripts listed above and 13 blocks for the following existing scripts: Cherokee Supplement CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E Combining Diacritical Marks Extended Coptic Epact Numbers Early Dynastic Cuneiform Geometric Shapes Extended Latin Extended-E Myanmar Extended-B Ornamental Dingbats Shorthand Format Controls Sinhala Archaic Numbers Supplemental Arrows-C Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs

Deprecation of Boxed Primitive Constructors

Classes Boolean, Byte, Short, Character, Integer, Long, Float, and Double are "box" classes that correspond to primitive types. The constructors of these classes have been deprecated.

Given a value of the corresponding primitive type, it is generally unnecessary to construct new instances of these box classes. The recommended alternatives to construction are autoboxing or the valueOf static factory methods. In most cases, autoboxing will work, so an expression whose type is a primitive can be used in locations where a box class is required. This is covered in the Java Language Specification, section 5.1.7, "Boxing Conversion." For example, given List<Integer> intList, the code to add an Integer might be as follows: ` intList.add(new Integer(347)); This can be replaced with: `` intList.add(347); ` Autoboxing should not be used in places where it might affect overload resolution. For example, there are two overloads of the `List.remove` method: List.remove(int i) // removes the element at index i List.remove(Object obj) // removes an element equal to obj `` The code to remove the Integer value 347 might be as follows: ` intList.remove(new Integer(347)); If this code is changed in an attempt to use autoboxing: `` intList.remove(347); `` This will not remove theInteger` value 347, but instead it will resolve to the other overloaded method, and it will attempt to remove the element at index 347.

Autoboxing cannot be used in such cases. Instead, code should be changed to use the valueOf static factory method: ` intList.remove(Integer.valueOf(347)); `

Autoboxing is preferable from a readability standpoint, but a safer transformation is to replace calls to the box constructors with calls to the valueOf static factory method.

Using autoboxing or the valueOf method reduces memory footprint compared to the constructors, as the integral box types will generally cache and reuse instances corresponding to small values. The special case of Boolean has static fields for the two cached instances, namely Boolean.FALSE and Boolean.TRUE.

With the exception of Character, the box classes also have constructors that take a String argument. These parse and convert the string value and return a new instance of the box class. A valueOf overload taking a String is the equivalent static factory method for this constructor. Usually it's preferable to call one of the parse methods (Integer.parseInt, Double.parseDouble, etc.) which convert the string and return primitive values instead of boxed instances.

Change SecurityManager checkTopLevelWindow, checkSystemClipboard, checkAccessAwtEventQueueAccess to check AllPermission

The deprecated checkTopLevelWindow, checkSystemClipboard, and checkAccessAwtEventQueueAccess in java.lang.SecurityManager have been changed to check AllPermission, they no longer check AWTPermission. Libraries that invoke these SecurityManager methods to do permission checks may require users of the library to change their policy files.

JEP 254: Compact Strings

In JDK 9 the internal character storage of the java.lang.String, StringBuilder and StringBuffer classes has been changed from a UTF-16 char array to a byte array plus a one-byte encoding-flag field. The new storage representation stores/encodes the characters either as ISO-8859-1/Latin-1 (one byte per character), or as UTF-16 (two bytes per character), based upon the contents of the string. The newly added encoding flag field indicates which encoding is used. This feature reduces, by 50%, the amount of space required for String objects to store the characters if the String object only contains single-byte/ latin-1 characters.

A new jvm option -XX:-CompactStrings has been introduced in JDK 9 to disable this feature, which might be worth considering when - It is known that the String objects used in jvm/application will be overwhelmingly multi-byte character Strings. - In the unexpected event where a severe performance regression is observed in migrating from JDK 8 to JDK 9 and the analysis concludes the Compact String representation is the reason.

Deprecation of Boxed Primitive Constructors

Classes Boolean, Byte, Short, Character, Integer, Long, Float, and Double are "box" classes that correspond to primitive types. The constructors of these classes have been deprecated.

Given a value of the corresponding primitive type, it is generally unnecessary to construct new instances of these box classes. The recommended alternatives to construction are autoboxing or the valueOf static factory methods. In most cases, autoboxing will work, so an expression whose type is a primitive can be used in locations where a box class is required. This is covered in the Java Language Specification, section 5.1.7, "Boxing Conversion." For example, given List<Integer> intList, the code to add an Integer might be as follows: ` intList.add(new Integer(347)); This can be replaced with: `` intList.add(347); ` Autoboxing should not be used in places where it might affect overload resolution. For example, there are two overloads of the `List.remove` method: List.remove(int i) // removes the element at index i List.remove(Object obj) // removes an element equal to obj `` The code to remove the Integer value 347 might be as follows: ` intList.remove(new Integer(347)); If this code is changed in an attempt to use autoboxing: `` intList.remove(347); `` This will not remove theInteger` value 347, but instead it will resolve to the other overloaded method, and it will attempt to remove the element at index 347.

Autoboxing cannot be used in such cases. Instead, code should be changed to use the valueOf static factory method: ` intList.remove(Integer.valueOf(347)); `

Autoboxing is preferable from a readability standpoint, but a safer transformation is to replace calls to the box constructors with calls to the valueOf static factory method.

Using autoboxing or the valueOf method reduces memory footprint compared to the constructors, as the integral box types will generally cache and reuse instances corresponding to small values. The special case of Boolean has static fields for the two cached instances, namely Boolean.FALSE and Boolean.TRUE.

With the exception of Character, the box classes also have constructors that take a String argument. These parse and convert the string value and return a new instance of the box class. A valueOf overload taking a String is the equivalent static factory method for this constructor. Usually it's preferable to call one of the parse methods (Integer.parseInt, Double.parseDouble, etc.) which convert the string and return primitive values instead of boxed instances.

Deprecation Warnings Introduced

Several APIs have been deprecated in Java SE 9. This will cause javac to emit a variety of warnings during compilation. A deprecation warning will be emitted at the use site of an API deprecated with forRemoval=false. A removal warning will be emitted at the use site of an API deprecated with forRemoval=true.

A deprecation or removal warning is a recommendation that code be migrated away from the deprecated API. A removal warning is particularly strenuous, as it is an indication that the deprecated API will generally be removed from the next major release of the platform. However, it is not always practical to migrate code immediately. Therefore, two mechanisms have been provided for controlling the warnings that are emitted by javac: command-line options and annotations in source code.

The javac command-line options -Xlint:deprecation and -Xlint:removal will enable the respective warning types, and -Xlint:-deprecation and -Xlint:-removal will disable the respective warning types. Note that removal warnings are enabled by default.

The other mechanism is to add the @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") or @SuppressWarnings("removal") annotation to the source code. This annotation can be added at the declaration of a module, class, method, field, or local variable to suppress the respective warning types emitted within that declaration.

For further information about deprecation, see JEP 277 and the documentation for the java.lang.Deprecated annotation type.

java.lang.ref.Reference.enqueue method clears the reference object before enqueuing

java.lang.ref.Reference.enqueue method clears the reference object before it is added to the registered queue. When the enqueue method is called, the reference object is cleared and get() method will return null in JDK 9.

Typically when a reference object is enqueued, it is expected that the reference object is cleared explicitly via the clear method to avoid memory leak because its referent is no longer referenced. In other words the get method is expected not to be called in common cases once the enqueuemethod is called. In the case when the get method from an enqueued reference object and existing code attempts to access members of the referent, NullPointerException may be thrown. Such code will need to be updated.

New default -sigalg and -keysize for jarsigner and keytool

Default signature algorithms for jarsigner and keytool are determined by both the algorithm and the key size of the private key which makes use of comparable strengths as defined in Tables 2 and 3 of NIST SP 800-57 Part 1-Rev.4. Specifically, for a DSA or RSA key with a key size greater than 7680 bits, or an EC key with a key size greater than or equal to 512 bits, SHA-512 will be used as the hash function for the signature algorithm. For a DSA or RSA key with a key size greater than 3072 bits, or an EC key with a key size greater than or equal to 384 bits, SHA-384 will be used. Otherwise, SHA-256 will be used. The value may change in the future.

For DSA keys, the default key size for keytool has changed from 1024 bits to 2048 bits.

There are a few potential compatibility risks associated with these changes:

1. If you use jarsigner to sign JARs with the new defaults, previous versions (than this release) might not support the stronger defaults and will not be able to verify the JAR. jarsigner -verify on such a release will output the following error: ` jar is unsigned. (signatures missing or not parsable) If you add-J-Djava.security.debug=jarto thejarsignercommand line, the cause will be output: `` jar: processEntry caught: java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException: SHA256withDSA Signature not available `` If compatibility with earlier releases is important, you can, at your own risk, use the-sigalgoption ofjarsigner` and specify the weaker SHA1withDSA algorithm.

2. If you use a PKCS11 keystore, the SunPKCS11 provider may not support the SHA256withDSA algorithm. jarsigner and some keytool commands may fail with the following exception if PKCS11 is specified with the -storetype option, ex:

   ` keytool error: java.security.InvalidKeyException: No installed provider supports this key: sun.security.pkcs11.P11Key$P11PrivateKey A similar error may occur if you are using NSS with the SunPKCS11 provider. The workaround is to use the-sigalgoption ofkeytool` and specify SHA1withDSA.

3. If you have a script that uses the default key size of keytool to generate a DSA keypair but then subsequently specifies a specific signature algorithm, ex: ` keytool -genkeypair -keyalg DSA -keystore keystore -alias mykey ... keytool -certreq -sigalg SHA1withDSA -keystore keystore -alias mykey ... it will fail with one of the following exceptions, because the new 2048-bit keysize default is too strong for SHA1withDSA: `` keytool error: java.security.InvalidKeyException: The security strength of SHA-1 digest algorithm is not sufficient for this key size keytool error: java.security.InvalidKeyException: DSA key must be at most 1024 bits ```

   You will see a similar error if you use jarsigner to sign JARs using the new 2048-bit DSA key with -sigalg SHA1withDSA set.

   The workaround is to remove the -sigalg option and use the stronger SHA256withDSA default or, at your own risk, use the -keysize option of keytool to create new keys of a smaller key size (1024).

See JDK-8057810, JDK-8056174 and JDK-8138766 for more details.

Marlin Renderer in JDK 8u

Starting from version 8u311, the Marlin graphics rasterizer and its artifacts will be built and distributed as a part of the JDK/JRE bundles. It is not the default rendering engine, however there is an option to enable it by setting the following system property:

sun.java2d.renderer=sun.java2d.marlin.MarlinRenderingEngine

Value of java.awt.font.OpenType.TAG_OPBD is incorrect

The value of the static final int field java.awt.font.OpenType.TAG_OPBD was incorrect

It was erroneously using the same value as TAG_MORT 0x6D6F7274UL and it has been changed to the correct 0x6F706264UL

Although this is strictly an incompatible binary change the likelihood of any practical impact on applications is near zero. The opbd table is used only in AAT fonts: https://developer.apple.com/fonts/TrueType-Reference-Manual/RM06/Chap6opbd.html and as such is likely to be extremely rare in the wild as they are natively understood only by MacOS and iOS. This table is not critical to rendering of text by Java or anything else. As such nothing goes looking for the table and nothing inside JDK utilises any part of this class.

The JDK does not provide a way to directly utilize these values. No Java API currently exists that accepts them and the class can not become useful unless an additional Java API is added.

Even if an application were to use it by passing the Java field's value to some custom native code to look up a table then it is likely to return "null" both before and afterward since: 1) the opbd table is extremely rare. 2) the "mort" table that the old value located is already replaced in all fonts on OSX by the "morx" table.

A representative sampling of 6 OS X fonts found none of them to have either table

Remove the com.sun.image.codec.jpeg package

com.sun.image.codec.jpeg has been shipped as a non-standard API since JDK 1.2. It was always advertised as a stop-gap measure until a proper standard equivalent was provided. That replacement (javax.imageio) has been there since JDK 1.4. As a result JDK 9 finally removes the long deprecated com.sun.image.codec.jpeg API which has been flagged as intended for removal for several releases. Applications which still depend on it will need to be re-coded in order to run on JDK9.

Message digest algorithms are now enabled by default for SunPKCS11 provider on Solaris

SunPKCS11 provider has re-enabled support for various message digest algorithms such as MD5, SHA1, and SHA2 on Solaris. If you are using Solaris 10 and experience a CloneNotSupportedException or PKCS11 error CKRSAVEDSTATE_INVALID, you should verify and apply the following patches or newer versions of them: 150531-02 on sparc 150636-01 on x86

Binary format for HPROF updated

When dumping the heap in binary format, HPROF format 1.0.2 is always used now. Previously, format 1.0.1 was used for heaps smaller than 2GB. HPROF format 1.0.2 is also used by jhsdb jmap for the serviceability agent.

SA-JDI has been removed

The Serviceability Agent (SA) Core and PID debugger Connectors have been removed in this release. It is no longer possible to use a Java Debugger to attach to a core file or process with the SA mechanism.

'jsadebugd' command has been replaced by 'jhsdb debugd' command.

The jsadebugd command to start remote debug server can now be launched from the common SA launcher jhsdb .

The new command to start remote debug server is jhsdb debugd .

References to java.awt.peer and java.awt.dnd.peer packages were removed from the public API

All methods that refer to types defined in the java.awt.peer and java.awt.dnd.peer packages (the "peer types") were removed from the Java API in Java SE 9 . Application code which calls any such method which accepts or returns a type defined in these packages will no longer link. This is a BINARY incompatible change.

Additional information is provided here: http://mail.openjdk.java.net/pipermail/awt-dev/2015-February/008924.html

New system property for the remote JMX connector

New JMX agent property - jmxremote.host

A new property, com.sun.management.jmxremote.host, is introduced that specifies the bind address for the default JMX agent. If the latter is not specified, the default JMX agent will listen on all interfaces (0.0.0.0) and the host value placed in the agent service URL (JMXServiceURL) is the IP address returned from invocation of InetAddress.getLocalHost() method.

• Name: com.sun.management.jmxremote.host
• Definition : Specifies the bind address for the default JMX agent. It can be specified via the command line while starting the JVM or as part of the agent config file (management.properties).
• Value: IP address of any network interface of the machine

Define ConstructorParameters annotation type for MXBeans

A new annotation @javax.management.ConstructorParameters in the java.management module is introduced.

The newly introduced annotation will be 1:1 copy of @java.beans.ConstructorProperties. Constructors annotated by @java.beans.ConstructorProperties will still be recognized and processed.

In case a constructor is annotated by both @javax.management.ConstructorParameters and @java.beans.ConstructorProperties only the @javax.management.ConstructorParameters will be used.

New ManagementAgent.status diagnostic command added.

A new ManagementAgent.status diagnostic command is introduced for querying the JMX agent's status.

The status will be relayed to the user in the following form: ``` Agent: ( ConnectionType: Protocol: Host: URL: ( Properties: ( = )+ )? )+

Where: means an arbitrary value | means 'or' ( and ) denote a block + block repeats one or more times ? block appears at most once ```

New JVM Options: ExitOnOutOfMemoryError and CrashOnOutOfMemoryError

Two new JVM flags have been added:

ExitOnOutOfMemoryError When you enable this option, the JVM exits on the first occurrence of an out-of-memory error. It can be used if you prefer restarting an instance of the JVM rather than handling out of memory errors.

CrashOnOutOfMemoryError If this option is enabled, when an out-of-memory error occurs, the JVM crashes and produces text and binary crash files (if core files are enabled).

Update JNI Version Number

The current version of the Java Native Interface (JNI) needs to be updated due to the addition of new application programmatic interfaces to support Jigsaw. JNI_VERSION_9 was added with a value of 0x00090000 to the available versions and CurrentVersion was changed to this new value.

Enforce format checks for NameAndType strings

This change enforces the unqualified name format checks for NameAndType strings as outlined in the JVM specification sections 4.4.6 and 4.2.2, meaning that some illegal names and descriptors that users may be utilizing in their classfiles will now be caught with a Class Format Error. This includes format checking for all strings under non-referenced NameAndType's. Users will see a change if they (A) are using Java classfile version 6 or below and have an illegal NameAndType descriptor with no Methodref or Fieldref reference to it; or (B) are using any Java classfile version and have an illegal NameAndType name with no Methodref or Fieldref reference to it.

In both (A) and (B) the users will now receive a ClassFormatError for those illegal strings, which is an enforcement of unqualified name formats as delineated in JVMS 4.2.2.

os::set_native_thread_name() cleanups

On platforms that support the concept of a thread name on their native threads, the java.lang.Thread.setName() method will also set that native thread name. However, this will only occur when called by the current thread, and only for threads started through the java.lang.Thread class (not for native threads that have attached via JNI). The presence of a native thread name can be useful for debugging and monitoring purposes. Some platforms may limit the native thread name to a length much shorter than that used by the java.lang.Thread, which may result in some threads having the same native name.

VM Options "-Xoss", "-Xsqnopause", "-Xoptimize" and "-Xboundthreads" are obsolete

The VM Options "-Xoss", "-Xsqnopause", "-Xoptimize" and "-Xboundthreads" are obsolete in JDK 9 and are ignored. Use of these options will result in a warning being issued in JDK 9 and they may be removed completely in a future release.

The VM Options "-Xoss", "-Xsqnopause", "-Xoptimize" options were already silently ignored for a long time.

The VM Option "-Xboundthreads" was only needed on Solaris 8/9 (when using the T1 threading library).

Removal of rarely used sun.misc.Unsafe methods

The methods monitorEnter, monitorExit and tryMonitorEnter on sun.misc.Unsafe are removed in JDK 9. These methods are not used within the JDK itself and are very rarely used outside of the JDK.

Deprecate FlatProfiler

The VM Option "-Xprof" is deprecated in JDK 9 and will be removed in a future release. The option provides some profiling data for code being executed to standard output. Better data can be gathered with other tools such as Java Flight Recorder and therefore "-Xprof" will no longer be available in a future release.

Stack overflow can cause segfaults on Linux

Some linux kernel versions (including, but not limited to 3.13.0-121-generic and 4.4.0-81-generic) are known to contain an incorrect fix for a linux kernel stack overflow issue (See CVE-2017-1000364). The incorrect fix can trigger crashes in the Java Virtual Machine. Upgrading the kernel to a version that includes the corrected fix addresses the problem.

JNIDetachReleasesMonitors is obsolete

The -XX:-JNIDetachReleasesMonitors flag requested that the VM run in a pre-JDK 6 compatibility mode with regard to not releasing monitors when a JNI attached thread detaches. This option is obsolete in JDK 9, and is ignored, as the VM always conforms to the JNI Specification and releases monitors. Use of this option will result in a warning being issued in JDK 9 and it may be removed completely in a future release.

VM Options AdaptiveSizePausePolicy and ParallelGCRetainPLAB are obsolete

The VM Options -XX:AdaptiveSizePausePolicy and -XX:ParallelGCRetainPLAB are obsolete in JDK 9 and are ignored. Use of these options will result in a warning being issued in JDK 9 and they may be removed completely in a future release.

The VM Option -XX:AdaptiveSizePausePolicy has been unused for some time.

The VM Option -XX:ParallelGCRetainPLAB was a diagnostic flag relating to garbage collector combinations that no longer exist.

VM Options AdjustConcurrency and PrintJVMWarnings are removed

The VM Options -XX:AdjustConcurrency and -XX:PrintJVMWarnings are removed from JDK 9.

The VM option -XX:AdjustConcurrency was only needed on Solaris 8/9 (when using the T1 threading library).

The VM option -XX:PrintJVMWarnings was a development option only used by unimplemented VM functions that have themselves been removed in JDK 9.

New property jdk.lang.processReaperUseDefaultStackSize

When a large TLS (Thread local storage) size is set for Threads, the JVM results in a stack overflow exception. The reason for this behavior is that the reaper thread was created with a low stack size of 32768k. When a large TLS size is set, it steals space from the threads stack, which eventually results in a stack overflow. This is a known glibc bug. To overcome this issue, we have introduced a workaround (jdk.lang.processReaperUseDefaultStackSize) in which the user can set the reaper threads stack size to a default instead of to 32768. This gives the reaper thread a bigger stack size, so for a large TLS size, such as 32k, the process will not fail. Users can set this flag in one of two ways: 1. -Djdk.lang.processReaperUseDefaultStackSize=true 2. System.setProperty("jdk.lang.processReaperUseDefaultStackSize", "true")

The problem has been observed only when JVM is started from JNI code in which TLS is declared using "__thread"

Make -Xshare:auto the default for server VM

We expect CDS to be widely used with the Server VM. However, the current default CDS setting for Server VM is -Xshare:off. This makes it cumbersome to use CDS.

We should change the default to -Xshare:auto, so as long as a CDS archive exists in the JDK, CDS will be automatically used without specifying extra flags.

In JDK 8 and before, RewriteBytecodes was disabled when CDS was enabled. This caused performance degradation in the Server Compiler (aka C2). However this has been fixed in JDK-8074345 since JDK 9, so there's no longer need to disable CDS by default with the Server VM.

The proposed change is to remove this block of code http://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk/hs/file/eebf559c9e0d/src/hotspot/share/runtime/arguments.cpp#l1819

if COMPILER2ORJVMCI

// Shared spaces work fine with other GCs but causes bytecode rewriting // to be disabled, which hurts interpreter performance and decreases // server performance. When -server is specified, keep the default off // unless it is asked for. Future work: either add bytecode rewriting // at link time, or rewrite bytecodes in non-shared methods. if (isservercompilationmodevm() && !DumpSharedSpaces && !RequireSharedSpaces && (FLAGISDEFAULT(UseSharedSpaces) || !UseSharedSpaces)) { nosharedspaces("COMPILER2 default: -Xshare:auto | off, have to manually setup to on."); }

endif

Loggers with handlers configured from the logging.properties configuration file will not be garbage collected until LogManager.reset is called.

When a logger has a handler configured in the logging configuration file (using the <logger>.handlers property), a reference to that logger will be internally kept by the LogManager until LogManager.reset() is called, in order to ensure that the associated handlers are properly closed on reset. As a consequence, such loggers won't be garbage collected until LogManager.reset() is called. An application that needs to allow garbage collection of these loggers before reset is called can revert to the old behaviour by additionally specifying <logger>.handlers.ensureCloseOnReset=false in the logging configuration file. Note however that doing so will reintroduce the resource leak that JDK-8060132 is fixing. Such an application must therefore take the responsibility of keeping the logger alive as long as it is needed, and close any handler attached to it before the logger gets garbage collected. See LogManager API documentation for more details.

java.util.logging.Formatter::formatMessage API specification has been clarified, and its implementation fixed.

java.util.logging.Formatter.formatMessage API specification specified that MessageFormat would be called if the message string contained "{0". In practice MessageFormat was called if the message string contained either "{0", "{1", "{2" or "{3".

In Java SE 9, the specification and implementation of this method have been changed to call MessageFormat if the message string contains "{<digit>", where <digit> is in [0..9].

In practice, this should be transparent for calling applications.

The only case where an application might see a behaviour change is if the application passes a format string that does not contain any formatter of the form "{0", "{1", "{2" or "{3", but contains "{<digit>" with <digit> within [4..9], along with an array of parameters that contains at least <digit>+1 elements, and depends on MessageFormat not to be called. In that case the method will return a formatted message instead of the format string.

A new configurable property in logging.properties: java.util.logging.FileHandler.maxLocks

A new "java.util.logging.FileHandler.maxLocks" configurable property is added to java.util.logging.FileHandler.

This new logging property can be defined in the logging configuration file and makes it possible to configure the maximum number of concurrent log file locks a FileHandler can handle. The default value is 100.

In a highly concurrent environment where multiple (more than 101) standalone client applications are using the JDK Logging API with FileHandler simultaneously, it may happen that the default limit of 100 is reached, resulting in a failure to acquire FileHandler file locks and causing an IO Exception to be thrown. In such a case, the new logging property can be used to increase the maximum number of locks before deploying the application.

If not overridden, the default value of maxLocks (100) remains unchanged. See java.util.logging.LogManager and java.util.logging.FileHandler API documentation for more details.

System Property Controls the java.util.logging.FileHandler's MAX_LOCKS Limit

A new JDK implementation specific system property jdk.internal.FileHandlerLogging.maxLocks has been introduced to control the java.util.logging.FileHandler MAXLOCKS limit. The default value of the current MAXLOCKS (100) is retained if this new system property is not set or an invalid value is provided to the property. Valid values for this property are integers ranging from 1 to Integer.MAX_VALUE-1.

Precision of time stamps in java.util.logging.LogRecord has been increased

LogRecord now stores the event time in the form of a java.time.Instant. XMLFormatter DTD is upgraded to print the new higher time resolution.

In Java SE 9 java.util.logging is updated to use java.time instead of System.currentTimeMillis() and java.util.Date. This allows for higher time stamp precision in LogRecord.

As a consequence, the implementation of the methods getMillis() and setMillis(long) in java.util.logging.LogRecord has been changed to use java.lang.Instant, and the method setMillis(long) has been deprecated in favor of the new method LogRecord.setInstant(java.time.Instant). The java.util.logging.SimpleFormatter has been updated to pass a java.time.ZonedDateTime object instead of java.util.Date to String.format. The java.util.logging.XMLFormatter has been updated to print a new optional <nanos> XML element after the <millis> element. The <nanos> element contains a nano seconds adjustment to the number of milliseconds printed in the <millis> element. The XMLFormatter will also print the full java.time.Instant in the <date> field, using the java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter.ISO_INSTANT formatter.

Compatibility with previous releases:

The LogRecord serial form, while remaining fully backward/forward compatible, now contains an additional serial nanoAdjustment field of type int, which corresponds to a nano seconds adjustment to the number of milliseconds contained in the serial millis field. If a LogRecord is serialized and transmitted to an application running on a previous release of the JDK, the application will simply see a LogRecord with a time truncated at the millisecond resolution. Similarly, if a LogRecord serialized by an application running on a previous release of the JDK, is transmitted to an application running on Java SE 9 or later, only the millisecond resolution will be available.

Applications that parse logs produced by the XMLFormatter, and which perform validation, may need to be upgraded with the newer version of the logger.dtd, available in the appendix A of the Logging Overview. In order to mitigate the compatibilty risks, the XMLFormatter class (and subclasses) can be configured to revert to the old XML format from Java SE 8 and before. See the java.util.logging.XMLFormatter API documentation for more details.

There could also be an issue if a subclass of LogRecord overrides getMillis/setMillis without calling the implementation of the super class. In that case, the event time as seen by the formatters and other classes may be wrong, as these have been updated to no longer call getMillis() but use getInstant() instead.

Remove LogManager addPropertyChangeListener and removePropertyChangeListener methods

The deprecated addPropertyListener and removePropertyListener methods have been removed from java.util.logging.LogManager. Code that relies on a listener to be invoked when logging configuration changes should use the new addConfigurationListener and removeConfigurationListener methods instead.

LogManager.readConfiguration will no longer propagate IllegalArgumentException directly when the logging configuration property file contains invalid unicode escape sequences.

LogManager.readConfiguration calls Properties.load, which may throw IllegalArgumentException if it encounters an invalid unicode escape sequence in the input stream. In previous versions of the JDK, the IllegalArgumentException was simply propagated to the caller. This was however in violation of the specification, since LogManager.readConfiguration is not specified to throw IllegalArgumentException. Instead, it is specified to throw IOException ''if there are problems reading from the stream''. In Java SE 9, LogManager.readConfiguration will no longer propagate such IllegalArgumentException directly, but will wrap it inside an IOException in order to conform to the specification.

Attach API cannot be used to attach to the current VM by default

The implementation of Attach API has changed in JDK 9 to disallow attaching to the current VM by default. This change should have no impact on tools that use the Attach API to attach to a running VM. It may impact libraries that mis-use this API as a way to get at the java.lang.instrument API. The system property jdk.attach.allowAttachSelf may be set on the command line to mitigate any compatibility with this change.

Module System

Java SE and the JDK have been significantly updated by the introduction of the Java Platform Module System (JSR 376) and using the module system to modularize the Java SE Platform and the JDK. The compatibility issues due to the changes are documented in the "Risks and Assumptions" section of JEP 261 and also summarized here.

• All JDK internal classes are now encapsulated at compile-time. Using javac to compile source code with references to JDK internal classes will now fail. This differs to previous releases where javac emitted warnings of the form "XXX is an internal proprietary API and may be removed in a future release". JEP 261 documents the --add-exports option which may be used as a temporary workaround to compile source code with references to JDK internal classes.

• All JDK internal classes are also encapsulated at run-time but most remain accessible to applications and libraries on the class path. Specifically, all public classes in JDK internal packages that existed in JDK 8 remain accessible to code on the class path. Furthermore, these JDK internal packages, and the standard packages in Java SE 8, are open in JDK 9 for so-called deep reflection by code on the class path. This allows existing code on the class path that relies on the use of setAccessible to break into JDK internals, or to do other illegal access on members of classes in these packages, to work as per previous releases. A future JDK release will change this policy so that these packages will not be open and illegal access to members of classes in these packages will be denied. To help identify code that needs to be fixed, the JDK emits a warning to standard error on the first use of core reflection that performs an illegal access. The warning is not suppressible.

  Developers of applications that observe "illegal access" warnings caused by code in libraries that they use are encouraged to submit bugs to the library maintainers.

  Developers of libraries using core reflection that may rely on illegal access are encouraged to test with --illegal-access=warn or --illegal-access=debug to identify code in their library that may need updating.

  All developers are encouraged to use the jdeps tool to identify any static references to JDK internal classes. The jdeps tool was introduced in JDK 8 and has many significant improvements in JDK 9.

  In preparation for a JDK release that denies illegal access, applications and libraries should be tested with --illegal-access=deny. As documented in JEP 261, running with -Dsun.reflect.debugModuleAccessChecks=access may help to locate code that silently ignores IllegalAccessException or InaccessibleObjectException.

• As detailed in JEP 261, the default set of root modules for applications on the class path is the java.se module rather than the java.se.ee module. Applications and libraries that make use of classes in module java.xml.bind (JAXB), module java.xml.ws (JAX-WS), module java.corba (CORBA), or other modules shared between Java SE and Java EE may need changes to how they are compiled and deployed. Furthermore, these modules have been deprecated in Java SE 9 for removal in a future release so applications and libraries using these APIs will need to eventually migrate to using the standalone releases of these modules. The JDK 9 Migration Guide details the options for applications and libraries using these APIs.

• As documented in JEP 261, if a package is defined in both a named module and on the class path then the package on the class path will be ignored. This may impact applications that have (perhaps unknowingly) added classes to Java SE or JDK packages by means of the class path.

• The boot class path has been mostly removed in this release. The java -Xbootclasspath and -Xbootclasspath/p options have been removed. The javac -bootclaspath option can only be used when compiling to JDK 8 or older. The system property sun.boot.class.path has been removed. Deployments that rely on overriding platform classes for testing purposes with -Xbootclasspath/p will need to changed to use the --patch-module option that is documented in JEP 261. The -Xbootclasspath/a option is unchanged.

• The application class loader is no longer an instance of java.net.URLClassLoader (an implementation detail that was never specified in previous releases). Code that assumes that ClassLoader::getSytemClassLoader returns a URLClassLoader object will need to be updated. Note that Java SE and the JDK do not provide an API for applications or libraries to dynamically augment the class path at run-time.

• The classes in many non-core modules are now defined to the platform class loader rather than the boot class loader. This may impact code that creates class loaders with null as the parent class loader and assumes that all platform classes are visible to the parent class loader. Such code may need to be changed to use the platform class loader as the parent class loader (see java.lang.ClassLoader::getPlatformClassLoader). Tool agents that add supporting classes to the boot class path may also assume that all platform classes are visible to the boot class loader. The java.lang.instrument package description provides more information on this topic for maintainers of java agents.

• The java.lang.Package API has been updated to represent a run-time package. The Class::getPackage method returns a Package object whose name is an empty string for a class in the unnamed package. This may impact code that expects Class::getPackage to return null for a class in the unnamed package. In addition, Package::getPackages and ClassLoader::getPackages may return an array with more than one Package object of the same package name, each defined by a different class loader in the class loader hierarchy. This differs to previous releases that only one Package object of a package name will be included in the returned array.

• The java.lang.Package objects created by the built-in class loaders for packages in named modules do not have specification or implementation versioning information. This differs to previous releases where specification and implementation versioning information was read from the main manifest of rt.jar. This change may impact code that invokes getPackage on a platform class and expects the Package::getSpecificationXXX or Package::getImplementationXXX methods to return non-null values.

• The Class::getResource and Class::getResourceAsStream methods have been updated in Java SE 9 so that invoking them on a Class in a named module will only locate the resource in the module. This may impact code that invokes these methods on platform classes on the assumption that the class path will be searched. Code that needs to search the class path for a resource should be changed to use ClassLoader::getSystemResource or ClassLoader::getSystemResourceAsStream.

• JDK internal resources, other than class files, in the standard and JDK modules can no longer be located with the ClassLoader::getResourceXXX APIs. This may impact code that relies on using these APIs to get at JDK internal properties files or other resources. The Class::getResourceXXX APIs will continue to locate JDK internal resources in packages that are open for illegal access (see above). A further change to these APIs is that the permission needed, when running with a security manager, to locate resources in the run-time image has changed. The permission needed to locate resources in modules in the run-time image is RuntimePermission("accessSystemModules") and so different to previous releases where permission to read ${java.home}/lib/rt.jar was needed.

• Stack traces have been updated to include module names in the stack trace elements for classes in named modules. Code that parses stack traces may need to be updated.

• The JDK may not start (meaning java -version fails) in some unsupported configurations. In particular, if the system property file.encoding is set on the command line with the name of a charset that is not in the java.base module then startup will fail with an error message to indicate that the charset is not supported.

• In previous releases, the "double equals" syntax could be used when setting the security policy to override the JDK security policy file (e.g. -Djava.security.policy==appserver.policy). This has changed in JDK 9 so that it augments the permissions granted to the standard and JDK modules. This change means that application servers that override the JDK policy file do not need to copy the permissions granted to standard and JDK modules. More details on this issue can be found in JDK-8159752.

• Maintainers of JVM TI agents to instrument or profile code that executes early in VM startup should review the changes in JEP 261 and the changes in the JVM TI specification. The default behavior has changed so that the ClassFileLoadHook event is not sent during the primordial phase, and the VMStart event (to signal the beginning of the start phase) is delayed until the module system is initialized. The JVM TI specification has been updated to define new capabilities for agents that need events for code that is executed before the VM is fully initialized.

Source Compatibility Issues

• Java SE 9 adds the Module class to the java.lang package which is implicitly imported on demand (i.e., import java.lang.*). If code in an existing source file imports some other package on demand, and that package declares a Module type, and the existing code refers to that type, then the source file will not compile without changing it to use a single-type-import declaration (i.e., import otherlib.Module).

• Java SE 9 adds two abstract methods to java.lang.instrument.Instrumentation. This interface isn't intended to be implemented outside of the java.instrument module but if there are implementations they will not compile with JDK 9 until they are updated to implement the new methods added in Java SE 9.

• Java SE 9 adds a six-parameter transform method to java.lang.instrument.ClassFileTransformer as a default method. This means that ClassFileTransformer is no longer a functional interface (JLS 9.8). Existing source code that uses the pre-existing five-parameter transform method as a functional interface will no longer compile.

Collections.asLifoQueue(null) now throws NPE as specified

Before the JDK 9 release, invocation of the method Collections.asLifoQueue with a null argument value would not throw a NullPointerException as specified by the class documentation. Instead a NullPointerException would be thrown when operating on the returned Queue. The JDK 9 release corrects the implementation of Collections.asLifoQueue to conform to the specification. Behavioral compatibility is not preserved but it is expected that the impact will be minimal given analysis of existing usages.

Arrays.asList().toArray() returns Object[]

The Arrays.asList() API returns an instance of List. Calling the toArray() method on that List instance is specified always to return Object[], that is, an array of Object. In previous releases, it would sometimes return an array of some subtype. Note that the declared return type of Collection.toArray() is Object[], which permits an instance of an array of a subtype to be returned. The specification wording, however, clearly requires an array of Object to be returned.

The toArray() method has been changed to conform to the specification, and it now always returns Object[]. This may cause code that was expecting the old behavior to fail with a ClassCastException. An example of code that worked in previous releases but that now fails is the following: ` List<String> list = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c"); String[] array = (String[]) list.toArray(); If this problem occurs, rewrite the code to use the one-arg formtoArray(T[]), and provide an instance of the desired array type. This will also eliminate the need for a cast. `` String[] array = list.toArray(new String[0]); ```

List.spliterator should optimize for RandomAccess lists

Previously the default implementation of List.spliterator derived a Spliterator from the List's iterator, which is poorly splitting and that affects the performance of a parallel stream returned by List.parallelStream. The default implementation of List.spliterator now returns an optimal splitting Spliterator implementation for List implementations that implement java.util.RandomAccess. As a result parallel stream performance may be improved for third-party List implementations, such as those provided by Eclipse collections, that do not override List.spliterator for compatibility across multiple major versions of the Java platform. This enhancement is a trade-off. It requires that the List.get method, of such lists implementing RandomAccess, have no side-effects, ensuring safe concurrent execution of the method when parallel stream pipeline is executed.

Java Packager '-makeall' argument deprecated

The '-makeall' argument of the Java Packager's command line interface has been deprecated. Use of '-makeall' will result in a warning. In lieu of the '-makeall' command, independent commands should be issued to perform compilation, createjar, and deploy, steps.

Deprecate security APIs that have been superseded

The classes and interfaces in the java.security.acl and javax.security.cert packages have been superseded by replacements for a long time and are deprecated in JDK 9. Two methods javax.net.ssl.HandshakeCompletedEvent.getPeerCertificateChain() and javax.net.ssl.SSLSession.getPeerCertificateChain() are also deprecated since they return the javax.security.cert.X509Certificate type.

New defaults for DSA keys in jarsigner and keytool

For DSA keys, the default signature algorithm for keytool and jarsigner has changed from SHA1withDSA to SHA256withDSA and the default key size for keytool has changed from 1024 bits to 2048 bits.

Users wishing to revert to the previous behavior can use the -sigalg option of keytool and jarsigner and specify SHA1withDSA and the -keysize option of keytool and specify 1024.

There are a few potential compatibility risks associated with this change:

1. If you have a script that uses the default key size of keytool to generate a DSA keypair but then subsequently specifies a specific signature algorithm, ex: ` keytool -genkeypair -keyalg DSA -keystore keystore -alias mykey ... keytool -certreq -sigalg SHA1withDSA -keystore keystore -alias mykey ... it will fail with one of the following exceptions, because the new 2048-bit keysize default is too strong for SHA1withDSA: `` keytool error: java.security.InvalidKeyException: The security strength of SHA-1 digest algorithm is not sufficient for this key size keytool error: java.security.InvalidKeyException: DSA key must be at most 1024 bits `` The workaround is to remove the-sigalgoption and use the stronger SHA256withDSA default or, at your own risk, use the-keysizeoption ofkeytool` to specify a smaller key size (1024).

2. If you use jarsigner to sign JARs with the new defaults, previous versions (than this release) of JDK 6 and 7 do not support the stronger defaults and will not be able to verify the JAR. jarsigner -verify on an earlier release of JDK 6 or 7 will output the following error: ` jar is unsigned. (signatures missing or not parsable) If you add-J-Djava.security.debug=jarto thejarsignercommand line, the cause will be output: `` jar: processEntry caught: java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException: SHA256withDSA Signature not available `` If compatibility with earlier releases is important, you can, at your own risk, use the-sigalgoption ofjarsigner` and specify the weaker SHA1withDSA algorithm.

3. If you use a PKCS11 keystore, the SunPKCS11 provider does not support the SHA256withDSA algorithm. jarsigner and some keytool commands may fail with the following exception if PKCS11 is specified with the -storetype option, ex:

   ` keytool error: java.security.InvalidKeyException: No installed provider supports this key: sun.security.pkcs11.P11Key$P11PrivateKey A similar error may occur if you are using NSS with the SunPKCS11 provider. The workaround is to use the-sigalgoption ofkeytool` and specify SHA1withDSA.

Executable.getAnnotatedReceiverType() is sensitive to the kind of Executable

The behavior of getAnnotatedReceiverType() has been clarified to return an empty AnnotatedType object only for a method/constructor which could conceptually have a receiver parameter but does not have one at present. (Since there is no receiver parameter, there are no annotations to return.) In addition, the behavior of getAnnotatedReceiverType() has been clarified to return null for a method/constructor which cannot ever have a receiver parameter (and therefore cannot have annotations on the type of a receiver parameter): static methods, and constructors of non-inner classes. Incompatibility: Behavioral

Class.getMethod and Class.getMethods more accurately follow inheritance rules

The javadoc for the Class.getMethod and Class.getMethods refer to the definition of inheritance in the Java Language Specification. Java SE 8 changed these rules in order to support default methods and reduce the number of redundant methods inherited from superinterfaces (see JLS 8, 8.4.8).

Class.getMethod and Class.getMethods were not updated with the 8 release to match the new inheritance definition (both may return non-inherited superinterface methods). The implementation has now been changed to filter out methods that are not members of the class.

Updates to java.lang.reflect.Field.get(), Field.get{primitive}() and java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke()

java.lang.reflect.Field.get(), Field.get{primitive}() and java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke() have been updated to use the primitive wrapper classes' valueOf() (for example Integer.valueOf()) instead of always creating new wrappers with "new" (for example new Integer()) after the reflection libraries have (potentially) optimised the Field/Method instance. This can affect applications that depended on two wrappers being != while still being .equals().

Annotation toString output not reusable for source input

The exact toString output of an annotation is deliberately not specified; from java.lang.annotation.Annotation.toString():

Returns a string representation of this annotation. The details of the representation are implementation-dependent [...]

Previously, the toString format of an annotation did not output certain information in a way that would be usable for a source code representation of an annotation, string values were not surrounded by double quote characters, array values were surrounded by brackets ("[]") rather than braces ("{}"), etc.

As a behavioral change, the annotation output has been updated to be faithful to a source code representation of the annotation.

javac no longer marks anonymous classes 'static'

Prior to JDK 9, javac set the 'static' modifier on anonymous classes declared in a static context, e.g., in static methods or static initialization blocks. This contradicts the Java Language Specification, which states that anonymous classes are never static. In JDK 9, javac does not mark anonymous classes 'static', whether they are declared in a static context or not.

Default methods affect the result of Class.getMethod and Class.getMethods

The javadoc for the Class.getMethod and Class.getMethods refer to the definition of inheritance in the Java Language Specification. Java SE 8 changed these rules in order to support default methods and reduce the number of redundant methods inherited from superinterfaces (see JLS 8, 8.4.8).

Class.getMethod and Class.getMethods were not updated with the 8 release to match the new inheritance definition (both may return non-inherited superinterface methods). Typically, the distinction is of no consequence; and for compatibility, it is preferred that the identity and number of returned methods match Java SE 7 as closely as possible. However, when the overriding method is a default method, it is important to filter out other overridden methods. As of 8u20, the implementation has been changed to perform this filtering step when the overrider is a default method.

IANA Data 2016f

JDK contains IANA time zone data version 2016f. For more information, refer to Timezone Data Versions in the JRE Software.

IANA Data 2016d

JDK contains IANA time zone data version 2016d. For more information, refer to Timezone Data Versions in the JRE Software.

The implementation of the clock returned by system factory methods in java.time.Clock has increased the resolution

The Java SE 8 specification for java.time.Clock states that ''The system factory methods provide clocks based on the best available system clock. This may use System.currentTimeMillis(), or a higher resolution clock if one is available.'' In JDK 8 the implementation of the clock returned was based on System.currentTimeMillis(), and thus has only a millisecond resolution. In JDK 9, the implementation is based on the underlying native clock that System.currentTimeMillis() is using, providing the maximum resolution available from that clock. On most systems this can be microseconds, or sometimes even tenth of microseconds.

An application making the assumption that the clock returned by these system factory methods will always have milliseconds precision and actively depends on it, may therefore need to be updated in order to take into account the possibility of a greater resolution, as was stated in the API documentation. It is also worth noting that a new Clock.tickMillis(zoneId) method has been added to allow time to be obtained at only millisecond precision - see: http://download.java.net/java/jdk9/docs/api/java/time/Clock.html#tickMillis-java.time.ZoneId-.

Changing the boundaries specified by ChronoField.EPOCH_DAY

Boundaries specified by java.time.temporal.ChronoField.EPOCH_DAY have been corrected to match the epoch day of LocalDate.MIN and LocalDate.MAX

IANA Data 2016i

JDK contains IANA time zone data version 2016i. For more information, refer to Timezone Data Versions in the JRE Software.

Return unmodifiable set of zone IDs to optimize ZoneIdPrinterParser

The performance of java.time.zone.ZoneRulesProvider.getAvailableZoneIds() is improved by returning an unmodifiable set of zone ids; previously the set was modifiable.

XML Catalog API

Java SE 9 introduces a standard XML Catalog API that supports the OASIS XML Catalogs version 1.1 standard. The API defines catalog and catalog-resolver abstractions that can be used as an intrinsic or external resolver with the JAXP processors that accept resolvers.

Existing libraries or applications that use the internal catalog API shall consider migrating to the new API in order to take advantage of the new features.

JAXP library updated with selected Xerces 2.11.0 updates

The JAXP library in JDK 9 has been updated to Xerces-J 2.11.0 release in the following areas: - Datatypes - DOM Level 3 serialization - XPointer - XML Schema Validation

This update includes improvement and bug fixes in the above areas up to the Xerces-J 2.11.0 release, but not the experimental support for XML Schema 1.1 features. Refer to Xerces-J 2.11.0 Release Notes for more details.

Extend the search path for the org.omg.CORBA.ORB orb.properties file

org.omg.CORBA.ORB specifies the search order to locate an ORB's orb.properties file, and this includes searching ${java.home}/lib. The JDK 9 release will include a ${java.home}/conf directory as the location for properties files. As such, the ORB.init processing has been amended, to include ${java.home}/conf directory in its search path for an orb.properties file. Thus, the preferred approach is to use the ${java.home}/conf directory, in preference to the ${java.home}/lib directory, as a location for an orb.properties file.

The jdk.Exported annotation has been removed

The JDK-specific annotation @jdk.Exported has been removed in JDK 9. The information that @jdk.Exported conveyed is now recorded in the exports declarations of modules. Tools that scan for this annotation should be updated to make use of the new API support in javax.lang.model and java.lang.module.

Visual VM removed in JDK 9

Visual VM is a tool that provides information about code running on a Java Virtual Machine. It was provided with Oracle JDK 6, Oracle JDK 7, and Oracle JDK 8.

Starting from JDK 9, the tool (jvisualvm) is no longer included in Oracle JDK. Users can still download the tool from the official project website at https://visualvm.github.io

Unlimited cryptography enabled by default

The JDK uses the Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Jurisdiction Policy files to configure cryptographic algorithm restrictions. Previously, the Policy files in the JDK placed limits on various algorithms. This release ships with both the limited and unlimited jurisdiction policy files, with unlimited being the default. The behavior can be controlled via the new crypto.policy Security property found in the <java-home>/lib/java.security file. Refer to that file for more information on this property.

Updated Java Cryptography Jurisdiction Policy File Mechanism

This release introduces several changes to the JCE Jurisdiction Policy files.

Previously, to allow unlimited cryptography in the JDK, separate JCE Jurisdiction Policy files had be be downloaded and installed. The download and install steps are no longer necessary.

1. Both the strong but "limited" (traditional default) and the "unlimited" policy files are included in this release.

2. A new Security property (crypto.policy) was introduced to control which policy files are active. The new default is "unlimited".

3. The files are now user-editable to allow for customized Policy configuration.

Please see the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) Reference Guide for more information.

Also see:

JDK-8186093: java.security configuration file still says that "strong but limited" is the default value

MSCAPI KeyStore can handle same named certificates

Java SE KeyStore does not allow certificates that have the same aliases. http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/security/KeyStore.html

However, on Windows, multiple certificates stored in one keystore are allowed to have non-unique friendly names.

The fix for JDK-6483657 makes it possible to operate on such non-uniquely named certificates through the Java API by artificially making the visible aliases unique.

Please note, this fix does not enable creating same-named certificates with the Java API. It only allows you to deal with same-named certificates that were added to the keystore by 3rd party tools.

It is still recommended that your design not use multiple certificates with the same name. In particular, the following sentence will not be removed from the Java documentation: "In order to avoid problems, it is recommended not to use aliases in a KeyStore that only differ in case." http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/security/KeyStore.html

Support DHE sizes up to 8192-bits and DSA sizes up to 3072-bits

Enhance the JDK security providers to support 3072-bit DiffieHellman and DSA parameters generation, pre-computed DiffieHellman parameters up to 8192 bits and pre-computed DSA parameters up to 3072 bits.

Remove the ExemptionMechanism.finalize() method

The javax.crypto.ExemptionMechanism.finalize() method has been removed from both the specification and the implementation.

The SecurityException throws clauses of the java.nio.file.Files methods newBufferedWriter() and write() now indicate that the exception might arise from a "delete" permission check

The sentence

"The SecurityManager.checkDelete(String) method is invoked to check delete access if the file is opened with the DELETE_ON_CLOSE option."

was appended to the verbiage of the SecurityException throws clause in the specifications of the newBufferedWriter() and write() methods of java.nio.file.Files.

sun.nio.sh.PollSelectorProvider removed

The poll based SelectorProvider sun.nio.ch.PollSelectorProvider has been removed in JDK 9. It has been superseded for several releases by improved or higher performance implementations on all supported platforms.

Allow use of TransmitFile on Microsoft Windows

Applications running on server editions of Microsoft Windows that make heavy use of java.nio.channels.FileChannel.transferTo may see performance improvements if the implementation uses TransmitFile. TransmitFile makes use of the Windows cache manager to provide high-performance file data transfer over sockets. The system property "jdk.nio.enableFastFileTransfer" controls whether the JDK uses TransmitFile on Microsoft Windows. It is disabled by default but can be enabled by setting the system property on the command line with -Djdk.nio.enableFastFileTransfer or -Djdk.nio.enableFastFileTransfer=true.

Ability to limit the capacity of buffers that can be held in the temporary buffer cache

The system property jdk.nio.maxCachedBufferSize has been introduced in to limit the memory used by the "temporary buffer cache". The temporary buffer cache is a per-thread cache of direct memory used by the NIO implementation to support applications that do I/O with buffers backed by arrays in the java heap. The value of the property is the maximum capacity of a direct buffer that can be cached. If the property is not set then no limit is put on the size of buffers that are cached. Applications with certain patterns of I/O usage may benefit from using this property. In particular if an application does I/O with large multi-megabyte buffers at startup but therefore does I/O with small buffers may see a benefit to using this property. Applications that do I/O using direct buffers will not see any benefit to using this system property.

java.nio.channels.FileLock constructors don't throw NPE if the channel argument is null

The java.nio.channels.FileLock constructors will now throw a NullPointerException if called with a null Channel parameter. To avoid an unexpected behavior change, subclasses of FileLock should therefore ensure that the Channel they pass to the superclass constructor is non-null.

JFR reports abnormally high machine CPU consumption on Linux

On Linux kernels 2.6 and later, the JDK would include time spent waiting for IO completion as "CPU usage". During periods of heavy IO activity, this could result in misleadingly high values reported as CPU consumption in various tools like Flight Recorder and performance counters. This issue has been resolved.

Introduced a new window ordering model

On the OS X platform, the AWT framework used native services to implement a parent-child relationship for windows. That caused some negative visual effects especially in multi-monitor environments. To get rid of disadvantages of such an approach, the new window ordering model, which is fully implemented at JDK layer, was introduced. Its main principles are listed below: - A window should be placed above its nearest parent window. - If a window has several child windows, all child windows should be located at the same layer and the window from the active window chain should be ordered above its siblings. - Ordering should not be performed for a window that is in an iconified state or when the transition to iconified state is in progress.

These rules are applied to every frame or dialog from the window hierarchy which contains the currently focused window.

Modular Run-Time Images

The JDK and JRE run-time images have been restructured as documented in JEP 220. The compatibility issues due to the changes are documented in the "Risks and Assumptions" section of the JEP and also summarized here.

• Tools and libraries that rely on the existence of the jre directory, rt.jar, or tools.jar may need to be updated to work with the new layout and/or may need to be updated to use the jrt file system provider to access class files and other resources in the runtime image.

• All user-editable configuration files are now located in the JDK/JRE conf directory. This includes the security policy file and other properties files. Scripts or procedures that rely on the old location of these files may need to be updated.

• On Linux and Solaris, libjvm.so is now located in the JDK/JRE lib directory (it was located in lib/$ARCH in previous releases). Applications that use the JNI invocation API to create the VM may need to be updated to locate libjvm.so in its new location.

• src.zip has moved from the top-level directory to the lib directory and now includes both the JDK and JavaFX source files in module directories. IDEs or tools that open this zip file may need to be updated.

• The deprecated Endorsed-Standards Override Mechanism has been removed in this release. The runtime will refuse to start if ${java.home}/lib/endorsed exists or the system property java.endorsed.dirs is specified on the command line. The javac compiler will only accept the -endorseddirs option when compiling to JDK 8 or older. Applications that rely on this mechanism should migrate to the upgradeable modules mechanism, documented in JEP 261.

• The deprecated Extensions Mechanism has been removed. The runtime will refuse to start if ${java.home}/lib/ext exists or the system property java.ext.dirs is specified on the command line. The javac compiler will only accept the -extdirs option when compiling to JDK 8 or older. The rmic compiler will no longer accept the -extdirs options. Applications that rely on this mechanism should consider deploying the libraries on the class path or as modules on the module path.

Tab key should move to focused button in a button group

The focus behavior of Swing toggle button controls (JRadioButton and JCheckBox) changed when they belonged to a button group. Now, if the input focus is requested to any toggle button in the group through either focus traversal or window activation, the currently selected toggle button is focused regardless of the focus traversal policy used in the container. If the selected toggle button is not eligible to be a focus owner, the focus is set according to the focus traversal policy.

Trackpad scrolling of text on OS X 10.12 Sierra is very fast

The MouseWheelEvent.getWheelRotation() method returned rounded native NSEvent deltaX/Y events on Mac OS X. The latest macOS Sierra 10.12 produces very small NSEvent deltaX/Y values so rounding and summing them leads to the huge value returned from the MouseWheelEvent.getWheelRotation(). The JDK-8166591 fix accumulates NSEvent deltaX/Y and the MouseWheelEvent.getWheelRotation() method returns non-zero values only when the accumulated value exceeds a threshold and zero value. This is compliant with the MouseWheelEvent.getWheelRotation() specification:

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/awt/event/MouseWheelEvent.html#getWheelRotation--

Returns the number of "clicks" the mouse wheel was rotated, as an integer. A partial rotation may occur if the mouse supports a high-resolution wheel. In this case, the method returns zero until a full "click" has been accumulated.

For the precise wheel rotation values, use the MouseWheelEvent.getPreciseWheelRotation() method instead.

Closing the ProgressMonitor dialog

The ProgressMonitor dialog can be closed in following ways : 1. 'Cancel' button is pressed 2. Dialog Close button is pressed 3. Escape key is pressed

If the ProgressMonitor dialog is closed, ProgressMonitor.isCanceled() method used to return 'true' in only cases (1) and (2) above. This fix corrects the behavior where ProgressMonitor.isCanceled() method will return 'true' in case the ProgressMonitor dialog is closed by pressing Escape key.

There is low compatibility impact of this fix : This change may impact user code that (incorrectly) assumes ProgressMonitor.isCanceled() will return false even if the ProgressMonitor dialog is closed as a result of pressing Escape key. Also, with this change, now there is no way to get the ProgressMonitor dialog out of way whilst having progress continue.

No longer possible to create System L&F via reflection

Some applications have used core reflection to instantiate JDK internal Swing L&Fs, i.e system L&Fs such as The Windows L&F : Class.forName(" com.sun.java.swing.plaf.windows.WindowsLookAndFeel")

These classes are internal to the JDK and applications should have always treated them as such.

As of JDK 9 whether these are accessible to applications depends on the configuration of the Java Platform Module System and the value of the --illegal-access setting. By default in JDK 9 its value is "permit", but this is expected to change to "deny" in a future release.

Applications which need to create a system L&F must migrate to use the new method : javax.swing.UIManager.createLookAndFeel(String name).

JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE was removed in favour of WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE

The public static constant JFrame.EXITONCLOSE was removed in favour of WindowConstants.EXITONCLOSE.

Remove pathname canonicalization from FilePermission

Prior to JDK 9, creating a FilePermission object canonicalized its pathname, and the implies and equals methods were based on this canonicalized pathname. For example, if "file" and "/path/to/current/directory/file" point to the same file in the file system, two FilePermission objects from these pathnames are equal and imply each other if their actions are also the same.

In JDK 9, the pathname will not be canonicalized by default. This means two FilePermission objects will not equal each other if one uses an absolute path and the other a relative path, or one uses a symbolic link and the other the target, or one uses a Windows long name and the other a DOS-style 8.3 name, even if they point to the same file in the file system.

A compatibility layer has been added to ensure that granting a FilePermission for a relative path will still permit applications to access the file with an absolute path (and vice versa). This works for the default Policy provider and the limited doPrivileged (http://openjdk.java.net/jeps/140) calls. For example, although a FilePermission on a file with a relative pathname of "a" no longer implies a FilePermission on the same file with an absolute pathname of "/pwd/a" (suppose "pwd" is the current working directory), granting code a FilePermission to read "a" allows that code to also read "/pwd/a" when a Security Manager is enabled. This compatibility layer does not cover translations between symbolic links and targets, or Windows long names and DOS-style 8.3 names, or any other different name forms that can be canonicalized to the same name.

A system property named jdk.io.permissionsUseCanonicalPath has been introduced. When it is set to "true", FilePermission will canonicalize its pathname as it did before JDK 9. The default value of this property is "false".

Another system property named jdk.security.filePermCompat has also been introduced. When set to "true", the compatibility layer described above will also apply to third-party Policy implementations. The default value of this property is "false".

CharArrayReader, PushbackReader, and StringReader may now block in close()

The java.io classes CharArrayReader, PushbackReader, and StringReader might now block in close() if there is another thread holding the Reader.lock lock.

The read() method of these classes could previously throw a NullPointerException if the internal state of the instance had become inconsistent. This was caused by a race condition due to close() not obtaining a lock before modifying the internal state of the Reader. This lock is now obtained which can result in close() blocking if another thread simultaneously holds the same lock on the Reader.

OS_VERSION property in `release` file removed

OS_VERSION property is no longer present in the release file. Scripts or tools that read the release file may need to be updated to handle this change.

Restrict javax.imageio.spi.ServiceRegistry to ImageIO types

Since Java SE 1.4 javax.imageio.spi.ServiceRegistry provided a facility roughly equivalent to the Java SE 1.6 java.util.ServiceLoader. This image i/o facility is now restricted to supporting SPIs defined as part of javax.imageio. Applications which use it for other purposes need to be re-coded to use ServiceLoader.

Changes in logging interface in MXBean

In Java SE 9 the java.util.logging.LoggingMXBean interface is deprecated in favor of the java.lang.management.PlatformLoggingMXBean interface. The java.util.logging.LogManager.getLoggingMXBean() method is also deprecated in favor of java.lang.mangement.ManagementFactory.getPlatformMXBean(PlatformLoggingMXBean.class).

The concrete implementation of the logging MXBean registered in the MBeanServer and obtained from the ManagementFactory will only implement java.lang.management.PlatformLoggingMXBean, and no longer java.util.logging.LoggingMXBean. It must be noted that PlatformLoggingMXBean and LoggingMXBean attributes are exactly the same. The PlatformLoggingMXBean interface has all the methods defined in LoggingMXBean, and so PlatformLoggingMXBean by itself provides the full management capability of logging facility.

This should be mostly transparent to remote and local clients of the API.

Compatibility:

Calls to ManagementFactory.newPlatformMXBeanProxy(MBeanServerConnection, ObjectName, java.util.logging.LoggingMXBean.class) and calls to JMX.newMXBeanProxy(MBeanServerConnection, ObjectName, java.util.logging.LoggingMXBean.class) will continue to work as before.

Remote clients running any version of the JDK should see no changes, except for the interface name in MBeanInfo, and the change in isInstanceOf reported in 1. and 2. below.

The behavioral change and source incompatibility due to this change are as follows:

1. ManagementFactory.getPlatformMBeanServer().isInstanceOf(ObjectName, "java.util.logging.LoggingMXBean") will now return 'false' instead of 'true'.
   If an application depends on this, then a workaround is to change the source of the calling code to check for java.lang.management.PlatformLoggingMXBean instead.

2. The Logging MXBean MBeanInfo will now report that its management interface is java.lang.management.PlatformLoggingMXBean instead of the non standard sun.management.ManagementFactoryHelper$LoggingMXBean name it used to display.
   The new behavior has the advantage that the reported interface name is now a standard class.

3. Local clients which obtain an instance of the logging MXBean by calling ManagementFactory.getPlatformMXBean(PlatformLoggingMXBean.class) will no longer be able to cast the result to java.util.logging.LoggingMXBean.
   PlatformLoggingMXBean already has all the methods defined in LoggingMXBean, therefore a simple workaround is to change the code to accept PlatformLoggingMXBean instead - or change it to use the deprecated LogManager.getLoggingMXBean() instead.