1 /*
  2  * Copyright (c) 1996, 2025, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  4  *
  5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
  7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
  8  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
  9  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 10  *
 11  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 12  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 13  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 14  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 15  * accompanied this code).
 16  *
 17  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 18  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 19  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 20  *
 21  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 22  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 23  * questions.
 24  */
 25 
 26 package java.lang.reflect;
 27 
 28 import jdk.internal.access.SharedSecrets;
 29 import jdk.internal.misc.VM;
 30 import jdk.internal.reflect.CallerSensitive;
 31 import jdk.internal.reflect.CallerSensitiveAdapter;
 32 import jdk.internal.reflect.MethodAccessor;
 33 import jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection;
 34 import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.ForceInline;
 35 import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.IntrinsicCandidate;
 36 import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.Stable;
 37 import sun.reflect.annotation.ExceptionProxy;
 38 import sun.reflect.annotation.TypeNotPresentExceptionProxy;
 39 import sun.reflect.generics.repository.GenericDeclRepository;
 40 import sun.reflect.generics.repository.MethodRepository;
 41 import sun.reflect.generics.factory.CoreReflectionFactory;
 42 import sun.reflect.generics.factory.GenericsFactory;
 43 import sun.reflect.generics.scope.MethodScope;
 44 import sun.reflect.annotation.AnnotationType;
 45 import sun.reflect.annotation.AnnotationParser;
 46 import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
 47 import java.lang.annotation.AnnotationFormatError;
 48 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 49 import java.util.StringJoiner;
 50 
 51 /**
 52  * A {@code Method} provides information about, and access to, a single method
 53  * on a class or interface.  The reflected method may be a class method
 54  * or an instance method (including an abstract method).
 55  *
 56  * <p>A {@code Method} permits widening conversions to occur when matching the
 57  * actual parameters to invoke with the underlying method's formal
 58  * parameters, but it throws an {@code IllegalArgumentException} if a
 59  * narrowing conversion would occur.
 60  *
 61  * @see Member
 62  * @see java.lang.Class
 63  * @see java.lang.Class#getMethods()
 64  * @see java.lang.Class#getMethod(String, Class[])
 65  * @see java.lang.Class#getDeclaredMethods()
 66  * @see java.lang.Class#getDeclaredMethod(String, Class[])
 67  *
 68  * @author Kenneth Russell
 69  * @author Nakul Saraiya
 70  * @since 1.1
 71  */
 72 public final class Method extends Executable {
 73     private final Class<?>            clazz;
 74     private final int                 slot;
 75     // This is guaranteed to be interned by the VM in the 1.4
 76     // reflection implementation
 77     private final String              name;
 78     private final Class<?>            returnType;
 79     private final Class<?>[]          parameterTypes;
 80     private final Class<?>[]          exceptionTypes;
 81     private final int                 modifiers;
 82     // Generics and annotations support
 83     private final transient String    signature;
 84     private final byte[]              annotations;
 85     private final byte[]              parameterAnnotations;
 86     private final byte[]              annotationDefault;
 87 
 88     /**
 89      * Methods are mutable due to {@link AccessibleObject#setAccessible(boolean)}.
 90      * Thus, we return a new copy of a root each time a method is returned.
 91      * Some lazily initialized immutable states can be stored on root and shared to the copies.
 92      */
 93     private Method root;
 94     private transient volatile MethodRepository genericInfo;
 95     private @Stable MethodAccessor methodAccessor;
 96     // End shared states
 97     private int hash; // not shared right now, eligible if expensive
 98 
 99     // Generics infrastructure
100     private String getGenericSignature() {return signature;}
101 
102     // Accessor for factory
103     private GenericsFactory getFactory() {
104         // create scope and factory
105         return CoreReflectionFactory.make(this, MethodScope.make(this));
106     }
107 
108     // Accessor for generic info repository
109     @Override
110     MethodRepository getGenericInfo() {
111         var genericInfo = this.genericInfo;
112         if (genericInfo == null) {
113             var root = this.root;
114             if (root != null) {
115                 genericInfo = root.getGenericInfo();
116             } else {
117                 genericInfo = MethodRepository.make(getGenericSignature(), getFactory());
118             }
119             this.genericInfo = genericInfo;
120         }
121         return genericInfo;
122     }
123 
124     /**
125      * Package-private constructor
126      */
127     Method(Class<?> declaringClass,
128            String name,
129            Class<?>[] parameterTypes,
130            Class<?> returnType,
131            Class<?>[] checkedExceptions,
132            int modifiers,
133            int slot,
134            String signature,
135            byte[] annotations,
136            byte[] parameterAnnotations,
137            byte[] annotationDefault) {
138         this.clazz = declaringClass;
139         this.name = name;
140         this.parameterTypes = parameterTypes;
141         this.returnType = returnType;
142         this.exceptionTypes = checkedExceptions;
143         this.modifiers = modifiers;
144         this.slot = slot;
145         this.signature = signature;
146         this.annotations = annotations;
147         this.parameterAnnotations = parameterAnnotations;
148         this.annotationDefault = annotationDefault;
149     }
150 
151     /**
152      * Package-private routine (exposed to java.lang.Class via
153      * ReflectAccess) which returns a copy of this Method. The copy's
154      * "root" field points to this Method.
155      */
156     Method copy() {
157         if (this.root != null)
158             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can not copy a non-root Method");
159 
160         Method res = new Method(clazz, name, parameterTypes, returnType,
161                                 exceptionTypes, modifiers, slot, signature,
162                                 annotations, parameterAnnotations, annotationDefault);
163         res.root = this;
164         // Propagate shared states
165         res.methodAccessor = methodAccessor;
166         res.genericInfo = genericInfo;
167         return res;
168     }
169 
170     /**
171      * @throws InaccessibleObjectException {@inheritDoc}
172      */
173     @Override
174     @CallerSensitive
175     public void setAccessible(boolean flag) {
176         if (flag) checkCanSetAccessible(Reflection.getCallerClass());
177         setAccessible0(flag);
178     }
179 
180     @Override
181     void checkCanSetAccessible(Class<?> caller) {
182         checkCanSetAccessible(caller, clazz);
183     }
184 
185     @Override
186     Method getRoot() {
187         return root;
188     }
189 
190     @Override
191     boolean hasGenericInformation() {
192         return (getGenericSignature() != null);
193     }
194 
195     @Override
196     byte[] getAnnotationBytes() {
197         return annotations;
198     }
199 
200     /**
201      * Returns the {@code Class} object representing the class or interface
202      * that declares the method represented by this object.
203      */
204     @Override
205     public Class<?> getDeclaringClass() {
206         return clazz;
207     }
208 
209     /**
210      * Returns the name of the method represented by this {@code Method}
211      * object, as a {@code String}.
212      */
213     @Override
214     public String getName() {
215         return name;
216     }
217 
218     /**
219      * {@inheritDoc}
220      * @jls 8.4.3 Method Modifiers
221      */
222     @Override
223     public int getModifiers() {
224         return modifiers;
225     }
226 
227     /**
228      * {@inheritDoc}
229      * @throws GenericSignatureFormatError {@inheritDoc}
230      * @since 1.5
231      * @jls 8.4.4 Generic Methods
232      */
233     @Override
234     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
235     public TypeVariable<Method>[] getTypeParameters() {
236         if (getGenericSignature() != null)
237             return (TypeVariable<Method>[])getGenericInfo().getTypeParameters();
238         else
239             return (TypeVariable<Method>[])GenericDeclRepository.EMPTY_TYPE_VARS;
240     }
241 
242     /**
243      * Returns a {@code Class} object that represents the formal return type
244      * of the method represented by this {@code Method} object.
245      *
246      * @return the return type for the method this object represents
247      */
248     public Class<?> getReturnType() {
249         return returnType;
250     }
251 
252     /**
253      * Returns a {@code Type} object that represents the formal return
254      * type of the method represented by this {@code Method} object.
255      *
256      * <p>If the return type is a parameterized type,
257      * the {@code Type} object returned must accurately reflect
258      * the actual type arguments used in the source code.
259      *
260      * <p>If the return type is a type variable or a parameterized type, it
261      * is created. Otherwise, it is resolved.
262      *
263      * @return  a {@code Type} object that represents the formal return
264      *     type of the underlying  method
265      * @throws GenericSignatureFormatError
266      *     if the generic method signature does not conform to the format
267      *     specified in
268      *     <cite>The Java Virtual Machine Specification</cite>
269      * @throws TypeNotPresentException if the underlying method's
270      *     return type refers to a non-existent class or interface declaration
271      * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException if the
272      *     underlying method's return type refers to a parameterized
273      *     type that cannot be instantiated for any reason
274      * @since 1.5
275      */
276     public Type getGenericReturnType() {
277       if (getGenericSignature() != null) {
278         return getGenericInfo().getReturnType();
279       } else { return getReturnType();}
280     }
281 
282     @Override
283     Class<?>[] getSharedParameterTypes() {
284         return parameterTypes;
285     }
286 
287     @Override
288     Class<?>[] getSharedExceptionTypes() {
289         return exceptionTypes;
290     }
291 
292     /**
293      * {@inheritDoc}
294      */
295     @Override
296     public Class<?>[] getParameterTypes() {
297         return parameterTypes.length == 0 ? parameterTypes: parameterTypes.clone();
298     }
299 
300     /**
301      * {@inheritDoc}
302      * @since 1.8
303      */
304     public int getParameterCount() { return parameterTypes.length; }
305 
306 
307     /**
308      * {@inheritDoc}
309      * @throws GenericSignatureFormatError {@inheritDoc}
310      * @throws TypeNotPresentException {@inheritDoc}
311      * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException {@inheritDoc}
312      * @since 1.5
313      */
314     @Override
315     public Type[] getGenericParameterTypes() {
316         return super.getGenericParameterTypes();
317     }
318 
319     /**
320      * {@inheritDoc}
321      */
322     @Override
323     public Class<?>[] getExceptionTypes() {
324         return exceptionTypes.length == 0 ? exceptionTypes : exceptionTypes.clone();
325     }
326 
327     /**
328      * {@inheritDoc}
329      * @throws GenericSignatureFormatError {@inheritDoc}
330      * @throws TypeNotPresentException {@inheritDoc}
331      * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException {@inheritDoc}
332      * @since 1.5
333      */
334     @Override
335     public Type[] getGenericExceptionTypes() {
336         return super.getGenericExceptionTypes();
337     }
338 
339     /**
340      * Compares this {@code Method} against the specified object.  Returns
341      * true if the objects are the same.  Two {@code Methods} are the same if
342      * they were declared by the same class and have the same name
343      * and formal parameter types and return type.
344      */
345     public boolean equals(Object obj) {
346         if (obj instanceof Method other) {
347             if ((getDeclaringClass() == other.getDeclaringClass())
348                 && (getName() == other.getName())) {
349                 if (!returnType.equals(other.getReturnType()))
350                     return false;
351                 return equalParamTypes(parameterTypes, other.parameterTypes);
352             }
353         }
354         return false;
355     }
356 
357     /**
358      * Returns a hashcode for this {@code Method}.  The hashcode is computed
359      * as the exclusive-or of the hashcodes for the underlying
360      * method's declaring class name and the method's name.
361      */
362     public int hashCode() {
363         int hc = hash;
364 
365         if (hc == 0) {
366             hc = hash = getDeclaringClass().getName().hashCode() ^ getName()
367                 .hashCode();
368         }
369         return hc;
370     }
371 
372     /**
373      * Returns a string describing this {@code Method}.  The string is
374      * formatted as the method access modifiers, if any, followed by
375      * the method return type, followed by a space, followed by the
376      * class declaring the method, followed by a period, followed by
377      * the method name, followed by a parenthesized, comma-separated
378      * list of the method's formal parameter types. If the method
379      * throws checked exceptions, the parameter list is followed by a
380      * space, followed by the word "{@code throws}" followed by a
381      * comma-separated list of the thrown exception types.
382      * For example:
383      * <pre>
384      *    public boolean java.lang.Object.equals(java.lang.Object)
385      * </pre>
386      *
387      * <p>The access modifiers are placed in canonical order as
388      * specified by "The Java Language Specification".  This is
389      * {@code public}, {@code protected} or {@code private} first,
390      * and then other modifiers in the following order:
391      * {@code abstract}, {@code default}, {@code static}, {@code final},
392      * {@code synchronized}, {@code native}, {@code strictfp}.
393      *
394      * @return a string describing this {@code Method}
395      *
396      * @jls 8.4.3 Method Modifiers
397      * @jls 9.4 Method Declarations
398      * @jls 9.6.1 Annotation Interface Elements
399      */
400     public String toString() {
401         return sharedToString(Modifier.methodModifiers(),
402                               isDefault(),
403                               parameterTypes,
404                               exceptionTypes);
405     }
406 
407     @Override
408     void specificToStringHeader(StringBuilder sb) {
409         sb.append(getReturnType().getTypeName()).append(' ');
410         sb.append(getDeclaringClass().getTypeName()).append('.');
411         sb.append(getName());
412     }
413 
414     @Override
415     String toShortString() {
416         return "method " + getDeclaringClass().getTypeName() +
417                 '.' + toShortSignature();
418     }
419 
420     String toShortSignature() {
421         StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(",", getName() + "(", ")");
422         for (Class<?> parameterType : getSharedParameterTypes()) {
423             sj.add(parameterType.getTypeName());
424         }
425         return sj.toString();
426     }
427 
428     /**
429      * Returns a string describing this {@code Method}, including type
430      * parameters.  The string is formatted as the method access
431      * modifiers, if any, followed by an angle-bracketed
432      * comma-separated list of the method's type parameters, if any,
433      * including informative bounds of the type parameters, if any,
434      * followed by the method's generic return type, followed by a
435      * space, followed by the class declaring the method, followed by
436      * a period, followed by the method name, followed by a
437      * parenthesized, comma-separated list of the method's generic
438      * formal parameter types.
439      *
440      * If this method was declared to take a variable number of
441      * arguments, instead of denoting the last parameter as
442      * "<code><i>Type</i>[]</code>", it is denoted as
443      * "<code><i>Type</i>...</code>".
444      *
445      * A space is used to separate access modifiers from one another
446      * and from the type parameters or return type.  If there are no
447      * type parameters, the type parameter list is elided; if the type
448      * parameter list is present, a space separates the list from the
449      * class name.  If the method is declared to throw exceptions, the
450      * parameter list is followed by a space, followed by the word
451      * "{@code throws}" followed by a comma-separated list of the generic
452      * thrown exception types.
453      *
454      * <p>The access modifiers are placed in canonical order as
455      * specified by "The Java Language Specification".  This is
456      * {@code public}, {@code protected} or {@code private} first,
457      * and then other modifiers in the following order:
458      * {@code abstract}, {@code default}, {@code static}, {@code final},
459      * {@code synchronized}, {@code native}, {@code strictfp}.
460      *
461      * @return a string describing this {@code Method},
462      * include type parameters
463      *
464      * @since 1.5
465      *
466      * @jls 8.4.3 Method Modifiers
467      * @jls 9.4 Method Declarations
468      * @jls 9.6.1 Annotation Interface Elements
469      */
470     @Override
471     public String toGenericString() {
472         return sharedToGenericString(Modifier.methodModifiers(), isDefault());
473     }
474 
475     @Override
476     void specificToGenericStringHeader(StringBuilder sb) {
477         Type genRetType = getGenericReturnType();
478         sb.append(genRetType.getTypeName()).append(' ');
479         sb.append(getDeclaringClass().getTypeName()).append('.');
480         sb.append(getName());
481     }
482 
483     /**
484      * Invokes the underlying method represented by this {@code Method}
485      * object, on the specified object with the specified parameters.
486      * Individual parameters are automatically unwrapped to match
487      * primitive formal parameters, and both primitive and reference
488      * parameters are subject to method invocation conversions as
489      * necessary.
490      *
491      * <p>If the underlying method is static, then the specified {@code obj}
492      * argument is ignored. It may be null.
493      *
494      * <p>If the number of formal parameters required by the underlying method is
495      * 0, the supplied {@code args} array may be of length 0 or null.
496      *
497      * <p>If the underlying method is an instance method, it is invoked
498      * using dynamic method lookup as documented in The Java Language
499      * Specification, section {@jls 15.12.4.4}; in particular,
500      * overriding based on the runtime type of the target object may occur.
501      *
502      * <p>If the underlying method is static, the class that declared
503      * the method is initialized if it has not already been initialized.
504      *
505      * <p>If the method completes normally, the value it returns is
506      * returned to the caller of invoke; if the value has a primitive
507      * type, it is first appropriately wrapped in an object. However,
508      * if the value has the type of an array of a primitive type, the
509      * elements of the array are <i>not</i> wrapped in objects; in
510      * other words, an array of primitive type is returned.  If the
511      * underlying method return type is void, the invocation returns
512      * null.
513      *
514      * @param obj  the object the underlying method is invoked from
515      * @param args the arguments used for the method call
516      * @return the result of dispatching the method represented by
517      * this object on {@code obj} with parameters
518      * {@code args}
519      *
520      * @throws    IllegalAccessException    if this {@code Method} object
521      *              is enforcing Java language access control and the underlying
522      *              method is inaccessible.
523      * @throws    IllegalArgumentException  if the method is an
524      *              instance method and the specified object argument
525      *              is not an instance of the class or interface
526      *              declaring the underlying method (or of a subclass
527      *              or implementor thereof); if the number of actual
528      *              and formal parameters differ; if an unwrapping
529      *              conversion for primitive arguments fails; or if,
530      *              after possible unwrapping, a parameter value
531      *              cannot be converted to the corresponding formal
532      *              parameter type by a method invocation conversion.
533      * @throws    InvocationTargetException if the underlying method
534      *              throws an exception.
535      * @throws    NullPointerException      if the specified object is null
536      *              and the method is an instance method.
537      * @throws    ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization
538      * provoked by this method fails.
539      */
540     @CallerSensitive
541     @ForceInline // to ensure Reflection.getCallerClass optimization
542     @IntrinsicCandidate
543     public Object invoke(Object obj, Object... args)
544         throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException
545     {
546         boolean callerSensitive = isCallerSensitive();
547         Class<?> caller = null;
548         if (!override || callerSensitive) {
549             caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
550         }
551 
552         // Reflection::getCallerClass filters all subclasses of
553         // jdk.internal.reflect.MethodAccessorImpl and Method::invoke(Object, Object[])
554         // Should not call Method::invoke(Object, Object[], Class) here
555         if (!override) {
556             checkAccess(caller, clazz,
557                     Modifier.isStatic(modifiers) ? null : obj.getClass(),
558                     modifiers);
559         }
560         MethodAccessor ma = methodAccessor;             // read @Stable
561         if (ma == null) {
562             ma = acquireMethodAccessor();
563         }
564 
565         return callerSensitive ? ma.invoke(obj, args, caller) : ma.invoke(obj, args);
566     }
567 
568     /**
569      * This is to support MethodHandle calling caller-sensitive Method::invoke
570      * that may invoke a caller-sensitive method in order to get the original caller
571      * class (not the injected invoker).
572      *
573      * If this adapter is not presented, MethodHandle invoking Method::invoke
574      * will get an invoker class, a hidden nestmate of the original caller class,
575      * that becomes the caller class invoking Method::invoke.
576      */
577     @CallerSensitiveAdapter
578     private Object invoke(Object obj, Object[] args, Class<?> caller)
579             throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException
580     {
581         boolean callerSensitive = isCallerSensitive();
582         if (!override) {
583             checkAccess(caller, clazz,
584                         Modifier.isStatic(modifiers) ? null : obj.getClass(),
585                         modifiers);
586         }
587         MethodAccessor ma = methodAccessor;             // read @Stable
588         if (ma == null) {
589             ma = acquireMethodAccessor();
590         }
591 
592         return callerSensitive ? ma.invoke(obj, args, caller) : ma.invoke(obj, args);
593     }
594 
595     //  0 = not initialized (@Stable contract)
596     //  1 = initialized, CS
597     // -1 = initialized, not CS
598     @Stable private byte callerSensitive;
599 
600     private boolean isCallerSensitive() {
601         byte cs = callerSensitive;
602         if (cs == 0) {
603             callerSensitive = cs = (byte)(Reflection.isCallerSensitive(this) ? 1 : -1);
604         }
605         return (cs > 0);
606     }
607 
608     /**
609      * {@return {@code true} if this method is a bridge
610      * method; returns {@code false} otherwise}
611      *
612      * @apiNote
613      * A bridge method is a {@linkplain isSynthetic synthetic} method
614      * created by a Java compiler alongside a method originating from
615      * the source code. Bridge methods are used by Java compilers in
616      * various circumstances to span differences in Java programming
617      * language semantics and JVM semantics.
618      *
619      * <p>One example use of bridge methods is as a technique for a
620      * Java compiler to support <i>covariant overrides</i>, where a
621      * subclass overrides a method and gives the new method a more
622      * specific return type than the method in the superclass.  While
623      * the Java language specification forbids a class declaring two
624      * methods with the same parameter types but a different return
625      * type, the virtual machine does not. A common case where
626      * covariant overrides are used is for a {@link
627      * java.lang.Cloneable Cloneable} class where the {@link
628      * Object#clone() clone} method inherited from {@code
629      * java.lang.Object} is overridden and declared to return the type
630      * of the class. For example, {@code Object} declares
631      * <pre>{@code protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {...}}</pre>
632      * and {@code EnumSet<E>} declares its language-level {@linkplain
633      * java.util.EnumSet#clone() covariant override}
634      * <pre>{@code public EnumSet<E> clone() {...}}</pre>
635      * If this technique was being used, the resulting class file for
636      * {@code EnumSet} would have two {@code clone} methods, one
637      * returning {@code EnumSet<E>} and the second a bridge method
638      * returning {@code Object}. The bridge method is a JVM-level
639      * override of {@code Object.clone()}.  The body of the {@code
640      * clone} bridge method calls its non-bridge counterpart and
641      * returns its result.
642      * @since 1.5
643      *
644      * @jls 8.4.8.3 Requirements in Overriding and Hiding
645      * @jls 15.12.4.5 Create Frame, Synchronize, Transfer Control
646      * @jvms 4.6 Methods
647      * @see <a
648      * href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/lang/reflect/package-summary.html#LanguageJvmModel">Java
649      * programming language and JVM modeling in core reflection</a>
650      */
651     public boolean isBridge() {
652         return (getModifiers() & Modifier.BRIDGE) != 0;
653     }
654 
655     /**
656      * {@inheritDoc}
657      * @since 1.5
658      * @jls 8.4.1 Formal Parameters
659      */
660     @Override
661     public boolean isVarArgs() {
662         return super.isVarArgs();
663     }
664 
665     /**
666      * {@inheritDoc}
667      * @jls 13.1 The Form of a Binary
668      * @jvms 4.6 Methods
669      * @see <a
670      * href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/lang/reflect/package-summary.html#LanguageJvmModel">Java
671      * programming language and JVM modeling in core reflection</a>
672      * @since 1.5
673      */
674     @Override
675     public boolean isSynthetic() {
676         return super.isSynthetic();
677     }
678 
679     /**
680      * Returns {@code true} if this method is a default
681      * method; returns {@code false} otherwise.
682      *
683      * A default method is a public non-abstract instance method, that
684      * is, a non-static method with a body, declared in an interface.
685      *
686      * @return true if and only if this method is a default
687      * method as defined by the Java Language Specification.
688      * @since 1.8
689      * @jls 9.4 Method Declarations
690      */
691     public boolean isDefault() {
692         // Default methods are public non-abstract instance methods
693         // declared in an interface.
694         return ((getModifiers() & (Modifier.ABSTRACT | Modifier.PUBLIC | Modifier.STATIC)) ==
695                 Modifier.PUBLIC) && getDeclaringClass().isInterface();
696     }
697 
698     // NOTE that there is no synchronization used here. It is correct
699     // (though not efficient) to generate more than one MethodAccessor
700     // for a given Method. However, avoiding synchronization will
701     // probably make the implementation more scalable.
702     private MethodAccessor acquireMethodAccessor() {
703         // First check to see if one has been created yet, and take it
704         // if so
705         Method root = this.root;
706         MethodAccessor tmp = root == null ? null : root.getMethodAccessor();
707         if (tmp != null) {
708             methodAccessor = tmp;
709         } else {
710             // Otherwise fabricate one and propagate it up to the root
711             tmp = reflectionFactory.newMethodAccessor(this, isCallerSensitive());
712             // set the method accessor only if it's not using native implementation
713             if (VM.isJavaLangInvokeInited())
714                 setMethodAccessor(tmp);
715         }
716 
717         return tmp;
718     }
719 
720     // Returns MethodAccessor for this Method object, not looking up
721     // the chain to the root
722     MethodAccessor getMethodAccessor() {
723         return methodAccessor;
724     }
725 
726     // Sets the MethodAccessor for this Method object and
727     // (recursively) its root
728     void setMethodAccessor(MethodAccessor accessor) {
729         methodAccessor = accessor;
730         // Propagate up
731         Method root = this.root;
732         if (root != null) {
733             root.setMethodAccessor(accessor);
734         }
735     }
736 
737     /**
738      * Returns the default value for the annotation member represented by
739      * this {@code Method} instance.  If the member is of a primitive type,
740      * an instance of the corresponding wrapper type is returned. Returns
741      * null if no default is associated with the member, or if the method
742      * instance does not represent a declared member of an annotation type.
743      *
744      * @return the default value for the annotation member represented
745      *     by this {@code Method} instance.
746      * @throws TypeNotPresentException if the annotation is of type
747      *     {@link Class} and no definition can be found for the
748      *     default class value.
749      * @since  1.5
750      * @jls 9.6.2 Defaults for Annotation Interface Elements
751      */
752     public Object getDefaultValue() {
753         if  (annotationDefault == null)
754             return null;
755         Class<?> memberType = AnnotationType.invocationHandlerReturnType(
756             getReturnType());
757         Object result = AnnotationParser.parseMemberValue(
758             memberType, ByteBuffer.wrap(annotationDefault),
759             SharedSecrets.getJavaLangAccess().
760                 getConstantPool(getDeclaringClass()),
761             getDeclaringClass());
762         if (result instanceof ExceptionProxy) {
763             if (result instanceof TypeNotPresentExceptionProxy proxy) {
764                 throw new TypeNotPresentException(proxy.typeName(), proxy.getCause());
765             }
766             throw new AnnotationFormatError("Invalid default: " + this);
767         }
768         return result;
769     }
770 
771     /**
772      * {@inheritDoc}
773      * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
774      * @since 1.5
775      */
776     @Override
777     public <T extends Annotation> T getAnnotation(Class<T> annotationClass) {
778         return super.getAnnotation(annotationClass);
779     }
780 
781     /**
782      * {@inheritDoc}
783      * @since 1.5
784      */
785     @Override
786     public Annotation[] getDeclaredAnnotations()  {
787         return super.getDeclaredAnnotations();
788     }
789 
790     /**
791      * {@inheritDoc}
792      * @since 1.5
793      */
794     @Override
795     public Annotation[][] getParameterAnnotations() {
796         return sharedGetParameterAnnotations(parameterTypes, parameterAnnotations);
797     }
798 
799     /**
800      * {@inheritDoc}
801      * @since 1.8
802      */
803     @Override
804     public AnnotatedType getAnnotatedReturnType() {
805         return getAnnotatedReturnType0(getGenericReturnType());
806     }
807 
808     @Override
809     boolean handleParameterNumberMismatch(int resultLength, Class<?>[] parameterTypes) {
810         throw new AnnotationFormatError("Parameter annotations don't match number of parameters");
811     }
812 }