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src/hotspot/share/cds/cdsHeapVerifier.cpp

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 19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 21  * questions.
 22  *
 23  */
 24 
 25 #include "cds/aotClassInitializer.hpp"
 26 #include "cds/archiveBuilder.hpp"
 27 #include "cds/cdsHeapVerifier.hpp"
 28 #include "classfile/classLoaderDataGraph.hpp"
 29 #include "classfile/javaClasses.inline.hpp"
 30 #include "classfile/moduleEntry.hpp"
 31 #include "classfile/systemDictionaryShared.hpp"
 32 #include "classfile/vmSymbols.hpp"
 33 #include "logging/log.hpp"
 34 #include "logging/logStream.hpp"
 35 #include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
 36 #include "oops/fieldStreams.inline.hpp"
 37 #include "oops/klass.inline.hpp"
 38 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"

 39 #include "runtime/fieldDescriptor.inline.hpp"
 40 
 41 #if INCLUDE_CDS_JAVA_HEAP
 42 
 43 // CDSHeapVerifier is used to check for problems where an archived object references a
 44 // static field that may be get a different value at runtime.
 45 //
 46 // *Please see comments in aotClassInitializer.cpp for how to avoid such problems*,
 47 //
 48 // In the following example,
 49 //      Foo.get.test()
 50 // correctly returns true when CDS disabled, but incorrectly returns false when CDS is enabled,
 51 // because the archived archivedFoo.bar value is different than Bar.bar.
 52 //
 53 // class Foo {
 54 //     static final Foo archivedFoo; // this field is archived by CDS
 55 //     Bar bar;
 56 //     static {
 57 //         CDS.initializeFromArchive(Foo.class);
 58 //         if (archivedFoo == null) {

 82 // [A] In most of the cases, the module bootstrap code will update the static field
 83 //     to point to part of the archived module graph. E.g.,
 84 //     - java/lang/System::bootLayer
 85 //     - jdk/internal/loader/ClassLoaders::BOOT_LOADER
 86 // [B] A final static String that's explicitly initialized inside <clinit>, but
 87 //     its value is deterministic and is always the same string literal.
 88 // [C] A non-final static string that is assigned a string literal during class
 89 //     initialization; this string is never changed during -Xshare:dump.
 90 // [D] Simple caches whose value doesn't matter.
 91 // [E] Other cases (see comments in-line below).
 92 
 93 CDSHeapVerifier::CDSHeapVerifier() : _archived_objs(0), _problems(0)
 94 {
 95 # define ADD_EXCL(...) { static const char* e[] = {__VA_ARGS__, nullptr}; add_exclusion(e); }
 96 
 97   // Unfortunately this needs to be manually maintained. If
 98   // test/hotspot/jtreg/runtime/cds/appcds/cacheObject/ArchivedEnumTest.java fails,
 99   // you might need to fix the core library code, or fix the ADD_EXCL entries below.
100   //
101   //       class                                         field                     type
102   ADD_EXCL("java/lang/ClassLoader",                      "scl");                   // A
103   ADD_EXCL("java/lang/Module",                           "ALL_UNNAMED_MODULE",     // A
104                                                          "ALL_UNNAMED_MODULE_SET", // A
105                                                          "EVERYONE_MODULE",        // A
106                                                          "EVERYONE_SET");          // A
107 
108   // This is the same as java/util/ImmutableCollections::EMPTY_SET, which is archived
109   ADD_EXCL("java/lang/reflect/AccessFlag$Location",      "EMPTY_SET");             // E
110 
111   ADD_EXCL("java/lang/System",                           "bootLayer");             // A
112 
113   ADD_EXCL("java/util/Collections",                      "EMPTY_LIST");            // E
114 
115   // A dummy object used by HashSet. The value doesn't matter and it's never
116   // tested for equality.
117   ADD_EXCL("java/util/HashSet",                          "PRESENT");               // E
118 
119   ADD_EXCL("jdk/internal/loader/BootLoader",             "UNNAMED_MODULE");        // A
120   ADD_EXCL("jdk/internal/loader/BuiltinClassLoader",     "packageToModule");       // A
121   ADD_EXCL("jdk/internal/loader/ClassLoaders",           "BOOT_LOADER",            // A
122                                                          "APP_LOADER",             // A

129   ADD_EXCL("jdk/internal/module/ServicesCatalog",        "CLV");                   // A
130 
131   // This just points to an empty Map
132   ADD_EXCL("jdk/internal/reflect/Reflection",            "methodFilterMap");       // E
133 
134   // Integer for 0 and 1 are in java/lang/Integer$IntegerCache and are archived
135   ADD_EXCL("sun/invoke/util/ValueConversions",           "ONE_INT",                // E
136                                                          "ZERO_INT");              // E
137 
138   if (CDSConfig::is_dumping_method_handles()) {
139     ADD_EXCL("java/lang/invoke/InvokerBytecodeGenerator", "MEMBERNAME_FACTORY",    // D
140                                                           "CD_Object_array",       // E same as <...>ConstantUtils.CD_Object_array::CD_Object
141                                                           "INVOKER_SUPER_DESC");   // E same as java.lang.constant.ConstantDescs::CD_Object
142 
143     ADD_EXCL("java/lang/runtime/ObjectMethods",           "CLASS_IS_INSTANCE",     // D
144                                                           "FALSE",                 // D
145                                                           "TRUE",                  // D
146                                                           "ZERO");                 // D
147   }
148 














149 # undef ADD_EXCL
150 
151   ClassLoaderDataGraph::classes_do(this);
152 }
153 
154 CDSHeapVerifier::~CDSHeapVerifier() {
155   if (_problems > 0) {
156     log_error(aot, heap)("Scanned %d objects. Found %d case(s) where "
157                          "an object points to a static field that "
158                          "may hold a different value at runtime.", _archived_objs, _problems);
159     log_error(aot, heap)("Please see cdsHeapVerifier.cpp and aotClassInitializer.cpp for details");
160     AOTMetaspace::unrecoverable_writing_error();
161   }
162 }
163 
164 class CDSHeapVerifier::CheckStaticFields : public FieldClosure {
165   CDSHeapVerifier* _verifier;
166   InstanceKlass* _ik; // The class whose static fields are being checked.
167   const char** _exclusions;
168 public:
169   CheckStaticFields(CDSHeapVerifier* verifier, InstanceKlass* ik)
170     : _verifier(verifier), _ik(ik) {
171     _exclusions = _verifier->find_exclusion(_ik);
172   }
173 
174   void do_field(fieldDescriptor* fd) {
175     if (fd->field_type() != T_OBJECT) {
176       return;
177     }
178 
179     if (fd->signature()->equals("Ljdk/internal/access/JavaLangAccess;")) {
180       // A few classes have static fields that point to SharedSecrets.getJavaLangAccess().

181       // This object carries no state and we can create a new one in the production run.
182       return;
183     }



184     oop static_obj_field = _ik->java_mirror()->obj_field(fd->offset());
185     if (static_obj_field != nullptr) {
186       Klass* field_type = static_obj_field->klass();
187       if (_exclusions != nullptr) {
188         for (const char** p = _exclusions; *p != nullptr; p++) {
189           if (fd->name()->equals(*p)) {
190             return;
191           }
192         }
193       }
194 
195       if (fd->is_final() && java_lang_String::is_instance(static_obj_field) && fd->has_initial_value()) {
196         // This field looks like like this in the Java source:
197         //    static final SOME_STRING = "a string literal";
198         // This string literal has been stored in the shared string table, so it's OK
199         // for the archived objects to refer to it.
200         return;
201       }
202       if (fd->is_final() && java_lang_Class::is_instance(static_obj_field)) {
203         // This field points to an archived mirror.

256     }
257 
258     if (ArchiveUtils::has_aot_initialized_mirror(ik)) {
259       // ik's <clinit> won't be executed at runtime, the static fields in
260       // ik will carry their values to runtime.
261       return;
262     }
263 
264     CheckStaticFields csf(this, ik);
265     ik->do_local_static_fields(&csf);
266   }
267 }
268 
269 void CDSHeapVerifier::add_static_obj_field(InstanceKlass* ik, oop field, Symbol* name) {
270   StaticFieldInfo info = {ik, name};
271   _table.put(field, info);
272 }
273 
274 // This function is called once for every archived heap object. Warn if this object is referenced by
275 // a static field of a class that's not aot-initialized.
276 inline bool CDSHeapVerifier::do_entry(oop& orig_obj, HeapShared::CachedOopInfo& value) {

277   _archived_objs++;
278 
279   if (java_lang_String::is_instance(orig_obj) && HeapShared::is_dumped_interned_string(orig_obj)) {
280     // It's quite often for static fields to have interned strings. These are most likely not
281     // problematic (and are hard to filter). So we will ignore them.
282     return true; /* keep on iterating */
283   }
284 
285   StaticFieldInfo* info = _table.get(orig_obj);
286   if (info != nullptr) {
287     ResourceMark rm;
288     char* class_name = info->_holder->name()->as_C_string();
289     char* field_name = info->_name->as_C_string();
290     LogStream ls(Log(aot, heap)::warning());
291     ls.print_cr("Archive heap points to a static field that may hold a different value at runtime:");
292     ls.print_cr("Field: %s::%s", class_name, field_name);
293     ls.print("Value: ");
294     orig_obj->print_on(&ls);
295     ls.print_cr("--- trace begin ---");
296     trace_to_root(&ls, orig_obj, nullptr, &value);

306   oop _orig_obj;
307   oop _orig_field;
308   outputStream* _st;
309 
310 public:
311   TraceFields(oop orig_obj, oop orig_field, outputStream* st)
312     : _orig_obj(orig_obj), _orig_field(orig_field), _st(st) {}
313 
314   void do_field(fieldDescriptor* fd) {
315     if (fd->field_type() == T_OBJECT || fd->field_type() == T_ARRAY) {
316       oop obj_field = _orig_obj->obj_field(fd->offset());
317       if (obj_field == _orig_field) {
318         _st->print("::%s (offset = %d)", fd->name()->as_C_string(), fd->offset());
319       }
320     }
321   }
322 };
323 
324 // Call this function (from gdb, etc) if you want to know why an object is archived.
325 void CDSHeapVerifier::trace_to_root(outputStream* st, oop orig_obj) {
326   HeapShared::CachedOopInfo* info = HeapShared::archived_object_cache()->get(orig_obj);
327   if (info != nullptr) {
328     trace_to_root(st, orig_obj, nullptr, info);
329   } else {
330     st->print_cr("Not an archived object??");
331   }
332 }
333 
334 const char* static_field_name(oop mirror, oop field) {
335   Klass* k = java_lang_Class::as_Klass(mirror);
336   if (k->is_instance_klass()) {
337     for (JavaFieldStream fs(InstanceKlass::cast(k)); !fs.done(); fs.next()) {
338       if (fs.access_flags().is_static()) {
339         fieldDescriptor& fd = fs.field_descriptor();
340         switch (fd.field_type()) {
341         case T_OBJECT:
342         case T_ARRAY:
343           if (mirror->obj_field(fd.offset()) == field) {
344             return fs.name()->as_C_string();
345           }
346           break;
347         default:
348           break;
349         }
350       }
351     }
352   }
353 
354   return "<unknown>";
355 }
356 
357 int CDSHeapVerifier::trace_to_root(outputStream* st, oop orig_obj, oop orig_field, HeapShared::CachedOopInfo* info) {
358   int level = 0;
359   if (info->orig_referrer() != nullptr) {
360     HeapShared::CachedOopInfo* ref = HeapShared::archived_object_cache()->get(info->orig_referrer());
361     assert(ref != nullptr, "sanity");
362     level = trace_to_root(st, info->orig_referrer(), orig_obj, ref) + 1;
363   } else if (java_lang_String::is_instance(orig_obj)) {
364     st->print_cr("[%2d] (shared string table)", level++);
365   }
366   Klass* k = orig_obj->klass();
367   ResourceMark rm;
368   st->print("[%2d] ", level);
369   orig_obj->print_address_on(st);
370   st->print(" %s", k->internal_name());
371   if (java_lang_Class::is_instance(orig_obj)) {
372     st->print(" (%s::%s)", java_lang_Class::as_Klass(orig_obj)->external_name(), static_field_name(orig_obj, orig_field));
373   }
374   if (orig_field != nullptr) {
375     if (k->is_instance_klass()) {
376       TraceFields clo(orig_obj, orig_field, st);
377       InstanceKlass::cast(k)->do_nonstatic_fields(&clo);
378     } else {
379       assert(orig_obj->is_objArray(), "must be");
380       objArrayOop array = (objArrayOop)orig_obj;

 19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 21  * questions.
 22  *
 23  */
 24 
 25 #include "cds/aotClassInitializer.hpp"
 26 #include "cds/archiveBuilder.hpp"
 27 #include "cds/cdsHeapVerifier.hpp"
 28 #include "classfile/classLoaderDataGraph.hpp"
 29 #include "classfile/javaClasses.inline.hpp"
 30 #include "classfile/moduleEntry.hpp"
 31 #include "classfile/systemDictionaryShared.hpp"
 32 #include "classfile/vmSymbols.hpp"
 33 #include "logging/log.hpp"
 34 #include "logging/logStream.hpp"
 35 #include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
 36 #include "oops/fieldStreams.inline.hpp"
 37 #include "oops/klass.inline.hpp"
 38 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
 39 #include "oops/oopHandle.inline.hpp"
 40 #include "runtime/fieldDescriptor.inline.hpp"
 41 
 42 #if INCLUDE_CDS_JAVA_HEAP
 43 
 44 // CDSHeapVerifier is used to check for problems where an archived object references a
 45 // static field that may be get a different value at runtime.
 46 //
 47 // *Please see comments in aotClassInitializer.cpp for how to avoid such problems*,
 48 //
 49 // In the following example,
 50 //      Foo.get.test()
 51 // correctly returns true when CDS disabled, but incorrectly returns false when CDS is enabled,
 52 // because the archived archivedFoo.bar value is different than Bar.bar.
 53 //
 54 // class Foo {
 55 //     static final Foo archivedFoo; // this field is archived by CDS
 56 //     Bar bar;
 57 //     static {
 58 //         CDS.initializeFromArchive(Foo.class);
 59 //         if (archivedFoo == null) {

 83 // [A] In most of the cases, the module bootstrap code will update the static field
 84 //     to point to part of the archived module graph. E.g.,
 85 //     - java/lang/System::bootLayer
 86 //     - jdk/internal/loader/ClassLoaders::BOOT_LOADER
 87 // [B] A final static String that's explicitly initialized inside <clinit>, but
 88 //     its value is deterministic and is always the same string literal.
 89 // [C] A non-final static string that is assigned a string literal during class
 90 //     initialization; this string is never changed during -Xshare:dump.
 91 // [D] Simple caches whose value doesn't matter.
 92 // [E] Other cases (see comments in-line below).
 93 
 94 CDSHeapVerifier::CDSHeapVerifier() : _archived_objs(0), _problems(0)
 95 {
 96 # define ADD_EXCL(...) { static const char* e[] = {__VA_ARGS__, nullptr}; add_exclusion(e); }
 97 
 98   // Unfortunately this needs to be manually maintained. If
 99   // test/hotspot/jtreg/runtime/cds/appcds/cacheObject/ArchivedEnumTest.java fails,
100   // you might need to fix the core library code, or fix the ADD_EXCL entries below.
101   //
102   //       class                                         field                     type
103   ADD_EXCL("java/lang/ClassLoader$Holder",               "scl");                   // A
104   ADD_EXCL("java/lang/Module",                           "ALL_UNNAMED_MODULE",     // A
105                                                          "ALL_UNNAMED_MODULE_SET", // A
106                                                          "EVERYONE_MODULE",        // A
107                                                          "EVERYONE_SET");          // A
108 
109   // This is the same as java/util/ImmutableCollections::EMPTY_SET, which is archived
110   ADD_EXCL("java/lang/reflect/AccessFlag$Location",      "EMPTY_SET");             // E
111 
112   ADD_EXCL("java/lang/System",                           "bootLayer");             // A
113 
114   ADD_EXCL("java/util/Collections",                      "EMPTY_LIST");            // E
115 
116   // A dummy object used by HashSet. The value doesn't matter and it's never
117   // tested for equality.
118   ADD_EXCL("java/util/HashSet",                          "PRESENT");               // E
119 
120   ADD_EXCL("jdk/internal/loader/BootLoader",             "UNNAMED_MODULE");        // A
121   ADD_EXCL("jdk/internal/loader/BuiltinClassLoader",     "packageToModule");       // A
122   ADD_EXCL("jdk/internal/loader/ClassLoaders",           "BOOT_LOADER",            // A
123                                                          "APP_LOADER",             // A

130   ADD_EXCL("jdk/internal/module/ServicesCatalog",        "CLV");                   // A
131 
132   // This just points to an empty Map
133   ADD_EXCL("jdk/internal/reflect/Reflection",            "methodFilterMap");       // E
134 
135   // Integer for 0 and 1 are in java/lang/Integer$IntegerCache and are archived
136   ADD_EXCL("sun/invoke/util/ValueConversions",           "ONE_INT",                // E
137                                                          "ZERO_INT");              // E
138 
139   if (CDSConfig::is_dumping_method_handles()) {
140     ADD_EXCL("java/lang/invoke/InvokerBytecodeGenerator", "MEMBERNAME_FACTORY",    // D
141                                                           "CD_Object_array",       // E same as <...>ConstantUtils.CD_Object_array::CD_Object
142                                                           "INVOKER_SUPER_DESC");   // E same as java.lang.constant.ConstantDescs::CD_Object
143 
144     ADD_EXCL("java/lang/runtime/ObjectMethods",           "CLASS_IS_INSTANCE",     // D
145                                                           "FALSE",                 // D
146                                                           "TRUE",                  // D
147                                                           "ZERO");                 // D
148   }
149 
150   if (CDSConfig::is_dumping_packages()) {
151     ADD_EXCL("java/lang/Package$VersionInfo",             "NULL_VERSION_INFO");    // D
152   }
153 
154   if (CDSConfig::is_dumping_dynamic_proxies()) {
155     ADD_EXCL("java/lang/reflect/ProxyGenerator",          "CD_Object_array");      // D
156   }
157 
158   // These are used by BuiltinClassLoader::negativeLookupCache, etc but seem to be
159   // OK. TODO - we should completely disable the caching unless ArchiveLoaderLookupCache
160   // is enabled
161   ADD_EXCL("java/lang/Boolean",                           "TRUE",                  // E
162                                                           "FALSE");                // E
163 
164 # undef ADD_EXCL
165 
166   ClassLoaderDataGraph::classes_do(this);
167 }
168 
169 CDSHeapVerifier::~CDSHeapVerifier() {
170   if (_problems > 0) {
171     log_error(aot, heap)("Scanned %d objects. Found %d case(s) where "
172                          "an object points to a static field that "
173                          "may hold a different value at runtime.", _archived_objs, _problems);
174     log_error(aot, heap)("Please see cdsHeapVerifier.cpp and aotClassInitializer.cpp for details");
175     AOTMetaspace::unrecoverable_writing_error();
176   }
177 }
178 
179 class CDSHeapVerifier::CheckStaticFields : public FieldClosure {
180   CDSHeapVerifier* _verifier;
181   InstanceKlass* _ik; // The class whose static fields are being checked.
182   const char** _exclusions;
183 public:
184   CheckStaticFields(CDSHeapVerifier* verifier, InstanceKlass* ik)
185     : _verifier(verifier), _ik(ik) {
186     _exclusions = _verifier->find_exclusion(_ik);
187   }
188 
189   void do_field(fieldDescriptor* fd) {
190     if (fd->field_type() != T_OBJECT) {
191       return;
192     }
193 
194     if (fd->signature()->equals("Ljdk/internal/access/JavaLangAccess;") ||
195         fd->signature()->equals("Ljdk/internal/access/JavaLangReflectAccess;")) {
196       // A few classes have static fields that point to SharedSecrets.get???Access().
197       // This object carries no state and we can create a new one in the production run.
198       return;
199     }
200     if (fd->signature()->equals("Ljdk/internal/reflect/ReflectionFactory;")) {
201       return;
202     }
203     oop static_obj_field = _ik->java_mirror()->obj_field(fd->offset());
204     if (static_obj_field != nullptr) {
205       Klass* field_type = static_obj_field->klass();
206       if (_exclusions != nullptr) {
207         for (const char** p = _exclusions; *p != nullptr; p++) {
208           if (fd->name()->equals(*p)) {
209             return;
210           }
211         }
212       }
213 
214       if (fd->is_final() && java_lang_String::is_instance(static_obj_field) && fd->has_initial_value()) {
215         // This field looks like like this in the Java source:
216         //    static final SOME_STRING = "a string literal";
217         // This string literal has been stored in the shared string table, so it's OK
218         // for the archived objects to refer to it.
219         return;
220       }
221       if (fd->is_final() && java_lang_Class::is_instance(static_obj_field)) {
222         // This field points to an archived mirror.

275     }
276 
277     if (ArchiveUtils::has_aot_initialized_mirror(ik)) {
278       // ik's <clinit> won't be executed at runtime, the static fields in
279       // ik will carry their values to runtime.
280       return;
281     }
282 
283     CheckStaticFields csf(this, ik);
284     ik->do_local_static_fields(&csf);
285   }
286 }
287 
288 void CDSHeapVerifier::add_static_obj_field(InstanceKlass* ik, oop field, Symbol* name) {
289   StaticFieldInfo info = {ik, name};
290   _table.put(field, info);
291 }
292 
293 // This function is called once for every archived heap object. Warn if this object is referenced by
294 // a static field of a class that's not aot-initialized.
295 inline bool CDSHeapVerifier::do_entry(OopHandle& orig_obj_handle, HeapShared::CachedOopInfo& value) {
296   oop orig_obj = orig_obj_handle.resolve();
297   _archived_objs++;
298 
299   if (java_lang_String::is_instance(orig_obj) && HeapShared::is_dumped_interned_string(orig_obj)) {
300     // It's quite often for static fields to have interned strings. These are most likely not
301     // problematic (and are hard to filter). So we will ignore them.
302     return true; /* keep on iterating */
303   }
304 
305   StaticFieldInfo* info = _table.get(orig_obj);
306   if (info != nullptr) {
307     ResourceMark rm;
308     char* class_name = info->_holder->name()->as_C_string();
309     char* field_name = info->_name->as_C_string();
310     LogStream ls(Log(aot, heap)::warning());
311     ls.print_cr("Archive heap points to a static field that may hold a different value at runtime:");
312     ls.print_cr("Field: %s::%s", class_name, field_name);
313     ls.print("Value: ");
314     orig_obj->print_on(&ls);
315     ls.print_cr("--- trace begin ---");
316     trace_to_root(&ls, orig_obj, nullptr, &value);

326   oop _orig_obj;
327   oop _orig_field;
328   outputStream* _st;
329 
330 public:
331   TraceFields(oop orig_obj, oop orig_field, outputStream* st)
332     : _orig_obj(orig_obj), _orig_field(orig_field), _st(st) {}
333 
334   void do_field(fieldDescriptor* fd) {
335     if (fd->field_type() == T_OBJECT || fd->field_type() == T_ARRAY) {
336       oop obj_field = _orig_obj->obj_field(fd->offset());
337       if (obj_field == _orig_field) {
338         _st->print("::%s (offset = %d)", fd->name()->as_C_string(), fd->offset());
339       }
340     }
341   }
342 };
343 
344 // Call this function (from gdb, etc) if you want to know why an object is archived.
345 void CDSHeapVerifier::trace_to_root(outputStream* st, oop orig_obj) {
346   HeapShared::CachedOopInfo* info = HeapShared::get_cached_oop_info(orig_obj);
347   if (info != nullptr) {
348     trace_to_root(st, orig_obj, nullptr, info);
349   } else {
350     st->print_cr("Not an archived object??");
351   }
352 }
353 
354 const char* static_field_name(oop mirror, oop field) {
355   Klass* k = java_lang_Class::as_Klass(mirror);
356   if (k->is_instance_klass()) {
357     for (JavaFieldStream fs(InstanceKlass::cast(k)); !fs.done(); fs.next()) {
358       if (fs.access_flags().is_static()) {
359         fieldDescriptor& fd = fs.field_descriptor();
360         switch (fd.field_type()) {
361         case T_OBJECT:
362         case T_ARRAY:
363           if (mirror->obj_field(fd.offset()) == field) {
364             return fs.name()->as_C_string();
365           }
366           break;
367         default:
368           break;
369         }
370       }
371     }
372   }
373 
374   return "<unknown>";
375 }
376 
377 int CDSHeapVerifier::trace_to_root(outputStream* st, oop orig_obj, oop orig_field, HeapShared::CachedOopInfo* info) {
378   int level = 0;
379   if (info->orig_referrer() != nullptr) {
380     HeapShared::CachedOopInfo* ref = HeapShared::get_cached_oop_info(info->orig_referrer());
381     assert(ref != nullptr, "sanity");
382     level = trace_to_root(st, info->orig_referrer(), orig_obj, ref) + 1;
383   } else if (java_lang_String::is_instance(orig_obj)) {
384     st->print_cr("[%2d] (shared string table)", level++);
385   }
386   Klass* k = orig_obj->klass();
387   ResourceMark rm;
388   st->print("[%2d] ", level);
389   orig_obj->print_address_on(st);
390   st->print(" %s", k->internal_name());
391   if (java_lang_Class::is_instance(orig_obj)) {
392     st->print(" (%s::%s)", java_lang_Class::as_Klass(orig_obj)->external_name(), static_field_name(orig_obj, orig_field));
393   }
394   if (orig_field != nullptr) {
395     if (k->is_instance_klass()) {
396       TraceFields clo(orig_obj, orig_field, st);
397       InstanceKlass::cast(k)->do_nonstatic_fields(&clo);
398     } else {
399       assert(orig_obj->is_objArray(), "must be");
400       objArrayOop array = (objArrayOop)orig_obj;
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