1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 1997, 2025, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
   8  *
   9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  13  * accompanied this code).
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  18  *
  19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  21  * questions.
  22  *
  23  */
  24 
  25 #include "cds/aotClassLocation.hpp"
  26 #include "cds/cdsConfig.hpp"
  27 #include "cds/heapShared.hpp"
  28 #include "classfile/classFileParser.hpp"
  29 #include "classfile/classFileStream.hpp"
  30 #include "classfile/classLoader.hpp"
  31 #include "classfile/classLoaderData.inline.hpp"
  32 #include "classfile/classLoaderDataGraph.inline.hpp"
  33 #include "classfile/classLoadInfo.hpp"
  34 #include "classfile/dictionary.hpp"
  35 #include "classfile/javaClasses.inline.hpp"
  36 #include "classfile/klassFactory.hpp"
  37 #include "classfile/loaderConstraints.hpp"
  38 #include "classfile/packageEntry.hpp"
  39 #include "classfile/placeholders.hpp"
  40 #include "classfile/resolutionErrors.hpp"
  41 #include "classfile/stringTable.hpp"
  42 #include "classfile/symbolTable.hpp"
  43 #include "classfile/systemDictionary.hpp"
  44 #include "classfile/vmClasses.hpp"
  45 #include "classfile/vmSymbols.hpp"
  46 #include "gc/shared/gcTraceTime.inline.hpp"
  47 #include "interpreter/bootstrapInfo.hpp"
  48 #include "jfr/jfrEvents.hpp"
  49 #include "jvm.h"
  50 #include "logging/log.hpp"
  51 #include "logging/logStream.hpp"
  52 #include "memory/metaspaceClosure.hpp"
  53 #include "memory/oopFactory.hpp"
  54 #include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
  55 #include "memory/universe.hpp"
  56 #include "oops/access.inline.hpp"
  57 #include "oops/instanceKlass.hpp"
  58 #include "oops/klass.inline.hpp"
  59 #include "oops/method.inline.hpp"
  60 #include "oops/objArrayKlass.hpp"
  61 #include "oops/objArrayOop.inline.hpp"
  62 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
  63 #include "oops/oopHandle.inline.hpp"
  64 #include "oops/symbol.hpp"
  65 #include "oops/typeArrayKlass.hpp"
  66 #include "prims/jvmtiExport.hpp"
  67 #include "prims/methodHandles.hpp"
  68 #include "runtime/arguments.hpp"
  69 #include "runtime/atomicAccess.hpp"
  70 #include "runtime/handles.inline.hpp"
  71 #include "runtime/java.hpp"
  72 #include "runtime/javaCalls.hpp"
  73 #include "runtime/mutexLocker.hpp"
  74 #include "runtime/sharedRuntime.hpp"
  75 #include "runtime/signature.hpp"
  76 #include "runtime/synchronizer.hpp"
  77 #include "services/classLoadingService.hpp"
  78 #include "services/diagnosticCommand.hpp"
  79 #include "services/finalizerService.hpp"
  80 #include "services/threadService.hpp"
  81 #include "utilities/growableArray.hpp"
  82 #include "utilities/macros.hpp"
  83 #include "utilities/utf8.hpp"
  84 #if INCLUDE_CDS
  85 #include "classfile/systemDictionaryShared.hpp"
  86 #endif
  87 #if INCLUDE_JFR
  88 #include "jfr/jfr.hpp"
  89 #endif
  90 
  91 class InvokeMethodKey : public StackObj {
  92   private:
  93     Symbol* _symbol;
  94     intptr_t _iid;
  95 
  96   public:
  97     InvokeMethodKey(Symbol* symbol, intptr_t iid) :
  98         _symbol(symbol),
  99         _iid(iid) {}
 100 
 101     static bool key_comparison(InvokeMethodKey const &k1, InvokeMethodKey const &k2){
 102         return k1._symbol == k2._symbol && k1._iid == k2._iid;
 103     }
 104 
 105     static unsigned int compute_hash(const InvokeMethodKey &k) {
 106         Symbol* sym = k._symbol;
 107         intptr_t iid = k._iid;
 108         unsigned int hash = (unsigned int) sym -> identity_hash();
 109         return (unsigned int) (hash ^ iid);
 110     }
 111 
 112 };
 113 
 114 using InvokeMethodIntrinsicTable = HashTable<InvokeMethodKey, Method*, 139, AnyObj::C_HEAP, mtClass,
 115                   InvokeMethodKey::compute_hash, InvokeMethodKey::key_comparison>;
 116 static InvokeMethodIntrinsicTable* _invoke_method_intrinsic_table;
 117 using InvokeMethodTypeTable = HashTable<SymbolHandle, OopHandle, 139, AnyObj::C_HEAP, mtClass, SymbolHandle::compute_hash>;
 118 static InvokeMethodTypeTable* _invoke_method_type_table;
 119 
 120 OopHandle   SystemDictionary::_java_system_loader;
 121 OopHandle   SystemDictionary::_java_platform_loader;
 122 
 123 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 124 // Java-level SystemLoader and PlatformLoader
 125 oop SystemDictionary::java_system_loader() {
 126   return _java_system_loader.resolve();
 127 }
 128 
 129 oop SystemDictionary::java_platform_loader() {
 130   return _java_platform_loader.resolve();
 131 }
 132 
 133 void SystemDictionary::compute_java_loaders(TRAPS) {
 134   if (_java_platform_loader.is_empty()) {
 135     oop platform_loader = get_platform_class_loader_impl(CHECK);
 136     _java_platform_loader = OopHandle(Universe::vm_global(), platform_loader);
 137   } else {
 138     // It must have been restored from the archived module graph
 139     assert(CDSConfig::is_using_archive(), "must be");
 140     assert(CDSConfig::is_using_full_module_graph(), "must be");
 141     DEBUG_ONLY(
 142       oop platform_loader = get_platform_class_loader_impl(CHECK);
 143       assert(_java_platform_loader.resolve() == platform_loader, "must be");
 144     )
 145  }
 146 
 147   if (_java_system_loader.is_empty()) {
 148     oop system_loader = get_system_class_loader_impl(CHECK);
 149     _java_system_loader = OopHandle(Universe::vm_global(), system_loader);
 150   } else {
 151     // It must have been restored from the archived module graph
 152     assert(CDSConfig::is_using_archive(), "must be");
 153     assert(CDSConfig::is_using_full_module_graph(), "must be");
 154     DEBUG_ONLY(
 155       oop system_loader = get_system_class_loader_impl(CHECK);
 156       assert(_java_system_loader.resolve() == system_loader, "must be");
 157     )
 158   }
 159 }
 160 
 161 oop SystemDictionary::get_system_class_loader_impl(TRAPS) {
 162   JavaValue result(T_OBJECT);
 163   InstanceKlass* class_loader_klass = vmClasses::ClassLoader_klass();
 164   JavaCalls::call_static(&result,
 165                          class_loader_klass,
 166                          vmSymbols::getSystemClassLoader_name(),
 167                          vmSymbols::void_classloader_signature(),
 168                          CHECK_NULL);
 169   return result.get_oop();
 170 }
 171 
 172 oop SystemDictionary::get_platform_class_loader_impl(TRAPS) {
 173   JavaValue result(T_OBJECT);
 174   InstanceKlass* class_loader_klass = vmClasses::ClassLoader_klass();
 175   JavaCalls::call_static(&result,
 176                          class_loader_klass,
 177                          vmSymbols::getPlatformClassLoader_name(),
 178                          vmSymbols::void_classloader_signature(),
 179                          CHECK_NULL);
 180   return result.get_oop();
 181 }
 182 
 183 // Helper function
 184 inline ClassLoaderData* class_loader_data(Handle class_loader) {
 185   return ClassLoaderData::class_loader_data(class_loader());
 186 }
 187 
 188 ClassLoaderData* SystemDictionary::register_loader(Handle class_loader, bool create_mirror_cld) {
 189   if (create_mirror_cld) {
 190     // Add a new class loader data to the graph.
 191     return ClassLoaderDataGraph::add(class_loader, true);
 192   } else {
 193     return (class_loader() == nullptr) ? ClassLoaderData::the_null_class_loader_data() :
 194                                       ClassLoaderDataGraph::find_or_create(class_loader);
 195   }
 196 }
 197 
 198 void SystemDictionary::set_system_loader(ClassLoaderData *cld) {
 199   if (_java_system_loader.is_empty()) {
 200     _java_system_loader = cld->class_loader_handle();
 201   } else {
 202     assert(_java_system_loader.resolve() == cld->class_loader(), "sanity");
 203   }
 204 }
 205 
 206 void SystemDictionary::set_platform_loader(ClassLoaderData *cld) {
 207   if (_java_platform_loader.is_empty()) {
 208     _java_platform_loader = cld->class_loader_handle();
 209   } else {
 210     assert(_java_platform_loader.resolve() == cld->class_loader(), "sanity");
 211   }
 212 }
 213 
 214 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 215 // Parallel class loading check
 216 
 217 static bool is_parallelCapable(Handle class_loader) {
 218   if (class_loader.is_null()) return true;
 219   return java_lang_ClassLoader::parallelCapable(class_loader());
 220 }
 221 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 222 // ParallelDefineClass flag does not apply to bootclass loader
 223 static bool is_parallelDefine(Handle class_loader) {
 224    if (class_loader.is_null()) return false;
 225    if (AllowParallelDefineClass && java_lang_ClassLoader::parallelCapable(class_loader())) {
 226      return true;
 227    }
 228    return false;
 229 }
 230 
 231 // Returns true if the passed class loader is the builtin application class loader
 232 // or a custom system class loader. A customer system class loader can be
 233 // specified via -Djava.system.class.loader.
 234 bool SystemDictionary::is_system_class_loader(oop class_loader) {
 235   if (class_loader == nullptr) {
 236     return false;
 237   }
 238   return (class_loader->klass() == vmClasses::jdk_internal_loader_ClassLoaders_AppClassLoader_klass() ||
 239          class_loader == _java_system_loader.peek());
 240 }
 241 
 242 // Returns true if the passed class loader is the platform class loader.
 243 bool SystemDictionary::is_platform_class_loader(oop class_loader) {
 244   if (class_loader == nullptr) {
 245     return false;
 246   }
 247   return (class_loader->klass() == vmClasses::jdk_internal_loader_ClassLoaders_PlatformClassLoader_klass());
 248 }
 249 
 250 Handle SystemDictionary::get_loader_lock_or_null(Handle class_loader) {
 251   // If class_loader is null or parallelCapable, the JVM doesn't acquire a lock while loading.
 252   if (is_parallelCapable(class_loader)) {
 253     return Handle();
 254   } else {
 255     return class_loader;
 256   }
 257 }
 258 
 259 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 260 // Resolving of classes
 261 
 262 Symbol* SystemDictionary::class_name_symbol(const char* name, Symbol* exception, TRAPS) {
 263   if (name == nullptr) {
 264     THROW_MSG_NULL(exception, "No class name given");
 265   }
 266   size_t name_len = strlen(name);
 267   if (name_len > static_cast<size_t>(Symbol::max_length())) {
 268     // It's impossible to create this class;  the name cannot fit
 269     // into the constant pool. If necessary report an abridged name
 270     // in the exception message.
 271     if (name_len > static_cast<size_t>(MaxStringPrintSize)) {
 272       Exceptions::fthrow(THREAD_AND_LOCATION, exception,
 273                          "Class name exceeds maximum length of %d: %.*s ... (%zu characters omitted) ... %.*s",
 274                          Symbol::max_length(),
 275                          MaxStringPrintSize / 2,
 276                          name,
 277                          name_len - 2 * (MaxStringPrintSize / 2), // allows for odd value
 278                          MaxStringPrintSize / 2,
 279                          name + name_len - MaxStringPrintSize / 2);
 280     }
 281     else {
 282       Exceptions::fthrow(THREAD_AND_LOCATION, exception,
 283                          "Class name exceeds maximum length of %d: %s",
 284                          Symbol::max_length(),
 285                          name);
 286     }
 287     return nullptr;
 288   }
 289   // Callers should ensure that the name is never an illegal UTF8 string.
 290   assert(UTF8::is_legal_utf8((const unsigned char*)name, name_len, false),
 291          "Class name is not a valid utf8 string.");
 292 
 293   // Make a new symbol for the class name.
 294   return SymbolTable::new_symbol(name);
 295 }
 296 
 297 #ifdef ASSERT
 298 // Used to verify that class loading succeeded in adding k to the dictionary.
 299 static void verify_dictionary_entry(Symbol* class_name, InstanceKlass* k) {
 300   MutexLocker mu(SystemDictionary_lock);
 301   ClassLoaderData* loader_data = k->class_loader_data();
 302   Dictionary* dictionary = loader_data->dictionary();
 303   assert(class_name == k->name(), "Must be the same");
 304   InstanceKlass* kk = dictionary->find_class(JavaThread::current(), class_name);
 305   assert(kk == k, "should be present in dictionary");
 306 }
 307 #endif
 308 
 309 static void handle_resolution_exception(Symbol* class_name, bool throw_error, TRAPS) {
 310   if (HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) {
 311     // If we have a pending exception we forward it to the caller, unless throw_error is true,
 312     // in which case we have to check whether the pending exception is a ClassNotFoundException,
 313     // and convert it to a NoClassDefFoundError and chain the original ClassNotFoundException.
 314     if (throw_error && PENDING_EXCEPTION->is_a(vmClasses::ClassNotFoundException_klass())) {
 315       ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 316       Handle e(THREAD, PENDING_EXCEPTION);
 317       CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION;
 318       THROW_MSG_CAUSE(vmSymbols::java_lang_NoClassDefFoundError(), class_name->as_C_string(), e);
 319     } else {
 320       return; // the caller will throw the incoming exception
 321     }
 322   }
 323   // If the class is not found, ie, caller has checked that klass is null, throw the appropriate
 324   // error or exception depending on the value of throw_error.
 325   ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 326   if (throw_error) {
 327     THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_NoClassDefFoundError(), class_name->as_C_string());
 328   } else {
 329     THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_ClassNotFoundException(), class_name->as_C_string());
 330   }
 331 }
 332 
 333 // Forwards to resolve_or_null
 334 
 335 Klass* SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(Symbol* class_name, Handle class_loader,
 336                                          bool throw_error, TRAPS) {
 337   Klass* klass = resolve_or_null(class_name, class_loader, THREAD);
 338   // Check for pending exception or null klass, and throw exception
 339   if (HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION || klass == nullptr) {
 340     handle_resolution_exception(class_name, throw_error, CHECK_NULL);
 341   }
 342   return klass;
 343 }
 344 
 345 // Forwards to resolve_array_class_or_null or resolve_instance_class_or_null
 346 
 347 Klass* SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null(Symbol* class_name, Handle class_loader, TRAPS) {
 348   if (Signature::is_array(class_name)) {
 349     return resolve_array_class_or_null(class_name, class_loader, THREAD);
 350   } else {
 351     assert(class_name != nullptr && !Signature::is_array(class_name), "must be");
 352     if (Signature::has_envelope(class_name)) {
 353       ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 354       // Ignore wrapping L and ;.
 355       TempNewSymbol name = SymbolTable::new_symbol(class_name->as_C_string() + 1,
 356                                                    class_name->utf8_length() - 2);
 357       return resolve_instance_class_or_null(name, class_loader, THREAD);
 358     } else {
 359       return resolve_instance_class_or_null(class_name, class_loader, THREAD);
 360     }
 361   }
 362 }
 363 
 364 // Forwards to resolve_instance_class_or_null
 365 
 366 Klass* SystemDictionary::resolve_array_class_or_null(Symbol* class_name,
 367                                                      Handle class_loader,
 368                                                      TRAPS) {
 369   assert(Signature::is_array(class_name), "must be array");
 370   ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 371   SignatureStream ss(class_name, false);
 372   int ndims = ss.skip_array_prefix();  // skip all '['s
 373   Klass* k = nullptr;
 374   BasicType t = ss.type();
 375   if (ss.has_envelope()) {
 376     Symbol* obj_class = ss.as_symbol();
 377     k = SystemDictionary::resolve_instance_class_or_null(obj_class,
 378                                                          class_loader,
 379                                                          CHECK_NULL);
 380     if (k != nullptr) {
 381       k = k->array_klass(ndims, CHECK_NULL);
 382     }
 383   } else {
 384     k = Universe::typeArrayKlass(t);
 385     k = k->array_klass(ndims, CHECK_NULL);
 386   }
 387   return k;
 388 }
 389 
 390 static inline void log_circularity_error(Symbol* name, PlaceholderEntry* probe) {
 391   LogTarget(Debug, class, load, placeholders) lt;
 392   if (lt.is_enabled()) {
 393     ResourceMark rm;
 394     LogStream ls(lt);
 395     ls.print("ClassCircularityError detected for placeholder entry %s", name->as_C_string());
 396     probe->print_on(&ls);
 397     ls.cr();
 398   }
 399 }
 400 
 401 // Must be called for any superclass or superinterface resolution
 402 // during class definition to allow class circularity checking
 403 // superinterface callers:
 404 //    parse_interfaces - from defineClass
 405 // superclass callers:
 406 //   ClassFileParser - from defineClass
 407 //   load_shared_class - while loading a class from shared archive
 408 //   resolve_instance_class_or_null:
 409 //     via: handle_parallel_super_load
 410 //      when resolving a class that has an existing placeholder with
 411 //      a saved superclass [i.e. a defineClass is currently in progress]
 412 //      If another thread is trying to resolve the class, it must do
 413 //      superclass checks on its own thread to catch class circularity and
 414 //      to avoid deadlock.
 415 //
 416 // resolve_with_circularity_detection adds a DETECT_CIRCULARITY placeholder to the placeholder table before calling
 417 // resolve_instance_class_or_null. ClassCircularityError is detected when a DETECT_CIRCULARITY or LOAD_INSTANCE
 418 // placeholder for the same thread, class, classloader is found.
 419 // This can be seen with logging option: -Xlog:class+load+placeholders=debug.
 420 //
 421 InstanceKlass* SystemDictionary::resolve_with_circularity_detection(Symbol* class_name,
 422                                                                     Symbol* next_name,
 423                                                                     Handle class_loader,
 424                                                                     bool is_superclass,
 425                                                                     TRAPS) {
 426 
 427   assert(next_name != nullptr, "null superclass for resolving");
 428   assert(!Signature::is_array(next_name), "invalid superclass name");
 429 
 430   ClassLoaderData* loader_data = class_loader_data(class_loader);
 431 
 432   if (is_superclass) {
 433     InstanceKlass* klassk = loader_data->dictionary()->find_class(THREAD, class_name);
 434     if (klassk != nullptr) {
 435       // We can come here for two reasons:
 436       // (a) RedefineClasses -- the class is already loaded
 437       // (b) Rarely, the class might have been loaded by a parallel thread
 438       // We can do a quick check against the already assigned superclass's name and loader.
 439       InstanceKlass* superk = klassk->super();
 440       if (superk != nullptr &&
 441           superk->name() == next_name &&
 442           superk->class_loader() == class_loader()) {
 443         return superk;
 444       }
 445     }
 446   }
 447 
 448   // can't throw error holding a lock
 449   bool throw_circularity_error = false;
 450   {
 451     MutexLocker mu(THREAD, SystemDictionary_lock);
 452 
 453     // Must check ClassCircularity before resolving next_name (superclass or interface).
 454     PlaceholderEntry* probe = PlaceholderTable::get_entry(class_name, loader_data);
 455     if (probe != nullptr && probe->check_seen_thread(THREAD, PlaceholderTable::DETECT_CIRCULARITY)) {
 456         log_circularity_error(class_name, probe);
 457         throw_circularity_error = true;
 458     }
 459 
 460     // Make sure there's a placeholder for the class_name before resolving.
 461     // This is used as a claim that this thread is currently loading superclass/classloader
 462     // and for ClassCircularity checks.
 463     if (!throw_circularity_error) {
 464       // Be careful not to exit resolve_with_circularity_detection without removing this placeholder.
 465       PlaceholderEntry* newprobe = PlaceholderTable::find_and_add(class_name,
 466                                                                   loader_data,
 467                                                                   PlaceholderTable::DETECT_CIRCULARITY,
 468                                                                   next_name, THREAD);
 469     }
 470   }
 471 
 472   if (throw_circularity_error) {
 473       ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 474       THROW_MSG_NULL(vmSymbols::java_lang_ClassCircularityError(), class_name->as_C_string());
 475   }
 476 
 477   // Resolve the superclass or superinterface, check results on return
 478   InstanceKlass* superk =
 479     SystemDictionary::resolve_instance_class_or_null(next_name,
 480                                                      class_loader,
 481                                                      THREAD);
 482 
 483   // Clean up placeholder entry.
 484   {
 485     MutexLocker mu(THREAD, SystemDictionary_lock);
 486     PlaceholderTable::find_and_remove(class_name, loader_data, PlaceholderTable::DETECT_CIRCULARITY, THREAD);
 487     SystemDictionary_lock->notify_all();
 488   }
 489 
 490   // Check for pending exception or null superk, and throw exception
 491   if (HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION || superk == nullptr) {
 492     handle_resolution_exception(next_name, true, CHECK_NULL);
 493   }
 494 
 495   return superk;
 496 }
 497 
 498 // If the class in is in the placeholder table, class loading is in progress.
 499 // For cases where the application changes threads to load classes, it
 500 // is critical to ClassCircularity detection that we try loading
 501 // the superclass on the new thread internally, so we do parallel
 502 // superclass loading here.  This avoids deadlock for ClassCircularity
 503 // detection for parallelCapable class loaders that lock on a per-class lock.
 504 static void handle_parallel_super_load(Symbol* name,
 505                                        Symbol* superclassname,
 506                                        Handle class_loader,
 507                                        TRAPS) {
 508 
 509   // The result superk is not used; resolve_with_circularity_detection is called for circularity check only.
 510   // This passes false to is_superclass to skip doing the unlikely optimization.
 511   Klass* superk = SystemDictionary::resolve_with_circularity_detection(name,
 512                                                                        superclassname,
 513                                                                        class_loader,
 514                                                                        false,
 515                                                                        CHECK);
 516 }
 517 
 518 // Bootstrap and non-parallel capable class loaders use the LOAD_INSTANCE placeholder to
 519 // wait for parallel class loading and/or to check for circularity error for Xcomp when loading.
 520 static bool needs_load_placeholder(Handle class_loader) {
 521   return class_loader.is_null() || !is_parallelCapable(class_loader);
 522 }
 523 
 524 // Check for other threads loading this class either to throw CCE or wait in the case of the boot loader.
 525 static InstanceKlass* handle_parallel_loading(JavaThread* current,
 526                                               Symbol* name,
 527                                               ClassLoaderData* loader_data,
 528                                               bool must_wait_for_class_loading,
 529                                               bool* throw_circularity_error) {
 530   PlaceholderEntry* oldprobe = PlaceholderTable::get_entry(name, loader_data);
 531   if (oldprobe != nullptr) {
 532     // -Xcomp calls load_signature_classes which might result in loading
 533     // a class that's already in the process of loading, so we detect CCE here also.
 534     // Only need check_seen_thread once, not on each loop
 535     if (oldprobe->check_seen_thread(current, PlaceholderTable::LOAD_INSTANCE)) {
 536       log_circularity_error(name, oldprobe);
 537       *throw_circularity_error = true;
 538       return nullptr;
 539     } else if (must_wait_for_class_loading) {
 540       // Wait until the first thread has finished loading this class. Also wait until all the
 541       // threads trying to load its superclass have removed their placeholders.
 542       while (oldprobe != nullptr &&
 543              (oldprobe->instance_load_in_progress() || oldprobe->circularity_detection_in_progress())) {
 544 
 545         // LOAD_INSTANCE placeholders are used to implement parallel capable class loading
 546         // for the bootclass loader.
 547         SystemDictionary_lock->wait();
 548 
 549         // Check if classloading completed while we were waiting
 550         InstanceKlass* check = loader_data->dictionary()->find_class(current, name);
 551         if (check != nullptr) {
 552           // Klass is already loaded, so just return it
 553           return check;
 554         }
 555         // check if other thread failed to load and cleaned up
 556         oldprobe = PlaceholderTable::get_entry(name, loader_data);
 557       }
 558     }
 559   }
 560   return nullptr;
 561 }
 562 
 563 void SystemDictionary::post_class_load_event(EventClassLoad* event, const InstanceKlass* k, const ClassLoaderData* init_cld) {
 564   assert(event != nullptr, "invariant");
 565   assert(k != nullptr, "invariant");
 566   event->set_loadedClass(k);
 567   event->set_definingClassLoader(k->class_loader_data());
 568   event->set_initiatingClassLoader(init_cld);
 569   event->commit();
 570 }
 571 
 572 // SystemDictionary::resolve_instance_class_or_null is the main function for class name resolution.
 573 // After checking if the InstanceKlass already exists, it checks for ClassCircularityError and
 574 // whether the thread must wait for loading in parallel.  It eventually calls load_instance_class,
 575 // which will load the class via the bootstrap loader or call ClassLoader.loadClass().
 576 // This can return null, an exception or an InstanceKlass.
 577 InstanceKlass* SystemDictionary::resolve_instance_class_or_null(Symbol* name,
 578                                                                 Handle class_loader,
 579                                                                 TRAPS) {
 580   // name must be in the form of "java/lang/Object" -- cannot be "Ljava/lang/Object;"
 581   DEBUG_ONLY(ResourceMark rm(THREAD));
 582   assert(name != nullptr && !Signature::is_array(name) &&
 583          !Signature::has_envelope(name), "invalid class name: %s", name == nullptr ? "nullptr" : name->as_C_string());
 584 
 585   EventClassLoad class_load_start_event;
 586 
 587   HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 588 
 589   ClassLoaderData* loader_data = register_loader(class_loader);
 590   Dictionary* dictionary = loader_data->dictionary();
 591 
 592   // Do lookup to see if class already exists.
 593   InstanceKlass* probe = dictionary->find_class(THREAD, name);
 594   if (probe != nullptr) return probe;
 595 
 596   // Non-bootstrap class loaders will call out to class loader and
 597   // define via jvm/jni_DefineClass which will acquire the
 598   // class loader object lock to protect against multiple threads
 599   // defining the class in parallel by accident.
 600   // This lock must be acquired here so the waiter will find
 601   // any successful result in the SystemDictionary and not attempt
 602   // the define.
 603   // ParallelCapable class loaders and the bootstrap classloader
 604   // do not acquire lock here.
 605   Handle lockObject = get_loader_lock_or_null(class_loader);
 606   ObjectLocker ol(lockObject, THREAD);
 607 
 608   bool circularity_detection_in_progress  = false;
 609   InstanceKlass* loaded_class = nullptr;
 610   SymbolHandle superclassname; // Keep alive while loading in parallel thread.
 611 
 612   guarantee(THREAD->can_call_java(),
 613          "can not load classes with compiler thread: class=%s, classloader=%s",
 614          name->as_C_string(),
 615          class_loader.is_null() ? "null" : class_loader->klass()->name()->as_C_string());
 616 
 617   // Check again (after locking) if the class already exists in SystemDictionary
 618   {
 619     MutexLocker mu(THREAD, SystemDictionary_lock);
 620     InstanceKlass* check = dictionary->find_class(THREAD, name);
 621     if (check != nullptr) {
 622       // InstanceKlass is already loaded, but we still need to check protection domain below.
 623       loaded_class = check;
 624     } else {
 625       PlaceholderEntry* placeholder = PlaceholderTable::get_entry(name, loader_data);
 626       if (placeholder != nullptr && placeholder->circularity_detection_in_progress()) {
 627          circularity_detection_in_progress = true;
 628          superclassname = placeholder->next_klass_name();
 629          assert(superclassname != nullptr, "superclass has to have a name");
 630       }
 631     }
 632   }
 633 
 634   // If the class is in the placeholder table with super_class set,
 635   // handle superclass loading in progress.
 636   if (circularity_detection_in_progress) {
 637     handle_parallel_super_load(name, superclassname,
 638                                class_loader,
 639                                CHECK_NULL);
 640   }
 641 
 642   bool throw_circularity_error = false;
 643   if (loaded_class == nullptr) {
 644     bool load_placeholder_added = false;
 645 
 646     // Add placeholder entry to record loading instance class
 647     // case 1. Bootstrap classloader
 648     //    This classloader supports parallelism at the classloader level
 649     //    but only allows a single thread to load a class/classloader pair.
 650     //    The LOAD_INSTANCE placeholder is the mechanism for mutual exclusion.
 651     // case 2. parallelCapable user level classloaders
 652     //    These class loaders lock a per-class object lock when ClassLoader.loadClass()
 653     //    is called. A LOAD_INSTANCE placeholder isn't used for mutual exclusion.
 654     // case 3. traditional classloaders that rely on the classloader object lock
 655     //    There should be no need for need for LOAD_INSTANCE for mutual exclusion,
 656     //    except the LOAD_INSTANCE placeholder is used to detect CCE for -Xcomp.
 657     //    TODO: should also be used to detect CCE for parallel capable class loaders but it's not.
 658     {
 659       MutexLocker mu(THREAD, SystemDictionary_lock);
 660       if (needs_load_placeholder(class_loader)) {
 661         loaded_class = handle_parallel_loading(THREAD,
 662                                                name,
 663                                                loader_data,
 664                                                class_loader.is_null(),
 665                                                &throw_circularity_error);
 666       }
 667 
 668       // Recheck if the class has been loaded for all class loader cases and
 669       // add a LOAD_INSTANCE placeholder while holding the SystemDictionary_lock.
 670       if (!throw_circularity_error && loaded_class == nullptr) {
 671         InstanceKlass* check = dictionary->find_class(THREAD, name);
 672         if (check != nullptr) {
 673           loaded_class = check;
 674         } else if (needs_load_placeholder(class_loader)) {
 675           // Add the LOAD_INSTANCE token. Threads will wait on loading to complete for this thread.
 676           PlaceholderEntry* newprobe = PlaceholderTable::find_and_add(name, loader_data,
 677                                                                       PlaceholderTable::LOAD_INSTANCE,
 678                                                                       nullptr,
 679                                                                       THREAD);
 680           load_placeholder_added = true;
 681         }
 682       }
 683     }
 684 
 685     // Must throw error outside of owning lock
 686     if (throw_circularity_error) {
 687       assert(!HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION && !load_placeholder_added, "circularity error cleanup");
 688       ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 689       THROW_MSG_NULL(vmSymbols::java_lang_ClassCircularityError(), name->as_C_string());
 690     }
 691 
 692     // Be careful when modifying this code: once you have run
 693     // PlaceholderTable::find_and_add(PlaceholderTable::LOAD_INSTANCE),
 694     // you need to find_and_remove it before returning.
 695     // So be careful to not exit with a CHECK_ macro between these calls.
 696 
 697     if (loaded_class == nullptr) {
 698       // Do actual loading
 699       loaded_class = load_instance_class(name, class_loader, THREAD);
 700     }
 701 
 702     if (load_placeholder_added) {
 703       // clean up placeholder entries for LOAD_INSTANCE success or error
 704       // This brackets the SystemDictionary updates for both defining
 705       // and initiating loaders
 706       MutexLocker mu(THREAD, SystemDictionary_lock);
 707       PlaceholderTable::find_and_remove(name, loader_data, PlaceholderTable::LOAD_INSTANCE, THREAD);
 708       SystemDictionary_lock->notify_all();
 709     }
 710   }
 711 
 712   if (HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION || loaded_class == nullptr) {
 713     return nullptr;
 714   }
 715 
 716   if (class_load_start_event.should_commit()) {
 717     post_class_load_event(&class_load_start_event, loaded_class, loader_data);
 718   }
 719 
 720   // Make sure we have the right class in the dictionary
 721   DEBUG_ONLY(verify_dictionary_entry(name, loaded_class));
 722 
 723   return loaded_class;
 724 }
 725 
 726 
 727 // This routine does not lock the system dictionary.
 728 //
 729 // Since readers don't hold a lock, we must make sure that system
 730 // dictionary entries are added to in a safe way (all links must
 731 // be updated in an MT-safe manner). All entries are removed during class
 732 // unloading, when this class loader is no longer referenced.
 733 //
 734 // Callers should be aware that an entry could be added just after
 735 // Dictionary is read here, so the caller will not see
 736 // the new entry.
 737 
 738 InstanceKlass* SystemDictionary::find_instance_klass(Thread* current,
 739                                                      Symbol* class_name,
 740                                                      Handle class_loader) {
 741 
 742   ClassLoaderData* loader_data = ClassLoaderData::class_loader_data_or_null(class_loader());
 743   if (loader_data == nullptr) {
 744     // If the ClassLoaderData has not been setup,
 745     // then the class loader has no entries in the dictionary.
 746     return nullptr;
 747   }
 748 
 749   Dictionary* dictionary = loader_data->dictionary();
 750   return dictionary->find_class(current, class_name);
 751 }
 752 
 753 // Look for a loaded instance or array klass by name.  Do not do any loading.
 754 // return null in case of error.
 755 Klass* SystemDictionary::find_instance_or_array_klass(Thread* current,
 756                                                       Symbol* class_name,
 757                                                       Handle class_loader) {
 758   Klass* k = nullptr;
 759   assert(class_name != nullptr, "class name must be non nullptr");
 760 
 761   if (Signature::is_array(class_name)) {
 762     // The name refers to an array.  Parse the name.
 763     // dimension and object_key in FieldArrayInfo are assigned as a
 764     // side-effect of this call
 765     SignatureStream ss(class_name, false);
 766     int ndims = ss.skip_array_prefix();  // skip all '['s
 767     BasicType t = ss.type();
 768     if (t != T_OBJECT) {
 769       k = Universe::typeArrayKlass(t);
 770     } else {
 771       k = SystemDictionary::find_instance_klass(current, ss.as_symbol(), class_loader);
 772     }
 773     if (k != nullptr) {
 774       k = k->array_klass_or_null(ndims);
 775     }
 776   } else {
 777     k = find_instance_klass(current, class_name, class_loader);
 778   }
 779   return k;
 780 }
 781 
 782 // Note: this method is much like resolve_class_from_stream, but
 783 // does not publish the classes in the SystemDictionary.
 784 // Handles Lookup.defineClass hidden.
 785 InstanceKlass* SystemDictionary::resolve_hidden_class_from_stream(
 786                                                      ClassFileStream* st,
 787                                                      Symbol* class_name,
 788                                                      Handle class_loader,
 789                                                      const ClassLoadInfo& cl_info,
 790                                                      TRAPS) {
 791 
 792   EventClassLoad class_load_start_event;
 793   ClassLoaderData* loader_data;
 794 
 795   // - for hidden classes that are not strong: create a new CLD that has a class holder and
 796   //                                           whose loader is the Lookup class's loader.
 797   // - for hidden class: add the class to the Lookup class's loader's CLD.
 798   assert (cl_info.is_hidden(), "only used for hidden classes");
 799   bool create_mirror_cld = !cl_info.is_strong_hidden();
 800   loader_data = register_loader(class_loader, create_mirror_cld);
 801 
 802   assert(st != nullptr, "invariant");
 803 
 804   // Parse stream and create a klass.
 805   InstanceKlass* k = KlassFactory::create_from_stream(st,
 806                                                       class_name,
 807                                                       loader_data,
 808                                                       cl_info,
 809                                                       CHECK_NULL);
 810   assert(k != nullptr, "no klass created");
 811 
 812   // Hidden classes that are not strong must update ClassLoaderData holder
 813   // so that they can be unloaded when the mirror is no longer referenced.
 814   if (!cl_info.is_strong_hidden()) {
 815     k->class_loader_data()->initialize_holder(Handle(THREAD, k->java_mirror()));
 816   }
 817 
 818   // Add to class hierarchy, and do possible deoptimizations.
 819   k->add_to_hierarchy(THREAD);
 820   // But, do not add to dictionary.
 821 
 822   k->link_class(CHECK_NULL);
 823 
 824   // notify jvmti
 825   if (JvmtiExport::should_post_class_load()) {
 826     JvmtiExport::post_class_load(THREAD, k);
 827   }
 828   if (class_load_start_event.should_commit()) {
 829     post_class_load_event(&class_load_start_event, k, loader_data);
 830   }
 831 
 832   return k;
 833 }
 834 
 835 // Add a klass to the system from a stream (called by jni_DefineClass and
 836 // JVM_DefineClass).
 837 // Note: class_name can be null. In that case we do not know the name of
 838 // the class until we have parsed the stream.
 839 // This function either returns an InstanceKlass or throws an exception.  It does
 840 // not return null without a pending exception.
 841 InstanceKlass* SystemDictionary::resolve_class_from_stream(
 842                                                      ClassFileStream* st,
 843                                                      Symbol* class_name,
 844                                                      Handle class_loader,
 845                                                      const ClassLoadInfo& cl_info,
 846                                                      TRAPS) {
 847 
 848   HandleMark hm(THREAD);
 849 
 850   ClassLoaderData* loader_data = register_loader(class_loader);
 851 
 852   // Classloaders that support parallelism, e.g. bootstrap classloader,
 853   // do not acquire lock here
 854   Handle lockObject = get_loader_lock_or_null(class_loader);
 855   ObjectLocker ol(lockObject, THREAD);
 856 
 857   // Parse the stream and create a klass.
 858   // Note that we do this even though this klass might
 859   // already be present in the SystemDictionary, otherwise we would not
 860   // throw potential ClassFormatErrors.
 861  InstanceKlass* k = nullptr;
 862 
 863 #if INCLUDE_CDS
 864   if (!CDSConfig::is_dumping_static_archive()) {
 865     k = SystemDictionaryShared::lookup_from_stream(class_name,
 866                                                    class_loader,
 867                                                    cl_info.protection_domain(),
 868                                                    st,
 869                                                    CHECK_NULL);
 870   }
 871 #endif
 872 
 873   if (k == nullptr) {
 874     k = KlassFactory::create_from_stream(st, class_name, loader_data, cl_info, CHECK_NULL);
 875   }
 876 
 877   assert(k != nullptr, "no klass created");
 878   Symbol* h_name = k->name();
 879   assert(class_name == nullptr || class_name == h_name, "name mismatch");
 880 
 881   // Add class just loaded
 882   // If a class loader supports parallel classloading, handle parallel define requests.
 883   // find_or_define_instance_class may return a different InstanceKlass,
 884   // in which case the old k would be deallocated
 885   if (is_parallelCapable(class_loader)) {
 886     k = find_or_define_instance_class(h_name, class_loader, k, CHECK_NULL);
 887   } else {
 888     define_instance_class(k, class_loader, THREAD);
 889 
 890     // If defining the class throws an exception register 'k' for cleanup.
 891     if (HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) {
 892       assert(k != nullptr, "Must have an instance klass here!");
 893       loader_data->add_to_deallocate_list(k);
 894       return nullptr;
 895     }
 896   }
 897 
 898   // Make sure we have an entry in the SystemDictionary on success
 899   DEBUG_ONLY(verify_dictionary_entry(h_name, k));
 900 
 901   return k;
 902 }
 903 
 904 InstanceKlass* SystemDictionary::resolve_from_stream(ClassFileStream* st,
 905                                                      Symbol* class_name,
 906                                                      Handle class_loader,
 907                                                      const ClassLoadInfo& cl_info,
 908                                                      TRAPS) {
 909   if (cl_info.is_hidden()) {
 910     return resolve_hidden_class_from_stream(st, class_name, class_loader, cl_info, CHECK_NULL);
 911   } else {
 912     return resolve_class_from_stream(st, class_name, class_loader, cl_info, CHECK_NULL);
 913   }
 914 }
 915 
 916 
 917 #if INCLUDE_CDS
 918 // Check if a shared class can be loaded by the specific classloader.
 919 bool SystemDictionary::is_shared_class_visible(Symbol* class_name,
 920                                                InstanceKlass* ik,
 921                                                PackageEntry* pkg_entry,
 922                                                Handle class_loader) {
 923   assert(!ModuleEntryTable::javabase_moduleEntry()->is_patched(),
 924          "Cannot use sharing if java.base is patched");
 925 
 926   // (1) Check if we are loading into the same loader as in dump time.
 927 
 928   if (ik->defined_by_boot_loader()) {
 929     if (class_loader() != nullptr) {
 930       return false;
 931     }
 932   } else if (ik->defined_by_platform_loader()) {
 933     if (class_loader() != java_platform_loader()) {
 934       return false;
 935     }
 936   } else if (ik->defined_by_app_loader()) {
 937     if (class_loader() != java_system_loader()) {
 938       return false;
 939     }
 940   } else {
 941     // ik was loaded by a custom loader during dump time
 942     if (class_loader_data(class_loader)->is_builtin_class_loader_data()) {
 943       return false;
 944     } else {
 945       return true;
 946     }
 947   }
 948 
 949   // (2) Check if we are loading into the same module from the same location as in dump time.
 950 
 951   if (CDSConfig::is_using_optimized_module_handling()) {
 952     // Class visibility has not changed between dump time and run time, so a class
 953     // that was visible (and thus archived) during dump time is always visible during runtime.
 954     assert(SystemDictionary::is_shared_class_visible_impl(class_name, ik, pkg_entry, class_loader),
 955            "visibility cannot change between dump time and runtime");
 956     return true;
 957   }
 958   return is_shared_class_visible_impl(class_name, ik, pkg_entry, class_loader);
 959 }
 960 
 961 bool SystemDictionary::is_shared_class_visible_impl(Symbol* class_name,
 962                                                     InstanceKlass* ik,
 963                                                     PackageEntry* pkg_entry,
 964                                                     Handle class_loader) {
 965   int scp_index = ik->shared_classpath_index();
 966   assert(!ik->defined_by_other_loaders(), "this function should be called for built-in classes only");
 967   assert(scp_index >= 0, "must be");
 968   const AOTClassLocation* cl = AOTClassLocationConfig::runtime()->class_location_at(scp_index);
 969   if (!Universe::is_module_initialized()) {
 970     assert(cl != nullptr, "must be");
 971     // At this point, no modules have been defined yet. KlassSubGraphInfo::check_allowed_klass()
 972     // has restricted the classes can be loaded at this step to be only:
 973     // [1] cs->is_modules_image(): classes in java.base, or,
 974     // [2] HeapShared::is_a_test_class_in_unnamed_module(ik): classes in bootstrap/unnamed module
 975     assert(cl->is_modules_image() || HeapShared::is_a_test_class_in_unnamed_module(ik),
 976            "only these classes can be loaded before the module system is initialized");
 977     assert(class_loader.is_null(), "sanity");
 978     return true;
 979   }
 980 
 981   if (pkg_entry == nullptr) {
 982     // We might have looked up pkg_entry before the module system was initialized.
 983     // Need to reload it now.
 984     TempNewSymbol pkg_name = ClassLoader::package_from_class_name(class_name);
 985     if (pkg_name != nullptr) {
 986       pkg_entry = class_loader_data(class_loader)->packages()->lookup_only(pkg_name);
 987     }
 988   }
 989 
 990   ModuleEntry* mod_entry = (pkg_entry == nullptr) ? nullptr : pkg_entry->module();
 991   bool should_be_in_named_module = (mod_entry != nullptr && mod_entry->is_named());
 992   bool was_archived_from_named_module = !cl->has_unnamed_module();
 993   bool visible;
 994 
 995   if (was_archived_from_named_module) {
 996     if (should_be_in_named_module) {
 997       // Is the module loaded from the same location as during dump time?
 998       visible = mod_entry->shared_path_index() == scp_index;
 999       if (visible) {
1000         assert(!mod_entry->is_patched(), "cannot load archived classes for patched module");
1001       }
1002     } else {
1003       // During dump time, this class was in a named module, but at run time, this class should be
1004       // in an unnamed module.
1005       visible = false;
1006     }
1007   } else {
1008     if (should_be_in_named_module) {
1009       // During dump time, this class was in an unnamed, but at run time, this class should be
1010       // in a named module.
1011       visible = false;
1012     } else {
1013       visible = true;
1014     }
1015   }
1016 
1017   return visible;
1018 }
1019 
1020 bool SystemDictionary::check_shared_class_super_type(InstanceKlass* klass, InstanceKlass* super_type,
1021                                                      Handle class_loader, bool is_superclass, TRAPS) {
1022   assert(super_type->in_aot_cache(), "must be");
1023 
1024   // Quick check if the super type has been already loaded.
1025   // + Don't do it for unregistered classes -- they can be unloaded so
1026   //   super_type->class_loader_data() could be stale.
1027   // + Don't check if loader data is null, ie. the super_type isn't fully loaded.
1028   if (!super_type->defined_by_other_loaders() && super_type->class_loader_data() != nullptr) {
1029     // Check if the superclass is loaded by the current class_loader
1030     Symbol* name = super_type->name();
1031     InstanceKlass* check = find_instance_klass(THREAD, name, class_loader);
1032     if (check == super_type) {
1033       return true;
1034     }
1035   }
1036 
1037   Klass *found = resolve_with_circularity_detection(klass->name(), super_type->name(),
1038                                                     class_loader, is_superclass, CHECK_false);
1039   if (found == super_type) {
1040     return true;
1041   } else {
1042     // The dynamically resolved super type is not the same as the one we used during dump time,
1043     // so we cannot use the class.
1044     return false;
1045   }
1046 }
1047 
1048 bool SystemDictionary::check_shared_class_super_types(InstanceKlass* ik, Handle class_loader, TRAPS) {
1049   // Check the superclass and interfaces. They must be the same
1050   // as in dump time, because the layout of <ik> depends on
1051   // the specific layout of ik->super() and ik->local_interfaces().
1052   //
1053   // If unexpected superclass or interfaces are found, we cannot
1054   // load <ik> from the shared archive.
1055 
1056   if (ik->super() != nullptr) {
1057     bool check_super = check_shared_class_super_type(ik, ik->super(),
1058                                                      class_loader, true,
1059                                                      CHECK_false);
1060     if (!check_super) {
1061       return false;
1062     }
1063   }
1064 
1065   Array<InstanceKlass*>* interfaces = ik->local_interfaces();
1066   int num_interfaces = interfaces->length();
1067   for (int index = 0; index < num_interfaces; index++) {
1068     bool check_interface = check_shared_class_super_type(ik, interfaces->at(index), class_loader, false,
1069                                                          CHECK_false);
1070     if (!check_interface) {
1071       return false;
1072     }
1073   }
1074 
1075   return true;
1076 }
1077 
1078 InstanceKlass* SystemDictionary::load_shared_class(InstanceKlass* ik,
1079                                                    Handle class_loader,
1080                                                    Handle protection_domain,
1081                                                    const ClassFileStream *cfs,
1082                                                    PackageEntry* pkg_entry,
1083                                                    TRAPS) {
1084   assert(ik != nullptr, "sanity");
1085   assert(ik->in_aot_cache(), "sanity");
1086   assert(!ik->is_unshareable_info_restored(), "shared class can be restored only once");
1087   assert(AtomicAccess::add(&ik->_shared_class_load_count, 1) == 1, "shared class loaded more than once");
1088   Symbol* class_name = ik->name();
1089 
1090   if (!is_shared_class_visible(class_name, ik, pkg_entry, class_loader)) {
1091     ik->set_shared_loading_failed();
1092     return nullptr;
1093   }
1094 
1095   bool check = check_shared_class_super_types(ik, class_loader, CHECK_NULL);
1096   if (!check) {
1097     ik->set_shared_loading_failed();
1098     return nullptr;
1099   }
1100 
1101   InstanceKlass* new_ik = nullptr;
1102   // CFLH check is skipped for VM hidden classes (see KlassFactory::create_from_stream).
1103   // It will be skipped for shared VM hidden lambda proxy classes.
1104   if (!ik->is_hidden()) {
1105     new_ik = KlassFactory::check_shared_class_file_load_hook(
1106       ik, class_name, class_loader, protection_domain, cfs, CHECK_NULL);
1107   }
1108   if (new_ik != nullptr) {
1109     // The class is changed by CFLH. Return the new class. The shared class is
1110     // not used.
1111     return new_ik;
1112   }
1113 
1114   // Adjust methods to recover missing data.  They need addresses for
1115   // interpreter entry points and their default native method address
1116   // must be reset.
1117 
1118   // Shared classes are all currently loaded by either the bootstrap or
1119   // internal parallel class loaders, so this will never cause a deadlock
1120   // on a custom class loader lock.
1121   // Since this class is already locked with parallel capable class
1122   // loaders, including the bootstrap loader via the placeholder table,
1123   // this lock is currently a nop.
1124 
1125   ClassLoaderData* loader_data = class_loader_data(class_loader);
1126   {
1127     HandleMark hm(THREAD);
1128     Handle lockObject = get_loader_lock_or_null(class_loader);
1129     ObjectLocker ol(lockObject, THREAD);
1130     // prohibited package check assumes all classes loaded from archive call
1131     // restore_unshareable_info which calls ik->set_package()
1132     ik->restore_unshareable_info(loader_data, protection_domain, pkg_entry, CHECK_NULL);
1133   }
1134 
1135   load_shared_class_misc(ik, loader_data);
1136   return ik;
1137 }
1138 
1139 void SystemDictionary::load_shared_class_misc(InstanceKlass* ik, ClassLoaderData* loader_data) {
1140   ik->print_class_load_logging(loader_data, nullptr, nullptr);
1141 
1142   // For boot loader, ensure that GetSystemPackage knows that a class in this
1143   // package was loaded.
1144   if (loader_data->is_the_null_class_loader_data()) {
1145     s2 path_index = ik->shared_classpath_index();
1146     ik->set_classpath_index(path_index);
1147   }
1148 
1149   // notify a class loaded from shared object
1150   ClassLoadingService::notify_class_loaded(ik, true /* shared class */);
1151 
1152   if (CDSConfig::is_dumping_final_static_archive()) {
1153     SystemDictionaryShared::init_dumptime_info_from_preimage(ik);
1154   }
1155 }
1156 
1157 // This is much more lightweight than SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null
1158 // - There's only a single Java thread at this point. No need for placeholder.
1159 // - All supertypes of ik have been loaded
1160 // - There's no circularity (checked in AOT assembly phase)
1161 // - There's no need to call java.lang.ClassLoader::load_class() because the boot/platform/app
1162 //   loaders are well-behaved
1163 void SystemDictionary::preload_class(Handle class_loader, InstanceKlass* ik, TRAPS) {
1164   precond(Universe::is_bootstrapping());
1165   precond(java_platform_loader() != nullptr && java_system_loader() != nullptr);
1166   precond(class_loader() == nullptr || class_loader() == java_platform_loader() ||class_loader() == java_system_loader());
1167   precond(CDSConfig::is_using_aot_linked_classes());
1168   precond(AOTMetaspace::in_aot_cache_static_region((void*)ik));
1169   precond(!ik->is_loaded());
1170 
1171 #ifdef ASSERT
1172   // preload_class() must be called in the correct order -- all super types must have
1173   // already been loaded.
1174   if (ik->java_super() != nullptr) {
1175     assert(ik->java_super()->is_loaded(), "must be");
1176   }
1177 
1178   Array<InstanceKlass*>* interfaces = ik->local_interfaces();
1179   int num_interfaces = interfaces->length();
1180   for (int index = 0; index < num_interfaces; index++) {
1181     assert(interfaces->at(index)->is_loaded(), "must be");
1182   }
1183 #endif
1184 
1185   ClassLoaderData* loader_data = ClassLoaderData::class_loader_data(class_loader());
1186   oop java_mirror = ik->archived_java_mirror();
1187   precond(java_mirror != nullptr);
1188 
1189   Handle pd(THREAD, java_lang_Class::protection_domain(java_mirror));
1190   PackageEntry* pkg_entry = ik->package();
1191   assert(pkg_entry != nullptr || ClassLoader::package_from_class_name(ik->name()) == nullptr,
1192          "non-empty packages must have been archived");
1193 
1194   // TODO: the following assert requires JDK-8365580
1195   // assert(is_shared_class_visible(ik->name(), ik, pkg_entry, class_loader), "must be");
1196 
1197   ik->restore_unshareable_info(loader_data, pd, pkg_entry, CHECK);
1198   load_shared_class_misc(ik, loader_data);
1199   ik->add_to_hierarchy(THREAD);
1200 
1201   if (!ik->is_hidden()) {
1202     update_dictionary(THREAD, ik, loader_data);
1203   }
1204 
1205   assert(java_lang_Class::module(java_mirror) != nullptr, "must have been archived");
1206   assert(ik->is_loaded(), "Must be in at least loaded state");
1207 }
1208 
1209 #endif // INCLUDE_CDS
1210 
1211 InstanceKlass* SystemDictionary::load_instance_class_impl(Symbol* class_name, Handle class_loader, TRAPS) {
1212 
1213   if (class_loader.is_null()) {
1214     ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
1215     PackageEntry* pkg_entry = nullptr;
1216     bool search_only_bootloader_append = false;
1217 
1218     // Find the package in the boot loader's package entry table.
1219     TempNewSymbol pkg_name = ClassLoader::package_from_class_name(class_name);
1220     if (pkg_name != nullptr) {
1221       pkg_entry = class_loader_data(class_loader)->packages()->lookup_only(pkg_name);
1222     }
1223 
1224     // Prior to attempting to load the class, enforce the boot loader's
1225     // visibility boundaries.
1226     if (!Universe::is_module_initialized()) {
1227       // During bootstrapping, prior to module initialization, any
1228       // class attempting to be loaded must be checked against the
1229       // java.base packages in the boot loader's PackageEntryTable.
1230       // No class outside of java.base is allowed to be loaded during
1231       // this bootstrapping window.
1232       if (pkg_entry == nullptr || pkg_entry->in_unnamed_module()) {
1233         // Class is either in the unnamed package or in
1234         // a named package within the unnamed module.  Either
1235         // case is outside of java.base, do not attempt to
1236         // load the class post java.base definition.  If
1237         // java.base has not been defined, let the class load
1238         // and its package will be checked later by
1239         // ModuleEntryTable::verify_javabase_packages.
1240         if (ModuleEntryTable::javabase_defined()) {
1241           return nullptr;
1242         }
1243       } else {
1244         // Check that the class' package is defined within java.base.
1245         ModuleEntry* mod_entry = pkg_entry->module();
1246         Symbol* mod_entry_name = mod_entry->name();
1247         if (mod_entry_name->fast_compare(vmSymbols::java_base()) != 0) {
1248           return nullptr;
1249         }
1250       }
1251     } else {
1252       // After the module system has been initialized, check if the class'
1253       // package is in a module defined to the boot loader.
1254       if (pkg_name == nullptr || pkg_entry == nullptr || pkg_entry->in_unnamed_module()) {
1255         // Class is either in the unnamed package, in a named package
1256         // within a module not defined to the boot loader or in a
1257         // a named package within the unnamed module.  In all cases,
1258         // limit visibility to search for the class only in the boot
1259         // loader's append path.
1260         if (!ClassLoader::has_bootclasspath_append()) {
1261            // If there is no bootclasspath append entry, no need to continue
1262            // searching.
1263            return nullptr;
1264         }
1265         search_only_bootloader_append = true;
1266       }
1267     }
1268 
1269     // Prior to bootstrapping's module initialization, never load a class outside
1270     // of the boot loader's module path
1271     assert(Universe::is_module_initialized() ||
1272            !search_only_bootloader_append,
1273            "Attempt to load a class outside of boot loader's module path");
1274 
1275     // Search for classes in the CDS archive.
1276     InstanceKlass* k = nullptr;
1277 
1278 #if INCLUDE_CDS
1279     if (CDSConfig::is_using_archive())
1280     {
1281       PerfTraceTime vmtimer(ClassLoader::perf_shared_classload_time());
1282       InstanceKlass* ik = SystemDictionaryShared::find_builtin_class(class_name);
1283       if (ik != nullptr && ik->defined_by_boot_loader() && !ik->shared_loading_failed()) {
1284         SharedClassLoadingMark slm(THREAD, ik);
1285         k = load_shared_class(ik, class_loader, Handle(), nullptr,  pkg_entry, CHECK_NULL);
1286       }
1287     }
1288 #endif
1289 
1290     if (k == nullptr) {
1291       // Use VM class loader
1292       PerfTraceTime vmtimer(ClassLoader::perf_sys_classload_time());
1293       k = ClassLoader::load_class(class_name, pkg_entry, search_only_bootloader_append, CHECK_NULL);
1294     }
1295 
1296     // find_or_define_instance_class may return a different InstanceKlass
1297     if (k != nullptr) {
1298       CDS_ONLY(SharedClassLoadingMark slm(THREAD, k);)
1299       k = find_or_define_instance_class(class_name, class_loader, k, CHECK_NULL);
1300     }
1301     return k;
1302   } else {
1303     // Use user specified class loader to load class. Call loadClass operation on class_loader.
1304     ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
1305 
1306     JavaThread* jt = THREAD;
1307 
1308     PerfClassTraceTime vmtimer(ClassLoader::perf_app_classload_time(),
1309                                ClassLoader::perf_app_classload_selftime(),
1310                                ClassLoader::perf_app_classload_count(),
1311                                jt->get_thread_stat()->perf_recursion_counts_addr(),
1312                                jt->get_thread_stat()->perf_timers_addr(),
1313                                PerfClassTraceTime::CLASS_LOAD);
1314 
1315     // Translate to external class name format, i.e., convert '/' chars to '.'
1316     Handle string = java_lang_String::externalize_classname(class_name, CHECK_NULL);
1317 
1318     JavaValue result(T_OBJECT);
1319 
1320     InstanceKlass* spec_klass = vmClasses::ClassLoader_klass();
1321 
1322     // Call public unsynchronized loadClass(String) directly for all class loaders.
1323     // For parallelCapable class loaders, JDK >=7, loadClass(String, boolean) will
1324     // acquire a class-name based lock rather than the class loader object lock.
1325     // JDK < 7 already acquire the class loader lock in loadClass(String, boolean).
1326     JavaCalls::call_virtual(&result,
1327                             class_loader,
1328                             spec_klass,
1329                             vmSymbols::loadClass_name(),
1330                             vmSymbols::string_class_signature(),
1331                             string,
1332                             CHECK_NULL);
1333 
1334     assert(result.get_type() == T_OBJECT, "just checking");
1335     oop obj = result.get_oop();
1336 
1337     // Primitive classes return null since forName() cannot be
1338     // used to obtain any of the Class objects representing primitives or void
1339     if ((obj != nullptr) && !(java_lang_Class::is_primitive(obj))) {
1340       InstanceKlass* k = java_lang_Class::as_InstanceKlass(obj);
1341       // For user defined Java class loaders, check that the name returned is
1342       // the same as that requested.  This check is done for the bootstrap
1343       // loader when parsing the class file.
1344       if (class_name == k->name()) {
1345         return k;
1346       }
1347     }
1348     // Class is not found or has the wrong name, return null
1349     return nullptr;
1350   }
1351 }
1352 
1353 InstanceKlass* SystemDictionary::load_instance_class(Symbol* name,
1354                                                      Handle class_loader,
1355                                                      TRAPS) {
1356 
1357   InstanceKlass* loaded_class = load_instance_class_impl(name, class_loader, CHECK_NULL);
1358 
1359   // If everything was OK (no exceptions, no null return value), and
1360   // class_loader is NOT the defining loader, do a little more bookkeeping.
1361   if (loaded_class != nullptr &&
1362       loaded_class->class_loader() != class_loader()) {
1363 
1364     ClassLoaderData* loader_data = class_loader_data(class_loader);
1365     check_constraints(loaded_class, loader_data, false, CHECK_NULL);
1366 
1367     // Record dependency for non-parent delegation.
1368     // This recording keeps the defining class loader of the klass (loaded_class) found
1369     // from being unloaded while the initiating class loader is loaded
1370     // even if the reference to the defining class loader is dropped
1371     // before references to the initiating class loader.
1372     loader_data->record_dependency(loaded_class);
1373 
1374     update_dictionary(THREAD, loaded_class, loader_data);
1375 
1376     if (JvmtiExport::should_post_class_load()) {
1377       JvmtiExport::post_class_load(THREAD, loaded_class);
1378     }
1379   }
1380   return loaded_class;
1381 }
1382 
1383 static void post_class_define_event(InstanceKlass* k, const ClassLoaderData* def_cld) {
1384   EventClassDefine event;
1385   if (event.should_commit()) {
1386     event.set_definedClass(k);
1387     event.set_definingClassLoader(def_cld);
1388     event.commit();
1389   }
1390 }
1391 
1392 void SystemDictionary::define_instance_class(InstanceKlass* k, Handle class_loader, TRAPS) {
1393 
1394   ClassLoaderData* loader_data = k->class_loader_data();
1395   assert(loader_data->class_loader() == class_loader(), "they must be the same");
1396 
1397   // Bootstrap and other parallel classloaders don't acquire a lock,
1398   // they use placeholder token.
1399   // If a parallelCapable class loader calls define_instance_class instead of
1400   // find_or_define_instance_class to get here, we have a timing
1401   // hole with systemDictionary updates and check_constraints
1402   if (!is_parallelCapable(class_loader)) {
1403     assert(ObjectSynchronizer::current_thread_holds_lock(THREAD,
1404            get_loader_lock_or_null(class_loader)),
1405            "define called without lock");
1406   }
1407 
1408   // Check class-loading constraints. Throw exception if violation is detected.
1409   // Grabs and releases SystemDictionary_lock
1410   // The check_constraints/find_class call and update_dictionary sequence
1411   // must be "atomic" for a specific class/classloader pair so we never
1412   // define two different instanceKlasses for that class/classloader pair.
1413   // Existing classloaders will call define_instance_class with the
1414   // classloader lock held
1415   // Parallel classloaders will call find_or_define_instance_class
1416   // which will require a token to perform the define class
1417   check_constraints(k, loader_data, true, CHECK);
1418 
1419   // Register class just loaded with class loader (placed in ArrayList)
1420   // Note we do this before updating the dictionary, as this can
1421   // fail with an OutOfMemoryError (if it does, we will *not* put this
1422   // class in the dictionary and will not update the class hierarchy).
1423   // JVMTI FollowReferences needs to find the classes this way.
1424   if (k->class_loader() != nullptr) {
1425     methodHandle m(THREAD, Universe::loader_addClass_method());
1426     JavaValue result(T_VOID);
1427     JavaCallArguments args(class_loader);
1428     args.push_oop(Handle(THREAD, k->java_mirror()));
1429     JavaCalls::call(&result, m, &args, CHECK);
1430   }
1431 
1432   // Add to class hierarchy, and do possible deoptimizations.
1433   k->add_to_hierarchy(THREAD);
1434 
1435   // Add to systemDictionary - so other classes can see it.
1436   // Grabs and releases SystemDictionary_lock
1437   update_dictionary(THREAD, k, loader_data);
1438 
1439   // notify jvmti
1440   if (JvmtiExport::should_post_class_load()) {
1441     JvmtiExport::post_class_load(THREAD, k);
1442   }
1443   post_class_define_event(k, loader_data);
1444 }
1445 
1446 // Support parallel classloading
1447 // All parallel class loaders, including bootstrap classloader
1448 // lock a placeholder entry for this class/class_loader pair
1449 // to allow parallel defines of different classes for this class loader
1450 // With AllowParallelDefine flag==true, in case they do not synchronize around
1451 // FindLoadedClass/DefineClass, calls, we check for parallel
1452 // loading for them, wait if a defineClass is in progress
1453 // and return the initial requestor's results
1454 // This flag does not apply to the bootstrap classloader.
1455 // With AllowParallelDefine flag==false, call through to define_instance_class
1456 // which will throw LinkageError: duplicate class definition.
1457 // False is the requested default.
1458 // For better performance, the class loaders should synchronize
1459 // findClass(), i.e. FindLoadedClass/DefineClassIfAbsent or they
1460 // potentially waste time reading and parsing the bytestream.
1461 // Note: VM callers should ensure consistency of k/class_name,class_loader
1462 // Be careful when modifying this code: once you have run
1463 // PlaceholderTable::find_and_add(PlaceholderTable::DEFINE_CLASS),
1464 // you need to find_and_remove it before returning.
1465 // So be careful to not exit with a CHECK_ macro between these calls.
1466 InstanceKlass* SystemDictionary::find_or_define_helper(Symbol* class_name, Handle class_loader,
1467                                                        InstanceKlass* k, TRAPS) {
1468 
1469   Symbol* name_h = k->name();
1470   ClassLoaderData* loader_data = class_loader_data(class_loader);
1471   Dictionary* dictionary = loader_data->dictionary();
1472 
1473   // Hold SD lock around find_class and placeholder creation for DEFINE_CLASS
1474   {
1475     MutexLocker mu(THREAD, SystemDictionary_lock);
1476     // First check if class already defined
1477     if (is_parallelDefine(class_loader)) {
1478       InstanceKlass* check = dictionary->find_class(THREAD, name_h);
1479       if (check != nullptr) {
1480         return check;
1481       }
1482     }
1483 
1484     // Acquire define token for this class/classloader
1485     PlaceholderEntry* probe = PlaceholderTable::find_and_add(name_h, loader_data,
1486                                                              PlaceholderTable::DEFINE_CLASS, nullptr, THREAD);
1487     // Wait if another thread defining in parallel
1488     // All threads wait - even those that will throw duplicate class: otherwise
1489     // caller is surprised by LinkageError: duplicate, but findLoadedClass fails
1490     // if other thread has not finished updating dictionary
1491     while (probe->definer() != nullptr) {
1492       SystemDictionary_lock->wait();
1493     }
1494     // Only special cases allow parallel defines and can use other thread's results
1495     // Other cases fall through, and may run into duplicate defines
1496     // caught by finding an entry in the SystemDictionary
1497     if (is_parallelDefine(class_loader) && (probe->instance_klass() != nullptr)) {
1498       InstanceKlass* ik = probe->instance_klass();
1499       PlaceholderTable::find_and_remove(name_h, loader_data, PlaceholderTable::DEFINE_CLASS, THREAD);
1500       SystemDictionary_lock->notify_all();
1501 #ifdef ASSERT
1502       InstanceKlass* check = dictionary->find_class(THREAD, name_h);
1503       assert(check != nullptr, "definer missed recording success");
1504 #endif
1505       return ik;
1506     } else {
1507       // This thread will define the class (even if earlier thread tried and had an error)
1508       probe->set_definer(THREAD);
1509     }
1510   }
1511 
1512   define_instance_class(k, class_loader, THREAD);
1513 
1514   // definer must notify any waiting threads
1515   {
1516     MutexLocker mu(THREAD, SystemDictionary_lock);
1517     PlaceholderEntry* probe = PlaceholderTable::get_entry(name_h, loader_data);
1518     assert(probe != nullptr, "DEFINE_CLASS placeholder lost?");
1519     if (!HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) {
1520       probe->set_instance_klass(k);
1521     }
1522     probe->set_definer(nullptr);
1523     PlaceholderTable::find_and_remove(name_h, loader_data, PlaceholderTable::DEFINE_CLASS, THREAD);
1524     SystemDictionary_lock->notify_all();
1525   }
1526 
1527   return HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION ? nullptr : k;
1528 }
1529 
1530 // If a class loader supports parallel classloading handle parallel define requests.
1531 // find_or_define_instance_class may return a different InstanceKlass
1532 InstanceKlass* SystemDictionary::find_or_define_instance_class(Symbol* class_name, Handle class_loader,
1533                                                                InstanceKlass* k, TRAPS) {
1534   InstanceKlass* defined_k = find_or_define_helper(class_name, class_loader, k, THREAD);
1535   // Clean up original InstanceKlass if duplicate or error
1536   if (!HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION && defined_k != k) {
1537     // If a parallel capable class loader already defined this class, register 'k' for cleanup.
1538     assert(defined_k != nullptr, "Should have a klass if there's no exception");
1539     k->class_loader_data()->add_to_deallocate_list(k);
1540   } else if (HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) {
1541     // Remove this InstanceKlass from the LoaderConstraintTable if added.
1542     LoaderConstraintTable::remove_failed_loaded_klass(k, class_loader_data(class_loader));
1543     assert(defined_k == nullptr, "Should not have a klass if there's an exception");
1544     k->class_loader_data()->add_to_deallocate_list(k);
1545   }
1546   return defined_k;
1547 }
1548 
1549 
1550 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1551 // GC support
1552 
1553 // Assumes classes in the SystemDictionary are only unloaded at a safepoint
1554 bool SystemDictionary::do_unloading(GCTimer* gc_timer) {
1555 
1556   bool unloading_occurred;
1557   bool is_concurrent = !SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint();
1558   {
1559     GCTraceTime(Debug, gc, phases) t("ClassLoaderData", gc_timer);
1560     assert_locked_or_safepoint(ClassLoaderDataGraph_lock);  // caller locks.
1561     // First, mark for unload all ClassLoaderData referencing a dead class loader.
1562     unloading_occurred = ClassLoaderDataGraph::do_unloading();
1563     if (unloading_occurred) {
1564       ConditionalMutexLocker ml2(Module_lock, is_concurrent);
1565       JFR_ONLY(Jfr::on_unloading_classes();)
1566       MANAGEMENT_ONLY(FinalizerService::purge_unloaded();)
1567       ConditionalMutexLocker ml1(SystemDictionary_lock, is_concurrent);
1568       ClassLoaderDataGraph::clean_module_and_package_info();
1569       LoaderConstraintTable::purge_loader_constraints();
1570       ResolutionErrorTable::purge_resolution_errors();
1571     }
1572   }
1573 
1574   GCTraceTime(Debug, gc, phases) t("Trigger cleanups", gc_timer);
1575 
1576   if (unloading_occurred) {
1577     SymbolTable::trigger_cleanup();
1578 
1579     ConditionalMutexLocker ml(ClassInitError_lock, is_concurrent);
1580     InstanceKlass::clean_initialization_error_table();
1581   }
1582 
1583   return unloading_occurred;
1584 }
1585 
1586 void SystemDictionary::methods_do(void f(Method*)) {
1587   // Walk methods in loaded classes
1588 
1589   {
1590     MutexLocker ml(ClassLoaderDataGraph_lock);
1591     ClassLoaderDataGraph::methods_do(f);
1592   }
1593 
1594   auto doit = [&] (InvokeMethodKey key, Method* method) {
1595     if (method != nullptr) {
1596       f(method);
1597     }
1598   };
1599 
1600   {
1601     MutexLocker ml(InvokeMethodIntrinsicTable_lock);
1602     _invoke_method_intrinsic_table->iterate_all(doit);
1603   }
1604 
1605 }
1606 
1607 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1608 // Initialization
1609 
1610 void SystemDictionary::initialize(TRAPS) {
1611   _invoke_method_intrinsic_table = new (mtClass) InvokeMethodIntrinsicTable();
1612   _invoke_method_type_table = new (mtClass) InvokeMethodTypeTable();
1613   ResolutionErrorTable::initialize();
1614   LoaderConstraintTable::initialize();
1615   PlaceholderTable::initialize();
1616 #if INCLUDE_CDS
1617   SystemDictionaryShared::initialize();
1618   if (CDSConfig::is_dumping_archive()) {
1619     AOTClassLocationConfig::dumptime_init(THREAD);
1620   }
1621 #endif
1622   // Resolve basic classes
1623   vmClasses::resolve_all(CHECK);
1624   // Resolve classes used by archived heap objects
1625   if (CDSConfig::is_using_archive()) {
1626     HeapShared::resolve_classes(THREAD);
1627   }
1628 }
1629 
1630 // Constraints on class loaders. The details of the algorithm can be
1631 // found in the OOPSLA'98 paper "Dynamic Class Loading in the Java
1632 // Virtual Machine" by Sheng Liang and Gilad Bracha.  The basic idea is
1633 // that the dictionary needs to maintain a set of constraints that
1634 // must be satisfied by all classes in the dictionary.
1635 // if defining is true, then LinkageError if already in dictionary
1636 // if initiating loader, then ok if InstanceKlass matches existing entry
1637 
1638 void SystemDictionary::check_constraints(InstanceKlass* k,
1639                                          ClassLoaderData* loader_data,
1640                                          bool defining,
1641                                          TRAPS) {
1642   ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
1643   stringStream ss;
1644   bool throwException = false;
1645 
1646   {
1647     Symbol* name = k->name();
1648 
1649     MutexLocker mu(THREAD, SystemDictionary_lock);
1650 
1651     InstanceKlass* check = loader_data->dictionary()->find_class(THREAD, name);
1652     if (check != nullptr) {
1653       // If different InstanceKlass - duplicate class definition,
1654       // else - ok, class loaded by a different thread in parallel.
1655       // We should only have found it if it was done loading and ok to use.
1656 
1657       if ((defining == true) || (k != check)) {
1658         throwException = true;
1659         ss.print("loader %s", loader_data->loader_name_and_id());
1660         ss.print(" attempted duplicate %s definition for %s. (%s)",
1661                  k->external_kind(), k->external_name(), k->class_in_module_of_loader(false, true));
1662       } else {
1663         return;
1664       }
1665     }
1666 
1667     if (throwException == false) {
1668       if (LoaderConstraintTable::check_or_update(k, loader_data, name) == false) {
1669         throwException = true;
1670         ss.print("loader constraint violation: loader %s", loader_data->loader_name_and_id());
1671         ss.print(" wants to load %s %s.",
1672                  k->external_kind(), k->external_name());
1673         Klass *existing_klass = LoaderConstraintTable::find_constrained_klass(name, loader_data);
1674         if (existing_klass != nullptr && existing_klass->class_loader_data() != loader_data) {
1675           ss.print(" A different %s with the same name was previously loaded by %s. (%s)",
1676                    existing_klass->external_kind(),
1677                    existing_klass->class_loader_data()->loader_name_and_id(),
1678                    existing_klass->class_in_module_of_loader(false, true));
1679         } else {
1680           ss.print(" (%s)", k->class_in_module_of_loader(false, true));
1681         }
1682       }
1683     }
1684   }
1685 
1686   // Throw error now if needed (cannot throw while holding
1687   // SystemDictionary_lock because of rank ordering)
1688   if (throwException == true) {
1689     THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_LinkageError(), ss.as_string());
1690   }
1691 }
1692 
1693 // Update class loader data dictionary - done after check_constraint and add_to_hierarchy
1694 // have been called.
1695 void SystemDictionary::update_dictionary(JavaThread* current,
1696                                          InstanceKlass* k,
1697                                          ClassLoaderData* loader_data) {
1698   MonitorLocker mu1(SystemDictionary_lock);
1699 
1700   // Make a new dictionary entry.
1701   Symbol* name  = k->name();
1702   Dictionary* dictionary = loader_data->dictionary();
1703   InstanceKlass* sd_check = dictionary->find_class(current, name);
1704   if (sd_check == nullptr) {
1705     dictionary->add_klass(current, name, k);
1706   }
1707   mu1.notify_all();
1708 }
1709 
1710 #if INCLUDE_CDS
1711 // Indicate that loader_data has initiated the loading of class k, which
1712 // has already been defined by a parent loader.
1713 // This API should be used only by AOTLinkedClassBulkLoader
1714 void SystemDictionary::add_to_initiating_loader(JavaThread* current,
1715                                                 InstanceKlass* k,
1716                                                 ClassLoaderData* loader_data) {
1717   assert(CDSConfig::is_using_aot_linked_classes(), "must be");
1718   assert_locked_or_safepoint(SystemDictionary_lock);
1719   Symbol* name  = k->name();
1720   Dictionary* dictionary = loader_data->dictionary();
1721   assert(k->is_loaded(), "must be");
1722   assert(k->class_loader_data() != loader_data, "only for classes defined by a parent loader");
1723   assert(dictionary->find_class(current, name) == nullptr, "sanity");
1724   dictionary->add_klass(current, name, k);
1725 }
1726 #endif
1727 
1728 // Try to find a class name using the loader constraints.  The
1729 // loader constraints might know about a class that isn't fully loaded
1730 // yet and these will be ignored.
1731 Klass* SystemDictionary::find_constrained_instance_or_array_klass(
1732                     Thread* current, Symbol* class_name, Handle class_loader) {
1733 
1734   // First see if it has been loaded directly.
1735   Klass* klass = find_instance_or_array_klass(current, class_name, class_loader);
1736   if (klass != nullptr)
1737     return klass;
1738 
1739   // Now look to see if it has been loaded elsewhere, and is subject to
1740   // a loader constraint that would require this loader to return the
1741   // klass that is already loaded.
1742   if (Signature::is_array(class_name)) {
1743     // For array classes, their Klass*s are not kept in the
1744     // constraint table. The element Klass*s are.
1745     SignatureStream ss(class_name, false);
1746     int ndims = ss.skip_array_prefix();  // skip all '['s
1747     BasicType t = ss.type();
1748     if (t != T_OBJECT) {
1749       klass = Universe::typeArrayKlass(t);
1750     } else {
1751       MutexLocker mu(current, SystemDictionary_lock);
1752       klass = LoaderConstraintTable::find_constrained_klass(ss.as_symbol(), class_loader_data(class_loader));
1753     }
1754     // If element class already loaded, allocate array klass
1755     if (klass != nullptr) {
1756       klass = klass->array_klass_or_null(ndims);
1757     }
1758   } else {
1759     MutexLocker mu(current, SystemDictionary_lock);
1760     // Non-array classes are easy: simply check the constraint table.
1761     klass = LoaderConstraintTable::find_constrained_klass(class_name, class_loader_data(class_loader));
1762   }
1763 
1764   return klass;
1765 }
1766 
1767 bool SystemDictionary::add_loader_constraint(Symbol* class_name,
1768                                              Klass* klass_being_linked,
1769                                              Handle class_loader1,
1770                                              Handle class_loader2) {
1771   ClassLoaderData* loader_data1 = class_loader_data(class_loader1);
1772   ClassLoaderData* loader_data2 = class_loader_data(class_loader2);
1773 
1774   Symbol* constraint_name = nullptr;
1775 
1776   if (!Signature::is_array(class_name)) {
1777     constraint_name = class_name;
1778   } else {
1779     // For array classes, their Klass*s are not kept in the
1780     // constraint table. The element classes are.
1781     SignatureStream ss(class_name, false);
1782     ss.skip_array_prefix();  // skip all '['s
1783     if (!ss.has_envelope()) {
1784       return true;     // primitive types always pass
1785     }
1786     constraint_name = ss.as_symbol();
1787     // Increment refcount to keep constraint_name alive after
1788     // SignatureStream is destructed. It will be decremented below
1789     // before returning.
1790     constraint_name->increment_refcount();
1791   }
1792 
1793   Dictionary* dictionary1 = loader_data1->dictionary();
1794   Dictionary* dictionary2 = loader_data2->dictionary();
1795 
1796   JavaThread* current = JavaThread::current();
1797   {
1798     MutexLocker mu_s(SystemDictionary_lock);
1799     InstanceKlass* klass1 = dictionary1->find_class(current, constraint_name);
1800     InstanceKlass* klass2 = dictionary2->find_class(current, constraint_name);
1801     bool result = LoaderConstraintTable::add_entry(constraint_name, klass1, loader_data1,
1802                                                    klass2, loader_data2);
1803 #if INCLUDE_CDS
1804     if (CDSConfig::is_dumping_archive() && klass_being_linked != nullptr &&
1805         !klass_being_linked->in_aot_cache()) {
1806          SystemDictionaryShared::record_linking_constraint(constraint_name,
1807                                      InstanceKlass::cast(klass_being_linked),
1808                                      class_loader1, class_loader2);
1809     }
1810 #endif // INCLUDE_CDS
1811     if (Signature::is_array(class_name)) {
1812       constraint_name->decrement_refcount();
1813     }
1814     return result;
1815   }
1816 }
1817 
1818 // Add entry to resolution error table to record the error when the first
1819 // attempt to resolve a reference to a class has failed.
1820 void SystemDictionary::add_resolution_error(const constantPoolHandle& pool, int which,
1821                                             Symbol* error, const char* message,
1822                                             Symbol* cause, const char* cause_msg) {
1823   {
1824     MutexLocker ml(Thread::current(), SystemDictionary_lock);
1825     ResolutionErrorEntry* entry = ResolutionErrorTable::find_entry(pool, which);
1826     if (entry == nullptr) {
1827       ResolutionErrorTable::add_entry(pool, which, error, message, cause, cause_msg);
1828     }
1829   }
1830 }
1831 
1832 // Delete a resolution error for RedefineClasses for a constant pool is going away
1833 void SystemDictionary::delete_resolution_error(ConstantPool* pool) {
1834   ResolutionErrorTable::delete_entry(pool);
1835 }
1836 
1837 // Lookup resolution error table. Returns error if found, otherwise null.
1838 Symbol* SystemDictionary::find_resolution_error(const constantPoolHandle& pool, int which,
1839                                                 const char** message,
1840                                                 Symbol** cause, const char** cause_msg) {
1841 
1842   {
1843     MutexLocker ml(Thread::current(), SystemDictionary_lock);
1844     ResolutionErrorEntry* entry = ResolutionErrorTable::find_entry(pool, which);
1845     if (entry != nullptr) {
1846       *message = entry->message();
1847       *cause = entry->cause();
1848       *cause_msg = entry->cause_msg();
1849       return entry->error();
1850     } else {
1851       return nullptr;
1852     }
1853   }
1854 }
1855 
1856 // Add an entry to resolution error table to record an error in resolving or
1857 // validating a nest host. This is used to construct informative error
1858 // messages when IllegalAccessError's occur. If an entry already exists it will
1859 // be updated with the nest host error message.
1860 
1861 void SystemDictionary::add_nest_host_error(const constantPoolHandle& pool,
1862                                            int which,
1863                                            const char* message) {
1864   {
1865     MutexLocker ml(Thread::current(), SystemDictionary_lock);
1866     ResolutionErrorEntry* entry = ResolutionErrorTable::find_entry(pool, which);
1867     if (entry != nullptr && entry->nest_host_error() == nullptr) {
1868       // An existing entry means we had a true resolution failure (LinkageError) with our nest host, but we
1869       // still want to add the error message for the higher-level access checks to report. We should
1870       // only reach here under the same error condition, so we can ignore the potential race with setting
1871       // the message. If we see it is already set then we can ignore it.
1872       entry->set_nest_host_error(message);
1873     } else {
1874       ResolutionErrorTable::add_entry(pool, which, message);
1875     }
1876   }
1877 }
1878 
1879 // Lookup any nest host error
1880 const char* SystemDictionary::find_nest_host_error(const constantPoolHandle& pool, int which) {
1881   {
1882     MutexLocker ml(Thread::current(), SystemDictionary_lock);
1883     ResolutionErrorEntry* entry = ResolutionErrorTable::find_entry(pool, which);
1884     if (entry != nullptr) {
1885       return entry->nest_host_error();
1886     } else {
1887       return nullptr;
1888     }
1889   }
1890 }
1891 
1892 // Signature constraints ensure that callers and callees agree about
1893 // the meaning of type names in their signatures.  This routine is the
1894 // intake for constraints.  It collects them from several places:
1895 //
1896 //  * LinkResolver::resolve_method (if check_access is true) requires
1897 //    that the resolving class (the caller) and the defining class of
1898 //    the resolved method (the callee) agree on each type in the
1899 //    method's signature.
1900 //
1901 //  * LinkResolver::resolve_interface_method performs exactly the same
1902 //    checks.
1903 //
1904 //  * LinkResolver::resolve_field requires that the constant pool
1905 //    attempting to link to a field agree with the field's defining
1906 //    class about the type of the field signature.
1907 //
1908 //  * klassVtable::initialize_vtable requires that, when a class
1909 //    overrides a vtable entry allocated by a superclass, that the
1910 //    overriding method (i.e., the callee) agree with the superclass
1911 //    on each type in the method's signature.
1912 //
1913 //  * klassItable::initialize_itable requires that, when a class fills
1914 //    in its itables, for each non-abstract method installed in an
1915 //    itable, the method (i.e., the callee) agree with the interface
1916 //    on each type in the method's signature.
1917 //
1918 // All those methods have a boolean (check_access, checkconstraints)
1919 // which turns off the checks.  This is used from specialized contexts
1920 // such as bootstrapping, dumping, and debugging.
1921 //
1922 // No direct constraint is placed between the class and its
1923 // supertypes.  Constraints are only placed along linked relations
1924 // between callers and callees.  When a method overrides or implements
1925 // an abstract method in a supertype (superclass or interface), the
1926 // constraints are placed as if the supertype were the caller to the
1927 // overriding method.  (This works well, since callers to the
1928 // supertype have already established agreement between themselves and
1929 // the supertype.)  As a result of all this, a class can disagree with
1930 // its supertype about the meaning of a type name, as long as that
1931 // class neither calls a relevant method of the supertype, nor is
1932 // called (perhaps via an override) from the supertype.
1933 //
1934 //
1935 // SystemDictionary::check_signature_loaders(sig, klass_being_linked, l1, l2)
1936 //
1937 // Make sure all class components (including arrays) in the given
1938 // signature will be resolved to the same class in both loaders.
1939 // Returns the name of the type that failed a loader constraint check, or
1940 // null if no constraint failed.  No exception except OOME is thrown.
1941 // Arrays are not added to the loader constraint table, their elements are.
1942 Symbol* SystemDictionary::check_signature_loaders(Symbol* signature,
1943                                                   Klass* klass_being_linked,
1944                                                   Handle loader1, Handle loader2,
1945                                                   bool is_method)  {
1946   // Nothing to do if loaders are the same.
1947   if (loader1() == loader2()) {
1948     return nullptr;
1949   }
1950 
1951   for (SignatureStream ss(signature, is_method); !ss.is_done(); ss.next()) {
1952     if (ss.is_reference()) {
1953       Symbol* sig = ss.as_symbol();
1954       // Note: In the future, if template-like types can take
1955       // arguments, we will want to recognize them and dig out class
1956       // names hiding inside the argument lists.
1957       if (!add_loader_constraint(sig, klass_being_linked, loader1, loader2)) {
1958         return sig;
1959       }
1960     }
1961   }
1962   return nullptr;
1963 }
1964 
1965 Method* SystemDictionary::find_method_handle_intrinsic(vmIntrinsicID iid,
1966                                                        Symbol* signature,
1967                                                        TRAPS) {
1968 
1969   const int iid_as_int = vmIntrinsics::as_int(iid);
1970   assert(MethodHandles::is_signature_polymorphic(iid) &&
1971          MethodHandles::is_signature_polymorphic_intrinsic(iid) &&
1972          iid != vmIntrinsics::_invokeGeneric,
1973          "must be a known MH intrinsic iid=%d: %s", iid_as_int, vmIntrinsics::name_at(iid));
1974 
1975   InvokeMethodKey key(signature, iid_as_int);
1976   Method** met = nullptr;
1977 
1978   // We only want one entry in the table for this (signature/id, method) pair but the code
1979   // to create the intrinsic method needs to be outside the lock.
1980   // The first thread claims the entry by adding the key and the other threads wait, until the
1981   // Method has been added as the value.
1982   {
1983     MonitorLocker ml(THREAD, InvokeMethodIntrinsicTable_lock);
1984     while (true) {
1985       bool created;
1986       met = _invoke_method_intrinsic_table->put_if_absent(key, &created);
1987       assert(met != nullptr, "either created or found");
1988       if (*met != nullptr) {
1989         return *met;
1990       } else if (created) {
1991         // The current thread won the race and will try to create the full entry.
1992         break;
1993       } else {
1994         // Another thread beat us to it, so wait for them to complete
1995         // and return *met; or if they hit an error we get another try.
1996         ml.wait();
1997         // Note it is not safe to read *met here as that entry could have
1998         // been deleted, so we must loop and try put_if_absent again.
1999       }
2000     }
2001   }
2002 
2003   methodHandle m = Method::make_method_handle_intrinsic(iid, signature, THREAD);
2004   bool throw_error = HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION;
2005   if (!throw_error && (!Arguments::is_interpreter_only() || iid == vmIntrinsics::_linkToNative)) {
2006     // Generate a compiled form of the MH intrinsic
2007     // linkToNative doesn't have interpreter-specific implementation, so always has to go through compiled version.
2008     AdapterHandlerLibrary::create_native_wrapper(m);
2009     // Check if have the compiled code.
2010     throw_error = (!m->has_compiled_code());
2011   }
2012 
2013   {
2014     MonitorLocker ml(THREAD, InvokeMethodIntrinsicTable_lock);
2015     if (throw_error) {
2016       // Remove the entry and let another thread try, or get the same exception.
2017       bool removed = _invoke_method_intrinsic_table->remove(key);
2018       assert(removed, "must be the owner");
2019       ml.notify_all();
2020     } else {
2021       signature->make_permanent(); // The signature is never unloaded.
2022       assert(Arguments::is_interpreter_only() || (m->has_compiled_code() &&
2023              m->code()->entry_point() == m->from_compiled_entry()),
2024              "MH intrinsic invariant");
2025       *met = m(); // insert the element
2026       ml.notify_all();
2027       return m();
2028     }
2029   }
2030 
2031   // Throw OOM or the pending exception in the JavaThread
2032   if (throw_error && !HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) {
2033     THROW_MSG_NULL(vmSymbols::java_lang_OutOfMemoryError(),
2034                    "Out of space in CodeCache for method handle intrinsic");
2035   }
2036   return nullptr;
2037 }
2038 
2039 #if INCLUDE_CDS
2040 void SystemDictionary::get_all_method_handle_intrinsics(GrowableArray<Method*>* methods) {
2041   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "must be");
2042   auto do_method = [&] (InvokeMethodKey& key, Method*& m) {
2043     methods->append(m);
2044   };
2045   _invoke_method_intrinsic_table->iterate_all(do_method);
2046 }
2047 
2048 void SystemDictionary::restore_archived_method_handle_intrinsics() {
2049   if (UseSharedSpaces) {
2050     EXCEPTION_MARK;
2051     restore_archived_method_handle_intrinsics_impl(THREAD);
2052     if (HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) {
2053       // This is probably caused by OOM -- other parts of the CDS archive have direct pointers to
2054       // the archived method handle intrinsics, so we can't really recover from this failure.
2055       vm_exit_during_initialization(err_msg("Failed to restore archived method handle intrinsics. Try to increase heap size."));
2056     }
2057   }
2058 }
2059 
2060 void SystemDictionary::restore_archived_method_handle_intrinsics_impl(TRAPS) {
2061   Array<Method*>* list = AOTMetaspace::archived_method_handle_intrinsics();
2062   for (int i = 0; i < list->length(); i++) {
2063     methodHandle m(THREAD, list->at(i));
2064     Method::restore_archived_method_handle_intrinsic(m, CHECK);
2065     m->constants()->restore_unshareable_info(CHECK);
2066     if (!Arguments::is_interpreter_only() || m->intrinsic_id() == vmIntrinsics::_linkToNative) {
2067       AdapterHandlerLibrary::create_native_wrapper(m);
2068       if (!m->has_compiled_code()) {
2069         ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
2070         vm_exit_during_initialization(err_msg("Failed to initialize method %s", m->external_name()));
2071       }
2072     }
2073 
2074     // There's no need to grab the InvokeMethodIntrinsicTable_lock, as we are still very early in
2075     // VM start-up -- in init_globals2() -- so we are still running a single Java thread. It's not
2076     // possible to have a contention.
2077     const int iid_as_int = vmIntrinsics::as_int(m->intrinsic_id());
2078     InvokeMethodKey key(m->signature(), iid_as_int);
2079     bool created = _invoke_method_intrinsic_table->put(key, m());
2080     assert(created, "unexpected contention");
2081   }
2082 }
2083 #endif // INCLUDE_CDS
2084 
2085 // Helper for unpacking the return value from linkMethod and linkCallSite.
2086 static Method* unpack_method_and_appendix(Handle mname,
2087                                           Klass* accessing_klass,
2088                                           objArrayHandle appendix_box,
2089                                           Handle* appendix_result,
2090                                           TRAPS) {
2091   if (mname.not_null()) {
2092     Method* m = java_lang_invoke_MemberName::vmtarget(mname());
2093     if (m != nullptr) {
2094       oop appendix = appendix_box->obj_at(0);
2095       LogTarget(Info, methodhandles) lt;
2096       if (lt.develop_is_enabled()) {
2097         ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
2098         LogStream ls(lt);
2099         ls.print("Linked method=" INTPTR_FORMAT ": ", p2i(m));
2100         m->print_on(&ls);
2101         if (appendix != nullptr) { ls.print("appendix = "); appendix->print_on(&ls); }
2102         ls.cr();
2103       }
2104 
2105       (*appendix_result) = Handle(THREAD, appendix);
2106       // the target is stored in the cpCache and if a reference to this
2107       // MemberName is dropped we need a way to make sure the
2108       // class_loader containing this method is kept alive.
2109       methodHandle mh(THREAD, m); // record_dependency can safepoint.
2110       ClassLoaderData* this_key = accessing_klass->class_loader_data();
2111       this_key->record_dependency(m->method_holder());
2112       return mh();
2113     }
2114   }
2115   THROW_MSG_NULL(vmSymbols::java_lang_LinkageError(), "bad value from MethodHandleNatives");
2116 }
2117 
2118 Method* SystemDictionary::find_method_handle_invoker(Klass* klass,
2119                                                      Symbol* name,
2120                                                      Symbol* signature,
2121                                                      Klass* accessing_klass,
2122                                                      Handle* appendix_result,
2123                                                      TRAPS) {
2124   guarantee(THREAD->can_call_java(), "");
2125   Handle method_type =
2126     SystemDictionary::find_method_handle_type(signature, accessing_klass, CHECK_NULL);
2127 
2128   int ref_kind = JVM_REF_invokeVirtual;
2129   oop name_oop = StringTable::intern(name, CHECK_NULL);
2130   Handle name_str (THREAD, name_oop);
2131   objArrayHandle appendix_box = oopFactory::new_objArray_handle(vmClasses::Object_klass(), 1, CHECK_NULL);
2132   assert(appendix_box->obj_at(0) == nullptr, "");
2133 
2134   // This should not happen.  JDK code should take care of that.
2135   if (accessing_klass == nullptr || method_type.is_null()) {
2136     THROW_MSG_NULL(vmSymbols::java_lang_InternalError(), "bad invokehandle");
2137   }
2138 
2139   // call java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleNatives::linkMethod(... String, MethodType) -> MemberName
2140   JavaCallArguments args;
2141   args.push_oop(Handle(THREAD, accessing_klass->java_mirror()));
2142   args.push_int(ref_kind);
2143   args.push_oop(Handle(THREAD, klass->java_mirror()));
2144   args.push_oop(name_str);
2145   args.push_oop(method_type);
2146   args.push_oop(appendix_box);
2147   JavaValue result(T_OBJECT);
2148   JavaCalls::call_static(&result,
2149                          vmClasses::MethodHandleNatives_klass(),
2150                          vmSymbols::linkMethod_name(),
2151                          vmSymbols::linkMethod_signature(),
2152                          &args, CHECK_NULL);
2153   Handle mname(THREAD, result.get_oop());
2154   return unpack_method_and_appendix(mname, accessing_klass, appendix_box, appendix_result, THREAD);
2155 }
2156 
2157 // Decide if we can globally cache a lookup of this class, to be returned to any client that asks.
2158 // We must ensure that all class loaders everywhere will reach this class, for any client.
2159 // This is a safe bet for public classes in java.lang, such as Object and String.
2160 // We also include public classes in java.lang.invoke, because they appear frequently in system-level method types.
2161 // Out of an abundance of caution, we do not include any other classes, not even for packages like java.util.
2162 static bool is_always_visible_class(oop mirror) {
2163   Klass* klass = java_lang_Class::as_Klass(mirror);
2164   if (klass->is_objArray_klass()) {
2165     klass = ObjArrayKlass::cast(klass)->bottom_klass(); // check element type
2166   }
2167   if (klass->is_typeArray_klass()) {
2168     return true; // primitive array
2169   }
2170   assert(klass->is_instance_klass(), "%s", klass->external_name());
2171   return klass->is_public() &&
2172          (InstanceKlass::cast(klass)->is_same_class_package(vmClasses::Object_klass()) ||       // java.lang
2173           InstanceKlass::cast(klass)->is_same_class_package(vmClasses::MethodHandle_klass()));  // java.lang.invoke
2174 }
2175 
2176 // Find or construct the Java mirror (java.lang.Class instance) for
2177 // the given field type signature, as interpreted relative to the
2178 // given class loader.  Handles primitives, void, references, arrays,
2179 // and all other reflectable types, except method types.
2180 // N.B.  Code in reflection should use this entry point.
2181 Handle SystemDictionary::find_java_mirror_for_type(Symbol* signature,
2182                                                    Klass* accessing_klass,
2183                                                    SignatureStream::FailureMode failure_mode,
2184                                                    TRAPS) {
2185 
2186   Handle class_loader;
2187 
2188   // What we have here must be a valid field descriptor,
2189   // and all valid field descriptors are supported.
2190   // Produce the same java.lang.Class that reflection reports.
2191   if (accessing_klass != nullptr) {
2192     class_loader      = Handle(THREAD, accessing_klass->class_loader());
2193   }
2194   ResolvingSignatureStream ss(signature, class_loader, false);
2195   oop mirror_oop = ss.as_java_mirror(failure_mode, CHECK_NH);
2196   if (mirror_oop == nullptr) {
2197     return Handle();  // report failure this way
2198   }
2199   Handle mirror(THREAD, mirror_oop);
2200 
2201   if (accessing_klass != nullptr) {
2202     // Check accessibility, emulating ConstantPool::verify_constant_pool_resolve.
2203     Klass* sel_klass = java_lang_Class::as_Klass(mirror());
2204     if (sel_klass != nullptr) {
2205       LinkResolver::check_klass_accessibility(accessing_klass, sel_klass, CHECK_NH);
2206     }
2207   }
2208   return mirror;
2209 }
2210 
2211 
2212 // Ask Java code to find or construct a java.lang.invoke.MethodType for the given
2213 // signature, as interpreted relative to the given class loader.
2214 // Because of class loader constraints, all method handle usage must be
2215 // consistent with this loader.
2216 Handle SystemDictionary::find_method_handle_type(Symbol* signature,
2217                                                  Klass* accessing_klass,
2218                                                  TRAPS) {
2219   Handle empty;
2220   OopHandle* o;
2221   {
2222     MutexLocker ml(THREAD, InvokeMethodTypeTable_lock);
2223     o = _invoke_method_type_table->get(signature);
2224   }
2225 
2226   if (o != nullptr) {
2227     oop mt = o->resolve();
2228     assert(java_lang_invoke_MethodType::is_instance(mt), "");
2229     return Handle(THREAD, mt);
2230   } else if (!THREAD->can_call_java()) {
2231     warning("SystemDictionary::find_method_handle_type called from compiler thread");  // FIXME
2232     return Handle();  // do not attempt from within compiler, unless it was cached
2233   }
2234 
2235   Handle class_loader;
2236   if (accessing_klass != nullptr) {
2237     class_loader      = Handle(THREAD, accessing_klass->class_loader());
2238   }
2239   bool can_be_cached = true;
2240   int npts = ArgumentCount(signature).size();
2241   objArrayHandle pts = oopFactory::new_objArray_handle(vmClasses::Class_klass(), npts, CHECK_(empty));
2242   int arg = 0;
2243   Handle rt; // the return type from the signature
2244   ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
2245   for (SignatureStream ss(signature); !ss.is_done(); ss.next()) {
2246     oop mirror = nullptr;
2247     if (can_be_cached) {
2248       // Use neutral class loader to lookup candidate classes to be placed in the cache.
2249       mirror = ss.as_java_mirror(Handle(), SignatureStream::ReturnNull, CHECK_(empty));
2250       if (mirror == nullptr || (ss.is_reference() && !is_always_visible_class(mirror))) {
2251         // Fall back to accessing_klass context.
2252         can_be_cached = false;
2253       }
2254     }
2255     if (!can_be_cached) {
2256       // Resolve, throwing a real error if it doesn't work.
2257       mirror = ss.as_java_mirror(class_loader, SignatureStream::NCDFError, CHECK_(empty));
2258     }
2259     assert(mirror != nullptr, "%s", ss.as_symbol()->as_C_string());
2260     if (ss.at_return_type())
2261       rt = Handle(THREAD, mirror);
2262     else
2263       pts->obj_at_put(arg++, mirror);
2264 
2265     // Check accessibility.
2266     if (!java_lang_Class::is_primitive(mirror) && accessing_klass != nullptr) {
2267       Klass* sel_klass = java_lang_Class::as_Klass(mirror);
2268       mirror = nullptr;  // safety
2269       // Emulate ConstantPool::verify_constant_pool_resolve.
2270       LinkResolver::check_klass_accessibility(accessing_klass, sel_klass, CHECK_(empty));
2271     }
2272   }
2273   assert(arg == npts, "");
2274 
2275   // call java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleNatives::findMethodHandleType(Class rt, Class[] pts) -> MethodType
2276   JavaCallArguments args(Handle(THREAD, rt()));
2277   args.push_oop(pts);
2278   JavaValue result(T_OBJECT);
2279   JavaCalls::call_static(&result,
2280                          vmClasses::MethodHandleNatives_klass(),
2281                          vmSymbols::findMethodHandleType_name(),
2282                          vmSymbols::findMethodHandleType_signature(),
2283                          &args, CHECK_(empty));
2284   Handle method_type(THREAD, result.get_oop());
2285 
2286   if (can_be_cached) {
2287     // We can cache this MethodType inside the JVM.
2288     MutexLocker ml(THREAD, InvokeMethodTypeTable_lock);
2289     bool created = false;
2290     assert(method_type != nullptr, "unexpected null");
2291     OopHandle* h = _invoke_method_type_table->get(signature);
2292     if (h == nullptr) {
2293       signature->make_permanent(); // The signature is never unloaded.
2294       OopHandle elem = OopHandle(Universe::vm_global(), method_type());
2295       bool created = _invoke_method_type_table->put(signature, elem);
2296       assert(created, "better be created");
2297     }
2298   }
2299   // report back to the caller with the MethodType
2300   return method_type;
2301 }
2302 
2303 Handle SystemDictionary::find_field_handle_type(Symbol* signature,
2304                                                 Klass* accessing_klass,
2305                                                 TRAPS) {
2306   Handle empty;
2307   ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
2308   SignatureStream ss(signature, /*is_method=*/ false);
2309   if (!ss.is_done()) {
2310     Handle class_loader;
2311     if (accessing_klass != nullptr) {
2312       class_loader      = Handle(THREAD, accessing_klass->class_loader());
2313     }
2314     oop mirror = ss.as_java_mirror(class_loader, SignatureStream::NCDFError, CHECK_(empty));
2315     ss.next();
2316     if (ss.is_done()) {
2317       return Handle(THREAD, mirror);
2318     }
2319   }
2320   return empty;
2321 }
2322 
2323 // Ask Java code to find or construct a method handle constant.
2324 Handle SystemDictionary::link_method_handle_constant(Klass* caller,
2325                                                      int ref_kind, //e.g., JVM_REF_invokeVirtual
2326                                                      Klass* callee,
2327                                                      Symbol* name,
2328                                                      Symbol* signature,
2329                                                      TRAPS) {
2330   Handle empty;
2331   if (caller == nullptr) {
2332     THROW_MSG_(vmSymbols::java_lang_InternalError(), "bad MH constant", empty);
2333   }
2334   Handle name_str      = java_lang_String::create_from_symbol(name,      CHECK_(empty));
2335   Handle signature_str = java_lang_String::create_from_symbol(signature, CHECK_(empty));
2336 
2337   // Put symbolic info from the MH constant into freshly created MemberName and resolve it.
2338   Handle mname = vmClasses::MemberName_klass()->allocate_instance_handle(CHECK_(empty));
2339   java_lang_invoke_MemberName::set_clazz(mname(), callee->java_mirror());
2340   java_lang_invoke_MemberName::set_name (mname(), name_str());
2341   java_lang_invoke_MemberName::set_type (mname(), signature_str());
2342   java_lang_invoke_MemberName::set_flags(mname(), MethodHandles::ref_kind_to_flags(ref_kind));
2343 
2344   if (ref_kind == JVM_REF_invokeVirtual &&
2345       MethodHandles::is_signature_polymorphic_public_name(callee, name)) {
2346     // Skip resolution for public signature polymorphic methods such as
2347     // j.l.i.MethodHandle.invoke()/invokeExact() and those on VarHandle
2348     // They require appendix argument which MemberName resolution doesn't handle.
2349     // There's special logic on JDK side to handle them
2350     // (see MethodHandles.linkMethodHandleConstant() and MethodHandles.findVirtualForMH()).
2351   } else {
2352     MethodHandles::resolve_MemberName(mname, caller, 0, false /*speculative_resolve*/, CHECK_(empty));
2353   }
2354 
2355   // After method/field resolution succeeded, it's safe to resolve MH signature as well.
2356   Handle type = MethodHandles::resolve_MemberName_type(mname, caller, CHECK_(empty));
2357 
2358   // call java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleNatives::linkMethodHandleConstant(Class caller, int refKind, Class callee, String name, Object type) -> MethodHandle
2359   JavaCallArguments args;
2360   args.push_oop(Handle(THREAD, caller->java_mirror()));  // the referring class
2361   args.push_int(ref_kind);
2362   args.push_oop(Handle(THREAD, callee->java_mirror()));  // the target class
2363   args.push_oop(name_str);
2364   args.push_oop(type);
2365   JavaValue result(T_OBJECT);
2366   JavaCalls::call_static(&result,
2367                          vmClasses::MethodHandleNatives_klass(),
2368                          vmSymbols::linkMethodHandleConstant_name(),
2369                          vmSymbols::linkMethodHandleConstant_signature(),
2370                          &args, CHECK_(empty));
2371   return Handle(THREAD, result.get_oop());
2372 }
2373 
2374 // Ask Java to run a bootstrap method, in order to create a dynamic call site
2375 // while linking an invokedynamic op, or compute a constant for Dynamic_info CP entry
2376 // with linkage results being stored back into the bootstrap specifier.
2377 void SystemDictionary::invoke_bootstrap_method(BootstrapInfo& bootstrap_specifier, TRAPS) {
2378   // Resolve the bootstrap specifier, its name, type, and static arguments
2379   bootstrap_specifier.resolve_bsm(CHECK);
2380 
2381   // This should not happen.  JDK code should take care of that.
2382   if (bootstrap_specifier.caller() == nullptr || bootstrap_specifier.type_arg().is_null()) {
2383     THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_InternalError(), "Invalid bootstrap method invocation with no caller or type argument");
2384   }
2385 
2386   bool is_indy = bootstrap_specifier.is_method_call();
2387   objArrayHandle appendix_box;
2388   if (is_indy) {
2389     // Some method calls may require an appendix argument.  Arrange to receive it.
2390     appendix_box = oopFactory::new_objArray_handle(vmClasses::Object_klass(), 1, CHECK);
2391     assert(appendix_box->obj_at(0) == nullptr, "");
2392   }
2393 
2394   // call condy: java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleNatives::linkDynamicConstant(caller, bsm, type, info)
2395   //       indy: java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleNatives::linkCallSite(caller, bsm, name, mtype, info, &appendix)
2396   JavaCallArguments args;
2397   args.push_oop(Handle(THREAD, bootstrap_specifier.caller_mirror()));
2398   args.push_oop(bootstrap_specifier.bsm());
2399   args.push_oop(bootstrap_specifier.name_arg());
2400   args.push_oop(bootstrap_specifier.type_arg());
2401   args.push_oop(bootstrap_specifier.arg_values());
2402   if (is_indy) {
2403     args.push_oop(appendix_box);
2404   }
2405   JavaValue result(T_OBJECT);
2406   JavaCalls::call_static(&result,
2407                          vmClasses::MethodHandleNatives_klass(),
2408                          is_indy ? vmSymbols::linkCallSite_name() : vmSymbols::linkDynamicConstant_name(),
2409                          is_indy ? vmSymbols::linkCallSite_signature() : vmSymbols::linkDynamicConstant_signature(),
2410                          &args, CHECK);
2411 
2412   Handle value(THREAD, result.get_oop());
2413   if (is_indy) {
2414     Handle appendix;
2415     Method* method = unpack_method_and_appendix(value,
2416                                                 bootstrap_specifier.caller(),
2417                                                 appendix_box,
2418                                                 &appendix, CHECK);
2419     methodHandle mh(THREAD, method);
2420     bootstrap_specifier.set_resolved_method(mh, appendix);
2421   } else {
2422     bootstrap_specifier.set_resolved_value(value);
2423   }
2424 
2425   // sanity check
2426   assert(bootstrap_specifier.is_resolved() ||
2427          (bootstrap_specifier.is_method_call() &&
2428           bootstrap_specifier.resolved_method().not_null()), "bootstrap method call failed");
2429 }
2430 
2431 
2432 bool SystemDictionary::is_nonpublic_Object_method(Method* m) {
2433   assert(m != nullptr, "Unexpected nullptr Method*");
2434   return !m->is_public() && m->method_holder() == vmClasses::Object_klass();
2435 }
2436 
2437 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2438 
2439 void SystemDictionary::print_on(outputStream *st) {
2440   CDS_ONLY(SystemDictionaryShared::print_on(st));
2441   GCMutexLocker mu(SystemDictionary_lock);
2442 
2443   ClassLoaderDataGraph::print_dictionary(st);
2444 
2445   // Placeholders
2446   PlaceholderTable::print_on(st);
2447   st->cr();
2448 
2449   // loader constraints - print under SD_lock
2450   LoaderConstraintTable::print_on(st);
2451   st->cr();
2452 }
2453 
2454 void SystemDictionary::print() { print_on(tty); }
2455 
2456 void SystemDictionary::verify() {
2457 
2458   GCMutexLocker mu(SystemDictionary_lock);
2459 
2460   // Verify dictionary
2461   ClassLoaderDataGraph::verify_dictionary();
2462 
2463   // Verify constraint table
2464   LoaderConstraintTable::verify();
2465 }
2466 
2467 void SystemDictionary::dump(outputStream *st, bool verbose) {
2468   assert_locked_or_safepoint(SystemDictionary_lock);
2469   if (verbose) {
2470     print_on(st);
2471   } else {
2472     CDS_ONLY(SystemDictionaryShared::print_table_statistics(st));
2473     ClassLoaderDataGraph::print_table_statistics(st);
2474     LoaderConstraintTable::print_table_statistics(st);
2475   }
2476 }
2477 
2478 // Utility for dumping dictionaries.
2479 SystemDictionaryDCmd::SystemDictionaryDCmd(outputStream* output, bool heap) :
2480                                  DCmdWithParser(output, heap),
2481   _verbose("-verbose", "Dump the content of each dictionary entry for all class loaders",
2482            "BOOLEAN", false, "false") {
2483   _dcmdparser.add_dcmd_option(&_verbose);
2484 }
2485 
2486 void SystemDictionaryDCmd::execute(DCmdSource source, TRAPS) {
2487   VM_DumpHashtable dumper(output(), VM_DumpHashtable::DumpSysDict,
2488                          _verbose.value());
2489   VMThread::execute(&dumper);
2490 }