1 /*
  2  * Copyright (c) 2001, 2025, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  4  *
  5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
  7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
  8  *
  9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 13  * accompanied this code).
 14  *
 15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 18  *
 19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 21  * questions.
 22  *
 23  */
 24 
 25 #include "classfile/classLoaderDataGraph.hpp"
 26 #include "gc/serial/cardTableRS.hpp"
 27 #include "gc/serial/serialGcRefProcProxyTask.hpp"
 28 #include "gc/serial/serialHeap.inline.hpp"
 29 #include "gc/serial/serialStringDedup.inline.hpp"
 30 #include "gc/serial/tenuredGeneration.hpp"
 31 #include "gc/shared/adaptiveSizePolicy.hpp"
 32 #include "gc/shared/ageTable.inline.hpp"
 33 #include "gc/shared/collectorCounters.hpp"
 34 #include "gc/shared/continuationGCSupport.inline.hpp"
 35 #include "gc/shared/gcArguments.hpp"
 36 #include "gc/shared/gcHeapSummary.hpp"
 37 #include "gc/shared/gcLocker.hpp"
 38 #include "gc/shared/gcPolicyCounters.hpp"
 39 #include "gc/shared/gcTimer.hpp"
 40 #include "gc/shared/gcTrace.hpp"
 41 #include "gc/shared/gcTraceTime.inline.hpp"
 42 #include "gc/shared/oopStorageSet.inline.hpp"
 43 #include "gc/shared/referencePolicy.hpp"
 44 #include "gc/shared/referenceProcessorPhaseTimes.hpp"
 45 #include "gc/shared/scavengableNMethods.hpp"
 46 #include "gc/shared/space.hpp"
 47 #include "gc/shared/spaceDecorator.hpp"
 48 #include "gc/shared/weakProcessor.hpp"
 49 #include "logging/log.hpp"
 50 #include "memory/iterator.inline.hpp"
 51 #include "memory/reservedSpace.hpp"
 52 #include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
 53 #include "oops/instanceRefKlass.hpp"
 54 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
 55 #include "runtime/java.hpp"
 56 #include "runtime/javaThread.hpp"
 57 #include "runtime/prefetch.inline.hpp"
 58 #include "runtime/threads.hpp"
 59 #include "utilities/align.hpp"
 60 #include "utilities/copy.hpp"
 61 #include "utilities/globalDefinitions.hpp"
 62 #include "utilities/stack.inline.hpp"
 63 
 64 class PromoteFailureClosure : public InHeapScanClosure {
 65   template <typename T>
 66   void do_oop_work(T* p) {
 67     assert(is_in_young_gen(p), "promote-fail objs must be in young-gen");
 68     assert(!SerialHeap::heap()->young_gen()->to()->is_in_reserved(p), "must not be in to-space");
 69 
 70     try_scavenge(p, [] (auto) {});
 71   }
 72 public:
 73   PromoteFailureClosure(DefNewGeneration* g) : InHeapScanClosure(g) {}
 74 
 75   void do_oop(oop* p)       { do_oop_work(p); }
 76   void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { do_oop_work(p); }
 77 };
 78 
 79 class RootScanClosure : public OffHeapScanClosure {
 80   template <typename T>
 81   void do_oop_work(T* p) {
 82     assert(!SerialHeap::heap()->is_in_reserved(p), "outside the heap");
 83 
 84     try_scavenge(p,  [] (auto) {});
 85   }
 86 public:
 87   RootScanClosure(DefNewGeneration* g) : OffHeapScanClosure(g) {}
 88 
 89   void do_oop(oop* p)       { do_oop_work(p); }
 90   void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { do_oop_work(p); }
 91 };
 92 
 93 class CLDScanClosure: public CLDClosure {
 94 
 95   class CLDOopClosure : public OffHeapScanClosure {
 96   public:
 97     // Records whether this CLD contains oops pointing into young-gen after scavenging.
 98     bool _has_oops_into_young_gen;
 99 
100     CLDOopClosure(DefNewGeneration* g) : OffHeapScanClosure(g),
101       _has_oops_into_young_gen(false) {}
102 
103     void do_oop(oop* p) {
104       assert(!SerialHeap::heap()->is_in_reserved(p), "outside the heap");
105 
106       try_scavenge(p, [&] (oop new_obj) {
107         if (!_has_oops_into_young_gen && is_in_young_gen(new_obj)) {
108           _has_oops_into_young_gen = true;
109         }
110       });
111     }
112 
113     void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { ShouldNotReachHere(); }
114   };
115 
116   DefNewGeneration* _g;
117  public:
118   CLDScanClosure(DefNewGeneration* g) : _g(g) {}
119 
120   void do_cld(ClassLoaderData* cld) {
121     // If the cld has not been dirtied we know that there's
122     // no references into  the young gen and we can skip it.
123     if (!cld->has_modified_oops()) {
124       return;
125     }
126 
127     CLDOopClosure oop_closure{_g};
128 
129     // Clean the cld since we're going to scavenge all the metadata.
130     cld->oops_do(&oop_closure, ClassLoaderData::_claim_none, /*clear_modified_oops*/true);
131 
132     if (oop_closure._has_oops_into_young_gen) {
133       cld->record_modified_oops();
134     }
135   }
136 };
137 
138 class IsAliveClosure: public BoolObjectClosure {
139   HeapWord*         _young_gen_end;
140 public:
141   IsAliveClosure(DefNewGeneration* g): _young_gen_end(g->reserved().end()) {}
142 
143   bool do_object_b(oop p) {
144     return cast_from_oop<HeapWord*>(p) >= _young_gen_end || p->is_forwarded();
145   }
146 };
147 
148 class AdjustWeakRootClosure: public OffHeapScanClosure {
149   template <class T>
150   void do_oop_work(T* p) {
151     DEBUG_ONLY(SerialHeap* heap = SerialHeap::heap();)
152     assert(!heap->is_in_reserved(p), "outside the heap");
153 
154     oop obj = RawAccess<IS_NOT_NULL>::oop_load(p);
155     if (is_in_young_gen(obj)) {
156       assert(!heap->young_gen()->to()->is_in_reserved(obj), "inv");
157       assert(obj->is_forwarded(), "forwarded before weak-root-processing");
158       oop new_obj = obj->forwardee();
159       RawAccess<IS_NOT_NULL>::oop_store(p, new_obj);
160     }
161   }
162  public:
163   AdjustWeakRootClosure(DefNewGeneration* g): OffHeapScanClosure(g) {}
164 
165   void do_oop(oop* p)       { do_oop_work(p); }
166   void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { ShouldNotReachHere(); }
167 };
168 
169 class KeepAliveClosure: public OopClosure {
170   DefNewGeneration* _young_gen;
171   HeapWord*         _young_gen_end;
172   CardTableRS* _rs;
173 
174   bool is_in_young_gen(void* p) const {
175     return p < _young_gen_end;
176   }
177 
178   template <class T>
179   void do_oop_work(T* p) {
180     oop obj = RawAccess<IS_NOT_NULL>::oop_load(p);
181 
182     if (is_in_young_gen(obj)) {
183       oop new_obj = obj->is_forwarded() ? obj->forwardee()
184                                         : _young_gen->copy_to_survivor_space(obj);
185       RawAccess<IS_NOT_NULL>::oop_store(p, new_obj);
186 
187       if (is_in_young_gen(new_obj) && !is_in_young_gen(p)) {
188         _rs->inline_write_ref_field_gc(p);
189       }
190     }
191   }
192 public:
193   KeepAliveClosure(DefNewGeneration* g) :
194     _young_gen(g),
195     _young_gen_end(g->reserved().end()),
196     _rs(SerialHeap::heap()->rem_set()) {}
197 
198   void do_oop(oop* p)       { do_oop_work(p); }
199   void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { do_oop_work(p); }
200 };
201 
202 class FastEvacuateFollowersClosure: public VoidClosure {
203   SerialHeap* _heap;
204   YoungGenScanClosure* _young_cl;
205   OldGenScanClosure* _old_cl;
206 public:
207   FastEvacuateFollowersClosure(SerialHeap* heap,
208                                YoungGenScanClosure* young_cl,
209                                OldGenScanClosure* old_cl) :
210     _heap(heap), _young_cl(young_cl), _old_cl(old_cl)
211   {}
212 
213   void do_void() {
214     _heap->scan_evacuated_objs(_young_cl, _old_cl);
215   }
216 };
217 
218 DefNewGeneration::DefNewGeneration(ReservedSpace rs,
219                                    size_t initial_size,
220                                    size_t min_size,
221                                    size_t max_size,
222                                    const char* policy)
223   : Generation(rs, initial_size),
224     _promotion_failed(false),
225     _promo_failure_drain_in_progress(false),
226     _string_dedup_requests()
227 {
228   _eden_space = new ContiguousSpace();
229   _from_space = new ContiguousSpace();
230   _to_space   = new ContiguousSpace();
231 
232   init_spaces();
233 
234   // Compute the maximum eden and survivor space sizes. These sizes
235   // are computed assuming the entire reserved space is committed.
236   // These values are exported as performance counters.
237   uintx size = _virtual_space.reserved_size();
238   _max_survivor_size = compute_survivor_size(size, SpaceAlignment);
239   _max_eden_size = size - (2*_max_survivor_size);
240 
241   // allocate the performance counters
242 
243   // Generation counters -- generation 0, 3 subspaces
244   _gen_counters = new GenerationCounters("new", 0, 3,
245       min_size, max_size, _virtual_space.committed_size());
246   _gc_counters = new CollectorCounters(policy, 0);
247 
248   _eden_counters = new CSpaceCounters("eden", 0, _max_eden_size, _eden_space,
249                                       _gen_counters);
250   _from_counters = new CSpaceCounters("s0", 1, _max_survivor_size, _from_space,
251                                       _gen_counters);
252   _to_counters = new CSpaceCounters("s1", 2, _max_survivor_size, _to_space,
253                                     _gen_counters);
254 
255   update_counters();
256   _old_gen = nullptr;
257   _tenuring_threshold = MaxTenuringThreshold;
258 
259   _ref_processor = nullptr;
260 
261   _gc_timer = new STWGCTimer();
262 
263   _gc_tracer = new DefNewTracer();
264 }
265 
266 void DefNewGeneration::init_spaces() {
267   // Using layout: from, to, eden, so only from can be non-empty.
268   assert(eden()->is_empty(), "precondition");
269   assert(to()->is_empty(), "precondition");
270 
271   if (!from()->is_empty()) {
272     assert((char*) from()->bottom() == _virtual_space.low(), "inv");
273   }
274 
275   // Compute sizes
276   size_t size = _virtual_space.committed_size();
277   size_t survivor_size = compute_survivor_size(size, SpaceAlignment);
278   assert(survivor_size >= from()->used(), "inv");
279   assert(size > 2 * survivor_size, "inv");
280   size_t eden_size = size - (2 * survivor_size);
281   assert(eden_size > 0 && survivor_size <= eden_size, "just checking");
282 
283   // layout: from, to, eden
284   char* from_start = _virtual_space.low();
285   char* to_start = from_start + survivor_size;
286   char* eden_start = to_start + survivor_size;
287   char* eden_end = eden_start + eden_size;
288 
289   assert(eden_end == _virtual_space.high(), "just checking");
290   assert(is_aligned(from_start, SpaceAlignment), "checking alignment");
291   assert(is_aligned(to_start, SpaceAlignment),   "checking alignment");
292   assert(is_aligned(eden_start, SpaceAlignment), "checking alignment");
293   assert(is_aligned(eden_end, SpaceAlignment), "checking alignment");
294 
295   MemRegion fromMR((HeapWord*)from_start, (HeapWord*)to_start);
296   MemRegion toMR  ((HeapWord*)to_start, (HeapWord*)eden_start);
297   MemRegion edenMR((HeapWord*)eden_start, (HeapWord*)eden_end);
298 
299   // Reset the spaces for their new regions.
300   from()->initialize(fromMR, from()->is_empty());
301   to()->initialize(toMR, true);
302   eden()->initialize(edenMR, true);
303 
304   post_resize();
305 }
306 
307 void DefNewGeneration::post_resize() {
308   MemRegion cmr((HeapWord*)_virtual_space.low(),
309                 (HeapWord*)_virtual_space.high());
310   SerialHeap::heap()->rem_set()->resize_covered_region(cmr);
311 }
312 
313 void DefNewGeneration::swap_spaces() {
314   ContiguousSpace* s = from();
315   _from_space        = to();
316   _to_space          = s;
317 
318   if (UsePerfData) {
319     CSpaceCounters* c = _from_counters;
320     _from_counters = _to_counters;
321     _to_counters = c;
322   }
323 }
324 
325 bool DefNewGeneration::expand(size_t bytes) {
326   assert(bytes != 0, "precondition");
327   assert(is_aligned(bytes, SpaceAlignment), "precondition");
328 
329   bool success = _virtual_space.expand_by(bytes);
330   if (!success) {
331     log_info(gc)("Failed to expand young-gen by %zu bytes", bytes);
332   }
333 
334   return success;
335 }
336 
337 void DefNewGeneration::expand_eden_by(size_t delta_bytes) {
338   if (!expand(delta_bytes)) {
339     return;
340   }
341 
342   MemRegion eden_mr{eden()->bottom(), (HeapWord*)_virtual_space.high()};
343   eden()->initialize(eden_mr, eden()->is_empty());
344 
345   post_resize();
346 }
347 
348 size_t DefNewGeneration::calculate_thread_increase_size(int threads_count) const {
349     size_t thread_increase_size = 0;
350     // Check an overflow at 'threads_count * NewSizeThreadIncrease'.
351     if (threads_count > 0 && NewSizeThreadIncrease <= max_uintx / threads_count) {
352       thread_increase_size = threads_count * NewSizeThreadIncrease;
353     }
354     return thread_increase_size;
355 }
356 
357 size_t DefNewGeneration::adjust_for_thread_increase(size_t new_size_candidate,
358                                                     size_t new_size_before,
359                                                     size_t alignment,
360                                                     size_t thread_increase_size) const {
361   size_t desired_new_size = new_size_before;
362 
363   if (NewSizeThreadIncrease > 0 && thread_increase_size > 0) {
364 
365     // 1. Check an overflow at 'new_size_candidate + thread_increase_size'.
366     if (new_size_candidate <= max_uintx - thread_increase_size) {
367       new_size_candidate += thread_increase_size;
368 
369       // 2. Check an overflow at 'align_up'.
370       size_t aligned_max = ((max_uintx - alignment) & ~(alignment-1));
371       if (new_size_candidate <= aligned_max) {
372         desired_new_size = align_up(new_size_candidate, alignment);
373       }
374     }
375   }
376 
377   return desired_new_size;
378 }
379 
380 size_t DefNewGeneration::calculate_desired_young_gen_bytes() const {
381   size_t old_size = SerialHeap::heap()->old_gen()->capacity();
382   size_t new_size_before = _virtual_space.committed_size();
383   size_t min_new_size = NewSize;
384   size_t max_new_size = reserved().byte_size();
385   assert(min_new_size <= new_size_before &&
386          new_size_before <= max_new_size,
387          "just checking");
388   // All space sizes must be multiples of Generation::GenGrain.
389   size_t alignment = Generation::GenGrain;
390 
391   int threads_count = Threads::number_of_non_daemon_threads();
392   size_t thread_increase_size = calculate_thread_increase_size(threads_count);
393 
394   size_t new_size_candidate = old_size / NewRatio;
395   // Compute desired new generation size based on NewRatio and NewSizeThreadIncrease
396   // and reverts to previous value if any overflow happens
397   size_t desired_new_size = adjust_for_thread_increase(new_size_candidate, new_size_before,
398                                                        alignment, thread_increase_size);
399 
400   // Adjust new generation size
401   desired_new_size = clamp(desired_new_size, min_new_size, max_new_size);
402   if (!from()->is_empty()) {
403     // Mininum constraint to hold all live objs inside from-space.
404     size_t min_survivor_size = align_up(from()->used(), alignment);
405 
406     // SurvivorRatio := eden_size / survivor_size
407     // young-gen-size = eden_size                     + 2 * survivor_size
408     //                = SurvivorRatio * survivor_size + 2 * survivor_size
409     //                = (SurvivorRatio + 2) * survivor_size
410     size_t min_young_gen_size = min_survivor_size * (SurvivorRatio + 2);
411 
412     desired_new_size = MAX2(min_young_gen_size, desired_new_size);
413   }
414   assert(is_aligned(desired_new_size, alignment), "postcondition");
415 
416   return desired_new_size;
417 }
418 
419 void DefNewGeneration::resize_inner() {
420   assert(eden()->is_empty(), "precondition");
421   assert(to()->is_empty(), "precondition");
422 
423   size_t current_young_gen_size_bytes = _virtual_space.committed_size();
424   size_t desired_young_gen_size_bytes = calculate_desired_young_gen_bytes();
425   if (current_young_gen_size_bytes == desired_young_gen_size_bytes) {
426     return;
427   }
428 
429   // Commit/uncommit
430   if (desired_young_gen_size_bytes > current_young_gen_size_bytes) {
431     size_t delta_bytes = desired_young_gen_size_bytes - current_young_gen_size_bytes;
432     if (!expand(delta_bytes)) {
433       return;
434     }
435   } else {
436     size_t delta_bytes = current_young_gen_size_bytes - desired_young_gen_size_bytes;
437     _virtual_space.shrink_by(delta_bytes);
438   }
439 
440   assert(desired_young_gen_size_bytes == _virtual_space.committed_size(), "inv");
441 
442   init_spaces();
443 
444   log_debug(gc, ergo, heap)("New generation size %zuK->%zuK [eden=%zuK,survivor=%zuK]",
445     current_young_gen_size_bytes/K, _virtual_space.committed_size()/K,
446     eden()->capacity()/K, from()->capacity()/K);
447 }
448 
449 void DefNewGeneration::resize_after_young_gc() {
450   // Called only after successful young-gc.
451   assert(eden()->is_empty(), "precondition");
452   assert(to()->is_empty(), "precondition");
453 
454   if ((char*)to()->bottom() == _virtual_space.low()) {
455     // layout: to, from, eden; can't resize.
456     return;
457   }
458 
459   assert((char*)from()->bottom() == _virtual_space.low(), "inv");
460   resize_inner();
461 }
462 
463 void DefNewGeneration::resize_after_full_gc() {
464   if (eden()->is_empty() && from()->is_empty() && to()->is_empty()) {
465     resize_inner();
466     return;
467   }
468 
469   // Usually the young-gen is empty after full-gc.
470   // This is the extreme case; expand young-gen to its max size.
471   if (_virtual_space.uncommitted_size() == 0) {
472     // Already at its max size.
473     return;
474   }
475 
476   // Keep from/to and expand eden.
477   expand_eden_by(_virtual_space.uncommitted_size());
478 }
479 
480 void DefNewGeneration::ref_processor_init() {
481   assert(_ref_processor == nullptr, "a reference processor already exists");
482   assert(!_reserved.is_empty(), "empty generation?");
483   _span_based_discoverer.set_span(_reserved);
484   _ref_processor = new ReferenceProcessor(&_span_based_discoverer);    // a vanilla reference processor
485 }
486 
487 size_t DefNewGeneration::capacity() const {
488   return eden()->capacity()
489        + from()->capacity();  // to() is only used during scavenge
490 }
491 
492 size_t DefNewGeneration::used() const {
493   return eden()->used()
494        + from()->used();      // to() is only used during scavenge
495 }
496 
497 size_t DefNewGeneration::free() const {
498   return eden()->free()
499        + from()->free();      // to() is only used during scavenge
500 }
501 
502 size_t DefNewGeneration::max_capacity() const {
503   const size_t reserved_bytes = reserved().byte_size();
504   const size_t min_survivor_bytes = SpaceAlignment;
505   return reserved_bytes - min_survivor_bytes;
506 }
507 
508 bool DefNewGeneration::is_in(const void* p) const {
509   return eden()->is_in(p)
510       || from()->is_in(p)
511       || to()  ->is_in(p);
512 }
513 
514 size_t DefNewGeneration::unsafe_max_alloc_nogc() const {
515   return eden()->free();
516 }
517 
518 size_t DefNewGeneration::capacity_before_gc() const {
519   return eden()->capacity();
520 }
521 
522 void DefNewGeneration::object_iterate(ObjectClosure* blk) {
523   eden()->object_iterate(blk);
524   from()->object_iterate(blk);
525 }
526 
527 // If "p" is in the space, returns the address of the start of the
528 // "block" that contains "p".  We say "block" instead of "object" since
529 // some heaps may not pack objects densely; a chunk may either be an
530 // object or a non-object.  If "p" is not in the space, return null.
531 // Very general, slow implementation.
532 static HeapWord* block_start_const(const ContiguousSpace* cs, const void* p) {
533   assert(MemRegion(cs->bottom(), cs->end()).contains(p),
534          "p (" PTR_FORMAT ") not in space [" PTR_FORMAT ", " PTR_FORMAT ")",
535          p2i(p), p2i(cs->bottom()), p2i(cs->end()));
536   if (p >= cs->top()) {
537     return cs->top();
538   } else {
539     HeapWord* last = cs->bottom();
540     HeapWord* cur = last;
541     while (cur <= p) {
542       last = cur;
543       cur += cast_to_oop(cur)->size();
544     }
545     assert(oopDesc::is_oop(cast_to_oop(last)), PTR_FORMAT " should be an object start", p2i(last));
546     return last;
547   }
548 }
549 
550 HeapWord* DefNewGeneration::block_start(const void* p) const {
551   if (eden()->is_in_reserved(p)) {
552     return block_start_const(eden(), p);
553   }
554   if (from()->is_in_reserved(p)) {
555     return block_start_const(from(), p);
556   }
557   assert(to()->is_in_reserved(p), "inv");
558   return block_start_const(to(), p);
559 }
560 
561 void DefNewGeneration::adjust_desired_tenuring_threshold() {
562   // Set the desired survivor size to half the real survivor space
563   size_t const survivor_capacity = to()->capacity() / HeapWordSize;
564   size_t const desired_survivor_size = (size_t)((((double)survivor_capacity) * TargetSurvivorRatio) / 100);
565 
566   _tenuring_threshold = age_table()->compute_tenuring_threshold(desired_survivor_size);
567 
568   if (UsePerfData) {
569     GCPolicyCounters* gc_counters = SerialHeap::heap()->counters();
570     gc_counters->tenuring_threshold()->set_value(_tenuring_threshold);
571     gc_counters->desired_survivor_size()->set_value(desired_survivor_size * oopSize);
572   }
573 
574   age_table()->print_age_table();
575 }
576 
577 bool DefNewGeneration::collect(bool clear_all_soft_refs) {
578   SerialHeap* heap = SerialHeap::heap();
579 
580   assert(to()->is_empty(), "Else not collection_attempt_is_safe");
581   _gc_timer->register_gc_start();
582   _gc_tracer->report_gc_start(heap->gc_cause(), _gc_timer->gc_start());
583   _ref_processor->start_discovery(clear_all_soft_refs);
584 
585   _old_gen = heap->old_gen();
586 
587   init_assuming_no_promotion_failure();
588 
589   GCTraceTime(Trace, gc, phases) tm("DefNew", nullptr, heap->gc_cause());
590 
591   heap->trace_heap_before_gc(_gc_tracer);
592 
593   // These can be shared for all code paths
594   IsAliveClosure is_alive(this);
595 
596   age_table()->clear();
597 
598   YoungGenScanClosure young_gen_cl(this);
599   OldGenScanClosure   old_gen_cl(this);
600 
601   FastEvacuateFollowersClosure evacuate_followers(heap,
602                                                   &young_gen_cl,
603                                                   &old_gen_cl);
604 
605   {
606     RootScanClosure oop_closure{this};
607     CLDScanClosure cld_closure{this};
608 
609     NMethodToOopClosure nmethod_closure(&oop_closure,
610                                         NMethodToOopClosure::FixRelocations);
611 
612     // Starting tracing from roots, there are 4 kinds of roots in young-gc.
613     //
614     // 1. old-to-young pointers; processing them before relocating other kinds
615     // of roots.
616     _old_gen->scan_old_to_young_refs();
617 
618     // 2. CLD; visit all (strong+weak) clds with the same closure, because we
619     // don't perform class unloading during young-gc.
620     ClassLoaderDataGraph::cld_do(&cld_closure);
621 
622     // 3. Threads stack frames and nmethods.
623     // Only nmethods that contain pointers into-young need to be processed
624     // during young-gc, and they are tracked in ScavengableNMethods
625     Threads::oops_do(&oop_closure, nullptr);
626     ScavengableNMethods::nmethods_do(&nmethod_closure);
627 
628     // 4. VM internal roots.
629     OopStorageSet::strong_oops_do(&oop_closure);
630   }
631 
632   // "evacuate followers".
633   evacuate_followers.do_void();
634 
635   {
636     // Reference processing
637     KeepAliveClosure keep_alive(this);
638     ReferenceProcessor* rp = ref_processor();
639     ReferenceProcessorPhaseTimes pt(_gc_timer, rp->max_num_queues());
640     SerialGCRefProcProxyTask task(is_alive, keep_alive, evacuate_followers);
641     const ReferenceProcessorStats& stats = rp->process_discovered_references(task, nullptr, pt);
642     _gc_tracer->report_gc_reference_stats(stats);
643     _gc_tracer->report_tenuring_threshold(tenuring_threshold());
644     pt.print_all_references();
645   }
646 
647   {
648     AdjustWeakRootClosure cl{this};
649     WeakProcessor::weak_oops_do(&is_alive, &cl);
650   }
651 
652   _string_dedup_requests.flush();
653 
654   if (!_promotion_failed) {
655     // Swap the survivor spaces.
656     eden()->clear(SpaceDecorator::Mangle);
657     from()->clear(SpaceDecorator::Mangle);
658     swap_spaces();
659 
660     assert(to()->is_empty(), "to space should be empty now");
661 
662     adjust_desired_tenuring_threshold();
663   } else {
664     assert(_promo_failure_scan_stack.is_empty(), "post condition");
665     _promo_failure_scan_stack.clear(true); // Clear cached segments.
666 
667     remove_forwarding_pointers();
668     log_info(gc, promotion)("Promotion failed");
669 
670     _gc_tracer->report_promotion_failed(_promotion_failed_info);
671 
672     // Reset the PromotionFailureALot counters.
673     NOT_PRODUCT(heap->reset_promotion_should_fail();)
674   }
675 
676   heap->trace_heap_after_gc(_gc_tracer);
677 
678   _gc_timer->register_gc_end();
679 
680   _gc_tracer->report_gc_end(_gc_timer->gc_end(), _gc_timer->time_partitions());
681 
682   return !_promotion_failed;
683 }
684 
685 void DefNewGeneration::init_assuming_no_promotion_failure() {
686   _promotion_failed = false;
687   _promotion_failed_info.reset();
688 }
689 
690 void DefNewGeneration::remove_forwarding_pointers() {
691   assert(_promotion_failed, "precondition");
692 
693   // Will enter Full GC soon due to failed promotion. Must reset the mark word
694   // of objs in young-gen so that no objs are marked (forwarded) when Full GC
695   // starts. (The mark word is overloaded: `is_marked()` == `is_forwarded()`.)
696   struct ResetForwardedMarkWord : ObjectClosure {
697     void do_object(oop obj) override {
698       if (obj->is_self_forwarded()) {
699         obj->unset_self_forwarded();
700       } else if (obj->is_forwarded()) {
701         // To restore the klass-bits in the header.
702         // Needed for object iteration to work properly.
703         obj->set_mark(obj->forwardee()->prototype_mark());
704       }
705     }
706   } cl;
707   eden()->object_iterate(&cl);
708   from()->object_iterate(&cl);
709 }
710 
711 void DefNewGeneration::handle_promotion_failure(oop old) {
712   log_debug(gc, promotion)("Promotion failure size = %zu) ", old->size());
713 
714   _promotion_failed = true;
715   _promotion_failed_info.register_copy_failure(old->size());
716 
717   ContinuationGCSupport::transform_stack_chunk(old);
718 
719   // forward to self
720   old->forward_to_self();
721 
722   _promo_failure_scan_stack.push(old);
723 
724   if (!_promo_failure_drain_in_progress) {
725     // prevent recursion in copy_to_survivor_space()
726     _promo_failure_drain_in_progress = true;
727     drain_promo_failure_scan_stack();
728     _promo_failure_drain_in_progress = false;
729   }
730 }
731 
732 oop DefNewGeneration::copy_to_survivor_space(oop old) {
733   assert(is_in_reserved(old) && !old->is_forwarded(),
734          "shouldn't be scavenging this oop");
735   size_t s = old->size();
736   oop obj = nullptr;
737 
738   // Try allocating obj in to-space (unless too old)
739   if (old->age() < tenuring_threshold()) {
740     obj = cast_to_oop(to()->allocate(s));
741   }
742 
743   bool new_obj_is_tenured = false;
744   // Otherwise try allocating obj tenured
745   if (obj == nullptr) {
746     obj = _old_gen->allocate_for_promotion(old, s);
747     if (obj == nullptr) {
748       handle_promotion_failure(old);
749       return old;
750     }
751 
752     new_obj_is_tenured = true;
753   }
754 
755   // Prefetch beyond obj
756   const intx interval = PrefetchCopyIntervalInBytes;
757   Prefetch::write(obj, interval);
758 
759   // Copy obj
760   Copy::aligned_disjoint_words(cast_from_oop<HeapWord*>(old), cast_from_oop<HeapWord*>(obj), s);
761 
762   ContinuationGCSupport::transform_stack_chunk(obj);
763 
764   if (!new_obj_is_tenured) {
765     // Increment age if obj still in new generation
766     obj->incr_age();
767     age_table()->add(obj, s);
768   }
769 
770   // Done, insert forward pointer to obj in this header
771   old->forward_to(obj);
772 
773   if (SerialStringDedup::is_candidate_from_evacuation(obj, new_obj_is_tenured)) {
774     // Record old; request adds a new weak reference, which reference
775     // processing expects to refer to a from-space object.
776     _string_dedup_requests.add(old);
777   }
778   return obj;
779 }
780 
781 void DefNewGeneration::drain_promo_failure_scan_stack() {
782   PromoteFailureClosure cl{this};
783   while (!_promo_failure_scan_stack.is_empty()) {
784      oop obj = _promo_failure_scan_stack.pop();
785      obj->oop_iterate(&cl);
786   }
787 }
788 
789 void DefNewGeneration::contribute_scratch(void*& scratch, size_t& num_words) {
790   if (_promotion_failed) {
791     return;
792   }
793 
794   const size_t MinFreeScratchWords = 100;
795 
796   ContiguousSpace* to_space = to();
797   const size_t free_words = pointer_delta(to_space->end(), to_space->top());
798   if (free_words >= MinFreeScratchWords) {
799     scratch = to_space->top();
800     num_words = free_words;
801   }
802 }
803 
804 void DefNewGeneration::reset_scratch() {
805   // If contributing scratch in to_space, mangle all of
806   // to_space if ZapUnusedHeapArea.  This is needed because
807   // top is not maintained while using to-space as scratch.
808   if (ZapUnusedHeapArea) {
809     to()->mangle_unused_area();
810   }
811 }
812 
813 void DefNewGeneration::gc_epilogue() {
814   assert(!GCLocker::is_active(), "We should not be executing here");
815   // update the generation and space performance counters
816   update_counters();
817 }
818 
819 void DefNewGeneration::update_counters() {
820   if (UsePerfData) {
821     _eden_counters->update_all();
822     _from_counters->update_all();
823     _to_counters->update_all();
824     _gen_counters->update_capacity(_virtual_space.committed_size());
825   }
826 }
827 
828 void DefNewGeneration::verify() {
829   eden()->verify();
830   from()->verify();
831     to()->verify();
832 }
833 
834 void DefNewGeneration::print_on(outputStream* st) const {
835   st->print("%-10s", name());
836 
837   st->print(" total %zuK, used %zuK ", capacity() / K, used() / K);
838   _virtual_space.print_space_boundaries_on(st);
839 
840   StreamIndentor si(st, 1);
841   eden()->print_on(st, "eden ");
842   from()->print_on(st, "from ");
843   to()->print_on(st, "to   ");
844 }
845 
846 HeapWord* DefNewGeneration::expand_and_allocate(size_t word_size) {
847   assert(Heap_lock->is_locked(), "precondition");
848 
849   size_t eden_free_bytes = eden()->free();
850   size_t requested_bytes = word_size * HeapWordSize;
851   if (eden_free_bytes < requested_bytes) {
852     size_t expand_bytes = requested_bytes - eden_free_bytes;
853     expand_eden_by(align_up(expand_bytes, SpaceAlignment));
854   }
855 
856   HeapWord* result = eden()->allocate(word_size);
857   return result;
858 }
859 
860 HeapWord* DefNewGeneration::par_allocate(size_t word_size) {
861   return eden()->par_allocate(word_size);
862 }
863 
864 size_t DefNewGeneration::tlab_capacity() const {
865   return eden()->capacity();
866 }
867 
868 size_t DefNewGeneration::tlab_used() const {
869   return eden()->used();
870 }
871 
872 size_t DefNewGeneration::unsafe_max_tlab_alloc() const {
873   return unsafe_max_alloc_nogc();
874 }