1 /*
  2  * Copyright (c) 2001, 2025, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  4  *
  5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
  7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
  8  *
  9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 13  * accompanied this code).
 14  *
 15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 18  *
 19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 21  * questions.
 22  *
 23  */
 24 
 25 #include "classfile/classLoaderDataGraph.hpp"
 26 #include "gc/serial/cardTableRS.hpp"
 27 #include "gc/serial/serialGcRefProcProxyTask.hpp"
 28 #include "gc/serial/serialHeap.inline.hpp"
 29 #include "gc/serial/serialStringDedup.inline.hpp"
 30 #include "gc/serial/tenuredGeneration.hpp"
 31 #include "gc/shared/adaptiveSizePolicy.hpp"
 32 #include "gc/shared/ageTable.inline.hpp"
 33 #include "gc/shared/collectorCounters.hpp"
 34 #include "gc/shared/continuationGCSupport.inline.hpp"
 35 #include "gc/shared/gcArguments.hpp"
 36 #include "gc/shared/gcHeapSummary.hpp"
 37 #include "gc/shared/gcLocker.hpp"
 38 #include "gc/shared/gcPolicyCounters.hpp"
 39 #include "gc/shared/gcTimer.hpp"
 40 #include "gc/shared/gcTrace.hpp"
 41 #include "gc/shared/gcTraceTime.inline.hpp"
 42 #include "gc/shared/hSpaceCounters.hpp"
 43 #include "gc/shared/oopStorageSet.inline.hpp"
 44 #include "gc/shared/referencePolicy.hpp"
 45 #include "gc/shared/referenceProcessorPhaseTimes.hpp"
 46 #include "gc/shared/scavengableNMethods.hpp"
 47 #include "gc/shared/space.hpp"
 48 #include "gc/shared/spaceDecorator.hpp"
 49 #include "gc/shared/weakProcessor.hpp"
 50 #include "logging/log.hpp"
 51 #include "memory/iterator.inline.hpp"
 52 #include "memory/reservedSpace.hpp"
 53 #include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
 54 #include "oops/instanceRefKlass.hpp"
 55 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
 56 #include "runtime/java.hpp"
 57 #include "runtime/javaThread.hpp"
 58 #include "runtime/prefetch.inline.hpp"
 59 #include "runtime/threads.hpp"
 60 #include "utilities/align.hpp"
 61 #include "utilities/copy.hpp"
 62 #include "utilities/globalDefinitions.hpp"
 63 #include "utilities/stack.inline.hpp"
 64 
 65 class PromoteFailureClosure : public InHeapScanClosure {
 66   template <typename T>
 67   void do_oop_work(T* p) {
 68     assert(is_in_young_gen(p), "promote-fail objs must be in young-gen");
 69     assert(!SerialHeap::heap()->young_gen()->to()->is_in_reserved(p), "must not be in to-space");
 70 
 71     try_scavenge(p, [] (auto) {});
 72   }
 73 public:
 74   PromoteFailureClosure(DefNewGeneration* g) : InHeapScanClosure(g) {}
 75 
 76   void do_oop(oop* p)       { do_oop_work(p); }
 77   void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { do_oop_work(p); }
 78 };
 79 
 80 class RootScanClosure : public OffHeapScanClosure {
 81   template <typename T>
 82   void do_oop_work(T* p) {
 83     assert(!SerialHeap::heap()->is_in_reserved(p), "outside the heap");
 84 
 85     try_scavenge(p,  [] (auto) {});
 86   }
 87 public:
 88   RootScanClosure(DefNewGeneration* g) : OffHeapScanClosure(g) {}
 89 
 90   void do_oop(oop* p)       { do_oop_work(p); }
 91   void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { do_oop_work(p); }
 92 };
 93 
 94 class CLDScanClosure: public CLDClosure {
 95 
 96   class CLDOopClosure : public OffHeapScanClosure {
 97   public:
 98     // Records whether this CLD contains oops pointing into young-gen after scavenging.
 99     bool _has_oops_into_young_gen;
100 
101     CLDOopClosure(DefNewGeneration* g) : OffHeapScanClosure(g),
102       _has_oops_into_young_gen(false) {}
103 
104     void do_oop(oop* p) {
105       assert(!SerialHeap::heap()->is_in_reserved(p), "outside the heap");
106 
107       try_scavenge(p, [&] (oop new_obj) {
108         if (!_has_oops_into_young_gen && is_in_young_gen(new_obj)) {
109           _has_oops_into_young_gen = true;
110         }
111       });
112     }
113 
114     void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { ShouldNotReachHere(); }
115   };
116 
117   DefNewGeneration* _g;
118  public:
119   CLDScanClosure(DefNewGeneration* g) : _g(g) {}
120 
121   void do_cld(ClassLoaderData* cld) {
122     // If the cld has not been dirtied we know that there's
123     // no references into  the young gen and we can skip it.
124     if (!cld->has_modified_oops()) {
125       return;
126     }
127 
128     CLDOopClosure oop_closure{_g};
129 
130     // Clean the cld since we're going to scavenge all the metadata.
131     cld->oops_do(&oop_closure, ClassLoaderData::_claim_none, /*clear_modified_oops*/true);
132 
133     if (oop_closure._has_oops_into_young_gen) {
134       cld->record_modified_oops();
135     }
136   }
137 };
138 
139 class IsAliveClosure: public BoolObjectClosure {
140   HeapWord*         _young_gen_end;
141 public:
142   IsAliveClosure(DefNewGeneration* g): _young_gen_end(g->reserved().end()) {}
143 
144   bool do_object_b(oop p) {
145     return cast_from_oop<HeapWord*>(p) >= _young_gen_end || p->is_forwarded();
146   }
147 };
148 
149 class AdjustWeakRootClosure: public OffHeapScanClosure {
150   template <class T>
151   void do_oop_work(T* p) {
152     DEBUG_ONLY(SerialHeap* heap = SerialHeap::heap();)
153     assert(!heap->is_in_reserved(p), "outside the heap");
154 
155     oop obj = RawAccess<IS_NOT_NULL>::oop_load(p);
156     if (is_in_young_gen(obj)) {
157       assert(!heap->young_gen()->to()->is_in_reserved(obj), "inv");
158       assert(obj->is_forwarded(), "forwarded before weak-root-processing");
159       oop new_obj = obj->forwardee();
160       RawAccess<IS_NOT_NULL>::oop_store(p, new_obj);
161     }
162   }
163  public:
164   AdjustWeakRootClosure(DefNewGeneration* g): OffHeapScanClosure(g) {}
165 
166   void do_oop(oop* p)       { do_oop_work(p); }
167   void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { ShouldNotReachHere(); }
168 };
169 
170 class KeepAliveClosure: public OopClosure {
171   DefNewGeneration* _young_gen;
172   HeapWord*         _young_gen_end;
173   CardTableRS* _rs;
174 
175   bool is_in_young_gen(void* p) const {
176     return p < _young_gen_end;
177   }
178 
179   template <class T>
180   void do_oop_work(T* p) {
181     oop obj = RawAccess<IS_NOT_NULL>::oop_load(p);
182 
183     if (is_in_young_gen(obj)) {
184       oop new_obj = obj->is_forwarded() ? obj->forwardee()
185                                         : _young_gen->copy_to_survivor_space(obj);
186       RawAccess<IS_NOT_NULL>::oop_store(p, new_obj);
187 
188       if (is_in_young_gen(new_obj) && !is_in_young_gen(p)) {
189         _rs->inline_write_ref_field_gc(p);
190       }
191     }
192   }
193 public:
194   KeepAliveClosure(DefNewGeneration* g) :
195     _young_gen(g),
196     _young_gen_end(g->reserved().end()),
197     _rs(SerialHeap::heap()->rem_set()) {}
198 
199   void do_oop(oop* p)       { do_oop_work(p); }
200   void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { do_oop_work(p); }
201 };
202 
203 class FastEvacuateFollowersClosure: public VoidClosure {
204   SerialHeap* _heap;
205   YoungGenScanClosure* _young_cl;
206   OldGenScanClosure* _old_cl;
207 public:
208   FastEvacuateFollowersClosure(SerialHeap* heap,
209                                YoungGenScanClosure* young_cl,
210                                OldGenScanClosure* old_cl) :
211     _heap(heap), _young_cl(young_cl), _old_cl(old_cl)
212   {}
213 
214   void do_void() {
215     _heap->scan_evacuated_objs(_young_cl, _old_cl);
216   }
217 };
218 
219 DefNewGeneration::DefNewGeneration(ReservedSpace rs,
220                                    size_t initial_size,
221                                    size_t min_size,
222                                    size_t max_size,
223                                    const char* policy)
224   : Generation(rs, initial_size),
225     _promotion_failed(false),
226     _promo_failure_drain_in_progress(false),
227     _string_dedup_requests()
228 {
229   _eden_space = new ContiguousSpace();
230   _from_space = new ContiguousSpace();
231   _to_space   = new ContiguousSpace();
232 
233   init_spaces();
234 
235   // Compute the maximum eden and survivor space sizes. These sizes
236   // are computed assuming the entire reserved space is committed.
237   // These values are exported as performance counters.
238   uintx size = _virtual_space.reserved_size();
239   _max_survivor_size = compute_survivor_size(size, SpaceAlignment);
240 
241   // Eden might grow to be almost as large as the entire young generation.
242   // We approximate this as the entire virtual space.
243   _max_eden_size = size;
244 
245   // allocate the performance counters
246 
247   // Generation counters -- generation 0, 3 subspaces
248   _gen_counters = new GenerationCounters("new", 0, 3,
249       min_size, max_size, _virtual_space.committed_size());
250   _gc_counters = new CollectorCounters(policy, 0);
251 
252   _eden_counters = new HSpaceCounters(_gen_counters->name_space(), "eden", 0,
253                                       _max_eden_size, _eden_space->capacity());
254   _from_counters = new HSpaceCounters(_gen_counters->name_space(), "s0", 1,
255                                       _max_survivor_size, _from_space->capacity());
256   _to_counters = new HSpaceCounters(_gen_counters->name_space(), "s1", 2,
257                                     _max_survivor_size, _to_space->capacity());
258 
259   update_counters();
260   _old_gen = nullptr;
261   _tenuring_threshold = MaxTenuringThreshold;
262 
263   _ref_processor = nullptr;
264 
265   _gc_timer = new STWGCTimer();
266 
267   _gc_tracer = new DefNewTracer();
268 }
269 
270 void DefNewGeneration::init_spaces() {
271   // Using layout: from, to, eden, so only from can be non-empty.
272   assert(eden()->is_empty(), "precondition");
273   assert(to()->is_empty(), "precondition");
274 
275   if (!from()->is_empty()) {
276     assert((char*) from()->bottom() == _virtual_space.low(), "inv");
277   }
278 
279   // Compute sizes
280   size_t size = _virtual_space.committed_size();
281   size_t survivor_size = compute_survivor_size(size, SpaceAlignment);
282   assert(survivor_size >= from()->used(), "inv");
283   assert(size > 2 * survivor_size, "inv");
284   size_t eden_size = size - (2 * survivor_size);
285   assert(eden_size > 0 && survivor_size <= eden_size, "just checking");
286 
287   // layout: from, to, eden
288   char* from_start = _virtual_space.low();
289   char* to_start = from_start + survivor_size;
290   char* eden_start = to_start + survivor_size;
291   char* eden_end = eden_start + eden_size;
292 
293   assert(eden_end == _virtual_space.high(), "just checking");
294   assert(is_aligned(from_start, SpaceAlignment), "checking alignment");
295   assert(is_aligned(to_start, SpaceAlignment),   "checking alignment");
296   assert(is_aligned(eden_start, SpaceAlignment), "checking alignment");
297   assert(is_aligned(eden_end, SpaceAlignment), "checking alignment");
298 
299   MemRegion fromMR((HeapWord*)from_start, (HeapWord*)to_start);
300   MemRegion toMR  ((HeapWord*)to_start, (HeapWord*)eden_start);
301   MemRegion edenMR((HeapWord*)eden_start, (HeapWord*)eden_end);
302 
303   // Reset the spaces for their new regions.
304   from()->initialize(fromMR, from()->is_empty());
305   to()->initialize(toMR, true);
306   eden()->initialize(edenMR, true);
307 
308   post_resize();
309 }
310 
311 void DefNewGeneration::post_resize() {
312   MemRegion cmr((HeapWord*)_virtual_space.low(),
313                 (HeapWord*)_virtual_space.high());
314   SerialHeap::heap()->rem_set()->resize_covered_region(cmr);
315 }
316 
317 void DefNewGeneration::swap_spaces() {
318   ContiguousSpace* s = from();
319   _from_space        = to();
320   _to_space          = s;
321 
322   if (UsePerfData) {
323     HSpaceCounters* c = _from_counters;
324     _from_counters = _to_counters;
325     _to_counters = c;
326   }
327 }
328 
329 bool DefNewGeneration::expand(size_t bytes) {
330   assert(bytes != 0, "precondition");
331   assert(is_aligned(bytes, SpaceAlignment), "precondition");
332 
333   bool success = _virtual_space.expand_by(bytes);
334   if (!success) {
335     log_info(gc)("Failed to expand young-gen by %zu bytes", bytes);
336   }
337 
338   return success;
339 }
340 
341 void DefNewGeneration::expand_eden_by(size_t delta_bytes) {
342   if (!expand(delta_bytes)) {
343     return;
344   }
345 
346   MemRegion eden_mr{eden()->bottom(), (HeapWord*)_virtual_space.high()};
347   eden()->initialize(eden_mr, eden()->is_empty());
348 
349   post_resize();
350 }
351 
352 size_t DefNewGeneration::calculate_desired_young_gen_bytes() const {
353   size_t old_size = SerialHeap::heap()->old_gen()->capacity();
354   size_t new_size_before = _virtual_space.committed_size();
355   size_t min_new_size = NewSize;
356   size_t max_new_size = reserved().byte_size();
357   assert(min_new_size <= new_size_before &&
358          new_size_before <= max_new_size,
359          "just checking");
360   // All space sizes must be multiples of Generation::GenGrain.
361   size_t alignment = Generation::GenGrain;
362 
363   size_t new_size_candidate = old_size / NewRatio;
364   size_t desired_new_size = align_up(new_size_candidate, alignment);
365 
366   // Adjust new generation size
367   desired_new_size = clamp(desired_new_size, min_new_size, max_new_size);
368   if (!from()->is_empty()) {
369     // Mininum constraint to hold all live objs inside from-space.
370     size_t min_survivor_size = align_up(from()->used(), alignment);
371 
372     // SurvivorRatio := eden_size / survivor_size
373     // young-gen-size = eden_size                     + 2 * survivor_size
374     //                = SurvivorRatio * survivor_size + 2 * survivor_size
375     //                = (SurvivorRatio + 2) * survivor_size
376     size_t min_young_gen_size = min_survivor_size * (SurvivorRatio + 2);
377 
378     desired_new_size = MAX2(min_young_gen_size, desired_new_size);
379   }
380   assert(is_aligned(desired_new_size, alignment), "postcondition");
381 
382   return desired_new_size;
383 }
384 
385 void DefNewGeneration::resize_inner() {
386   assert(eden()->is_empty(), "precondition");
387   assert(to()->is_empty(), "precondition");
388 
389   size_t current_young_gen_size_bytes = _virtual_space.committed_size();
390   size_t desired_young_gen_size_bytes = calculate_desired_young_gen_bytes();
391   if (current_young_gen_size_bytes == desired_young_gen_size_bytes) {
392     return;
393   }
394 
395   // Commit/uncommit
396   if (desired_young_gen_size_bytes > current_young_gen_size_bytes) {
397     size_t delta_bytes = desired_young_gen_size_bytes - current_young_gen_size_bytes;
398     if (!expand(delta_bytes)) {
399       return;
400     }
401   } else {
402     size_t delta_bytes = current_young_gen_size_bytes - desired_young_gen_size_bytes;
403     _virtual_space.shrink_by(delta_bytes);
404   }
405 
406   assert(desired_young_gen_size_bytes == _virtual_space.committed_size(), "inv");
407 
408   init_spaces();
409 
410   log_debug(gc, ergo, heap)("New generation size %zuK->%zuK [eden=%zuK,survivor=%zuK]",
411     current_young_gen_size_bytes/K, _virtual_space.committed_size()/K,
412     eden()->capacity()/K, from()->capacity()/K);
413 }
414 
415 void DefNewGeneration::resize_after_young_gc() {
416   // Called only after successful young-gc.
417   assert(eden()->is_empty(), "precondition");
418   assert(to()->is_empty(), "precondition");
419 
420   if ((char*)to()->bottom() == _virtual_space.low()) {
421     // layout: to, from, eden; can't resize.
422     return;
423   }
424 
425   assert((char*)from()->bottom() == _virtual_space.low(), "inv");
426   resize_inner();
427 }
428 
429 void DefNewGeneration::resize_after_full_gc() {
430   if (eden()->is_empty() && from()->is_empty() && to()->is_empty()) {
431     resize_inner();
432     return;
433   }
434 
435   // Usually the young-gen is empty after full-gc.
436   // This is the extreme case; expand young-gen to its max size.
437   if (_virtual_space.uncommitted_size() == 0) {
438     // Already at its max size.
439     return;
440   }
441 
442   // Keep from/to and expand eden.
443   expand_eden_by(_virtual_space.uncommitted_size());
444 }
445 
446 void DefNewGeneration::ref_processor_init() {
447   assert(_ref_processor == nullptr, "a reference processor already exists");
448   assert(!_reserved.is_empty(), "empty generation?");
449   _span_based_discoverer.set_span(_reserved);
450   _ref_processor = new ReferenceProcessor(&_span_based_discoverer);    // a vanilla reference processor
451 }
452 
453 size_t DefNewGeneration::capacity() const {
454   return eden()->capacity()
455        + from()->capacity();  // to() is only used during scavenge
456 }
457 
458 size_t DefNewGeneration::used() const {
459   return eden()->used()
460        + from()->used();      // to() is only used during scavenge
461 }
462 
463 size_t DefNewGeneration::free() const {
464   return eden()->free()
465        + from()->free();      // to() is only used during scavenge
466 }
467 
468 size_t DefNewGeneration::max_capacity() const {
469   const size_t reserved_bytes = reserved().byte_size();
470   const size_t min_survivor_bytes = SpaceAlignment;
471   return reserved_bytes - min_survivor_bytes;
472 }
473 
474 bool DefNewGeneration::is_in(const void* p) const {
475   return eden()->is_in(p)
476       || from()->is_in(p)
477       || to()  ->is_in(p);
478 }
479 
480 size_t DefNewGeneration::unsafe_max_alloc_nogc() const {
481   return eden()->free();
482 }
483 
484 size_t DefNewGeneration::capacity_before_gc() const {
485   return eden()->capacity();
486 }
487 
488 void DefNewGeneration::object_iterate(ObjectClosure* blk) {
489   eden()->object_iterate(blk);
490   from()->object_iterate(blk);
491 }
492 
493 // If "p" is in the space, returns the address of the start of the
494 // "block" that contains "p".  We say "block" instead of "object" since
495 // some heaps may not pack objects densely; a chunk may either be an
496 // object or a non-object.  If "p" is not in the space, return null.
497 // Very general, slow implementation.
498 static HeapWord* block_start_const(const ContiguousSpace* cs, const void* p) {
499   assert(MemRegion(cs->bottom(), cs->end()).contains(p),
500          "p (" PTR_FORMAT ") not in space [" PTR_FORMAT ", " PTR_FORMAT ")",
501          p2i(p), p2i(cs->bottom()), p2i(cs->end()));
502   if (p >= cs->top()) {
503     return cs->top();
504   } else {
505     HeapWord* last = cs->bottom();
506     HeapWord* cur = last;
507     while (cur <= p) {
508       last = cur;
509       cur += cast_to_oop(cur)->size();
510     }
511     assert(oopDesc::is_oop(cast_to_oop(last)), PTR_FORMAT " should be an object start", p2i(last));
512     return last;
513   }
514 }
515 
516 HeapWord* DefNewGeneration::block_start(const void* p) const {
517   if (eden()->is_in_reserved(p)) {
518     return block_start_const(eden(), p);
519   }
520   if (from()->is_in_reserved(p)) {
521     return block_start_const(from(), p);
522   }
523   assert(to()->is_in_reserved(p), "inv");
524   return block_start_const(to(), p);
525 }
526 
527 void DefNewGeneration::adjust_desired_tenuring_threshold() {
528   // Set the desired survivor size to half the real survivor space
529   size_t const survivor_capacity = to()->capacity() / HeapWordSize;
530   size_t const desired_survivor_size = (size_t)((((double)survivor_capacity) * TargetSurvivorRatio) / 100);
531 
532   _tenuring_threshold = age_table()->compute_tenuring_threshold(desired_survivor_size);
533 
534   if (UsePerfData) {
535     GCPolicyCounters* gc_counters = SerialHeap::heap()->counters();
536     gc_counters->tenuring_threshold()->set_value(_tenuring_threshold);
537     gc_counters->desired_survivor_size()->set_value(desired_survivor_size * oopSize);
538   }
539 
540   age_table()->print_age_table();
541 }
542 
543 bool DefNewGeneration::collect(bool clear_all_soft_refs) {
544   SerialHeap* heap = SerialHeap::heap();
545 
546   assert(to()->is_empty(), "Else not collection_attempt_is_safe");
547   _gc_timer->register_gc_start();
548   _gc_tracer->report_gc_start(heap->gc_cause(), _gc_timer->gc_start());
549   _ref_processor->start_discovery(clear_all_soft_refs);
550 
551   _old_gen = heap->old_gen();
552 
553   init_assuming_no_promotion_failure();
554 
555   GCTraceTime(Trace, gc, phases) tm("DefNew", nullptr, heap->gc_cause());
556 
557   heap->trace_heap_before_gc(_gc_tracer);
558 
559   // These can be shared for all code paths
560   IsAliveClosure is_alive(this);
561 
562   age_table()->clear();
563 
564   YoungGenScanClosure young_gen_cl(this);
565   OldGenScanClosure   old_gen_cl(this);
566 
567   FastEvacuateFollowersClosure evacuate_followers(heap,
568                                                   &young_gen_cl,
569                                                   &old_gen_cl);
570 
571   {
572     RootScanClosure oop_closure{this};
573     CLDScanClosure cld_closure{this};
574 
575     NMethodToOopClosure nmethod_closure(&oop_closure,
576                                         NMethodToOopClosure::FixRelocations);
577 
578     // Starting tracing from roots, there are 4 kinds of roots in young-gc.
579     //
580     // 1. old-to-young pointers; processing them before relocating other kinds
581     // of roots.
582     _old_gen->scan_old_to_young_refs();
583 
584     // 2. CLD; visit all (strong+weak) clds with the same closure, because we
585     // don't perform class unloading during young-gc.
586     ClassLoaderDataGraph::cld_do(&cld_closure);
587 
588     // 3. Threads stack frames and nmethods.
589     // Only nmethods that contain pointers into-young need to be processed
590     // during young-gc, and they are tracked in ScavengableNMethods
591     Threads::oops_do(&oop_closure, nullptr);
592     ScavengableNMethods::nmethods_do(&nmethod_closure);
593 
594     // 4. VM internal roots.
595     OopStorageSet::strong_oops_do(&oop_closure);
596   }
597 
598   // "evacuate followers".
599   evacuate_followers.do_void();
600 
601   {
602     // Reference processing
603     KeepAliveClosure keep_alive(this);
604     ReferenceProcessor* rp = ref_processor();
605     ReferenceProcessorPhaseTimes pt(_gc_timer, rp->max_num_queues());
606     SerialGCRefProcProxyTask task(is_alive, keep_alive, evacuate_followers);
607     const ReferenceProcessorStats& stats = rp->process_discovered_references(task, nullptr, pt);
608     _gc_tracer->report_gc_reference_stats(stats);
609     _gc_tracer->report_tenuring_threshold(tenuring_threshold());
610     pt.print_all_references();
611   }
612 
613   {
614     AdjustWeakRootClosure cl{this};
615     WeakProcessor::weak_oops_do(&is_alive, &cl);
616   }
617 
618   _string_dedup_requests.flush();
619 
620   if (!_promotion_failed) {
621     // Swap the survivor spaces.
622     eden()->clear(SpaceDecorator::Mangle);
623     from()->clear(SpaceDecorator::Mangle);
624     swap_spaces();
625 
626     assert(to()->is_empty(), "to space should be empty now");
627 
628     adjust_desired_tenuring_threshold();
629   } else {
630     assert(_promo_failure_scan_stack.is_empty(), "post condition");
631     _promo_failure_scan_stack.clear(true); // Clear cached segments.
632 
633     remove_forwarding_pointers();
634     log_info(gc, promotion)("Promotion failed");
635 
636     _gc_tracer->report_promotion_failed(_promotion_failed_info);
637 
638     // Reset the PromotionFailureALot counters.
639     NOT_PRODUCT(heap->reset_promotion_should_fail();)
640   }
641 
642   heap->trace_heap_after_gc(_gc_tracer);
643 
644   _gc_timer->register_gc_end();
645 
646   _gc_tracer->report_gc_end(_gc_timer->gc_end(), _gc_timer->time_partitions());
647 
648   return !_promotion_failed;
649 }
650 
651 void DefNewGeneration::init_assuming_no_promotion_failure() {
652   _promotion_failed = false;
653   _promotion_failed_info.reset();
654 }
655 
656 void DefNewGeneration::remove_forwarding_pointers() {
657   assert(_promotion_failed, "precondition");
658 
659   // Will enter Full GC soon due to failed promotion. Must reset the mark word
660   // of objs in young-gen so that no objs are marked (forwarded) when Full GC
661   // starts. (The mark word is overloaded: `is_marked()` == `is_forwarded()`.)
662   struct ResetForwardedMarkWord : ObjectClosure {
663     void do_object(oop obj) override {
664       obj->reset_forwarded();
665     }
666   } cl;
667   eden()->object_iterate(&cl);
668   from()->object_iterate(&cl);
669 }
670 
671 void DefNewGeneration::handle_promotion_failure(oop old) {
672   log_debug(gc, promotion)("Promotion failure size = %zu) ", old->size());
673 
674   _promotion_failed = true;
675   _promotion_failed_info.register_copy_failure(old->size());
676 
677   ContinuationGCSupport::transform_stack_chunk(old);
678 
679   // forward to self
680   old->forward_to_self();
681 
682   _promo_failure_scan_stack.push(old);
683 
684   if (!_promo_failure_drain_in_progress) {
685     // prevent recursion in copy_to_survivor_space()
686     _promo_failure_drain_in_progress = true;
687     drain_promo_failure_scan_stack();
688     _promo_failure_drain_in_progress = false;
689   }
690 }
691 
692 oop DefNewGeneration::copy_to_survivor_space(oop old) {
693   assert(is_in_reserved(old) && !old->is_forwarded(),
694          "shouldn't be scavenging this oop");
695   size_t old_size = old->size();
696   size_t s = old->copy_size(old_size, old->mark());
697 
698   oop obj = nullptr;
699 
700   // Try allocating obj in to-space (unless too old)
701   if (old->age() < tenuring_threshold()) {
702     obj = cast_to_oop(to()->allocate(s));
703   }
704 
705   bool new_obj_is_tenured = false;
706   // Otherwise try allocating obj tenured
707   if (obj == nullptr) {
708     obj = _old_gen->allocate_for_promotion(old, s);
709     if (obj == nullptr) {
710       handle_promotion_failure(old);
711       return old;
712     }
713 
714     new_obj_is_tenured = true;
715   }
716 
717   // Prefetch beyond obj
718   const intx interval = PrefetchCopyIntervalInBytes;
719   Prefetch::write(obj, interval);
720 
721   // Copy obj
722   Copy::aligned_disjoint_words(cast_from_oop<HeapWord*>(old), cast_from_oop<HeapWord*>(obj), old_size);
723 
724   ContinuationGCSupport::transform_stack_chunk(obj);
725 
726   if (!new_obj_is_tenured) {
727     // Increment age if obj still in new generation
728     obj->incr_age();
729     age_table()->add(obj, s);
730   }
731 
732   obj->initialize_hash_if_necessary(old);
733 
734   // Done, insert forward pointer to obj in this header
735   old->forward_to(obj);
736 
737   if (SerialStringDedup::is_candidate_from_evacuation(obj, new_obj_is_tenured)) {
738     // Record old; request adds a new weak reference, which reference
739     // processing expects to refer to a from-space object.
740     _string_dedup_requests.add(old);
741   }
742   return obj;
743 }
744 
745 void DefNewGeneration::drain_promo_failure_scan_stack() {
746   PromoteFailureClosure cl{this};
747   while (!_promo_failure_scan_stack.is_empty()) {
748      oop obj = _promo_failure_scan_stack.pop();
749      obj->oop_iterate(&cl);
750   }
751 }
752 
753 void DefNewGeneration::contribute_scratch(void*& scratch, size_t& num_words) {
754   if (_promotion_failed) {
755     return;
756   }
757 
758   const size_t MinFreeScratchWords = 100;
759 
760   ContiguousSpace* to_space = to();
761   const size_t free_words = pointer_delta(to_space->end(), to_space->top());
762   if (free_words >= MinFreeScratchWords) {
763     scratch = to_space->top();
764     num_words = free_words;
765   }
766 }
767 
768 void DefNewGeneration::reset_scratch() {
769   // If contributing scratch in to_space, mangle all of
770   // to_space if ZapUnusedHeapArea.  This is needed because
771   // top is not maintained while using to-space as scratch.
772   if (ZapUnusedHeapArea) {
773     to()->mangle_unused_area();
774   }
775 }
776 
777 void DefNewGeneration::gc_epilogue() {
778   assert(!GCLocker::is_active(), "We should not be executing here");
779   // update the generation and space performance counters
780   update_counters();
781 }
782 
783 void DefNewGeneration::update_counters() {
784   if (UsePerfData) {
785     _eden_counters->update_all(_eden_space->capacity(), _eden_space->used());
786     _from_counters->update_all(_from_space->capacity(), _from_space->used());
787     _to_counters->update_all(_to_space->capacity(), _to_space->used());
788     _gen_counters->update_capacity(_virtual_space.committed_size());
789   }
790 }
791 
792 void DefNewGeneration::verify() {
793   eden()->verify();
794   from()->verify();
795     to()->verify();
796 }
797 
798 void DefNewGeneration::print_on(outputStream* st) const {
799   st->print("%-10s", name());
800 
801   st->print(" total %zuK, used %zuK ", capacity() / K, used() / K);
802   _virtual_space.print_space_boundaries_on(st);
803 
804   StreamIndentor si(st, 1);
805   eden()->print_on(st, "eden ");
806   from()->print_on(st, "from ");
807   to()->print_on(st, "to   ");
808 }
809 
810 HeapWord* DefNewGeneration::expand_and_allocate(size_t word_size) {
811   assert(Heap_lock->is_locked(), "precondition");
812 
813   size_t eden_free_bytes = eden()->free();
814   size_t requested_bytes = word_size * HeapWordSize;
815   if (eden_free_bytes < requested_bytes) {
816     size_t expand_bytes = requested_bytes - eden_free_bytes;
817     expand_eden_by(align_up(expand_bytes, SpaceAlignment));
818   }
819 
820   HeapWord* result = eden()->allocate(word_size);
821   return result;
822 }
823 
824 HeapWord* DefNewGeneration::par_allocate(size_t word_size) {
825   return eden()->par_allocate(word_size);
826 }
827 
828 size_t DefNewGeneration::tlab_capacity() const {
829   return eden()->capacity();
830 }
831 
832 size_t DefNewGeneration::tlab_used() const {
833   return eden()->used();
834 }
835 
836 size_t DefNewGeneration::unsafe_max_tlab_alloc() const {
837   return unsafe_max_alloc_nogc();
838 }