1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 2016, 2021, Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
   3  * Copyright Amazon.com Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
   4  * Copyright (c) 2025, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   5  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   6  *
   7  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   8  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   9  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
  10  *
  11  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  12  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  13  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  14  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  15  * accompanied this code).
  16  *
  17  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  18  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  19  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  20  *
  21  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  22  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  23  * questions.
  24  *
  25  */
  26 
  27 #include "gc/shared/tlab_globals.hpp"
  28 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahAffiliation.hpp"
  29 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahFreeSet.hpp"
  30 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeap.inline.hpp"
  31 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeapRegionSet.hpp"
  32 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahMarkingContext.inline.hpp"
  33 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahOldGeneration.hpp"
  34 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahSimpleBitMap.inline.hpp"
  35 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahYoungGeneration.hpp"
  36 #include "logging/logStream.hpp"
  37 #include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
  38 #include "runtime/orderAccess.hpp"
  39 
  40 static const char* partition_name(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId t) {
  41   switch (t) {
  42     case ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::NotFree: return "NotFree";
  43     case ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator: return "Mutator";
  44     case ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector: return "Collector";
  45     case ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector: return "OldCollector";
  46     default:
  47       ShouldNotReachHere();
  48       return "Unrecognized";
  49   }
  50 }
  51 
  52 class ShenandoahLeftRightIterator {
  53 private:
  54   idx_t _idx;
  55   idx_t _end;
  56   ShenandoahRegionPartitions* _partitions;
  57   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId _partition;
  58 public:
  59   explicit ShenandoahLeftRightIterator(ShenandoahRegionPartitions* partitions,
  60                                        ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition, bool use_empty = false)
  61     : _idx(0), _end(0), _partitions(partitions), _partition(partition) {
  62     _idx = use_empty ? _partitions->leftmost_empty(_partition) : _partitions->leftmost(_partition);
  63     _end = use_empty ? _partitions->rightmost_empty(_partition) : _partitions->rightmost(_partition);
  64   }
  65 
  66   bool has_next() const {
  67     if (_idx <= _end) {
  68       assert(_partitions->in_free_set(_partition, _idx), "Boundaries or find_last_set_bit failed: %zd", _idx);
  69       return true;
  70     }
  71     return false;
  72   }
  73 
  74   idx_t current() const {
  75     return _idx;
  76   }
  77 
  78   idx_t next() {
  79     _idx = _partitions->find_index_of_next_available_region(_partition, _idx + 1);
  80     return current();
  81   }
  82 };
  83 
  84 class ShenandoahRightLeftIterator {
  85 private:
  86   idx_t _idx;
  87   idx_t _end;
  88   ShenandoahRegionPartitions* _partitions;
  89   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId _partition;
  90 public:
  91   explicit ShenandoahRightLeftIterator(ShenandoahRegionPartitions* partitions,
  92                                        ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition, bool use_empty = false)
  93     : _idx(0), _end(0), _partitions(partitions), _partition(partition) {
  94     _idx = use_empty ? _partitions->rightmost_empty(_partition) : _partitions->rightmost(_partition);
  95     _end = use_empty ? _partitions->leftmost_empty(_partition) : _partitions->leftmost(_partition);
  96   }
  97 
  98   bool has_next() const {
  99     if (_idx >= _end) {
 100       assert(_partitions->in_free_set(_partition, _idx), "Boundaries or find_last_set_bit failed: %zd", _idx);
 101       return true;
 102     }
 103     return false;
 104   }
 105 
 106   idx_t current() const {
 107     return _idx;
 108   }
 109 
 110   idx_t next() {
 111     _idx = _partitions->find_index_of_previous_available_region(_partition, _idx - 1);
 112     return current();
 113   }
 114 };
 115 
 116 #ifndef PRODUCT
 117 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::dump_bitmap() const {
 118   log_debug(gc)("Mutator range [%zd, %zd], Collector range [%zd, %zd"
 119                "], Old Collector range [%zd, %zd]",
 120                _leftmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)],
 121                _rightmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)],
 122                _leftmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)],
 123                _rightmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)],
 124                _leftmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)],
 125                _rightmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)]);
 126   log_debug(gc)("Empty Mutator range [%zd, %zd"
 127                "], Empty Collector range [%zd, %zd"
 128                "], Empty Old Collecto range [%zd, %zd]",
 129                _leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)],
 130                _rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)],
 131                _leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)],
 132                _rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)],
 133                _leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)],
 134                _rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)]);
 135 
 136   log_debug(gc)("%6s: %18s %18s %18s %18s", "index", "Mutator Bits", "Collector Bits", "Old Collector Bits", "NotFree Bits");
 137   dump_bitmap_range(0, _max-1);
 138 }
 139 
 140 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::dump_bitmap_range(idx_t start_region_idx, idx_t end_region_idx) const {
 141   assert((start_region_idx >= 0) && (start_region_idx < (idx_t) _max), "precondition");
 142   assert((end_region_idx >= 0) && (end_region_idx < (idx_t) _max), "precondition");
 143   idx_t aligned_start = _membership[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)].aligned_index(start_region_idx);
 144   idx_t aligned_end = _membership[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)].aligned_index(end_region_idx);
 145   idx_t alignment = _membership[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)].alignment();
 146   while (aligned_start <= aligned_end) {
 147     dump_bitmap_row(aligned_start);
 148     aligned_start += alignment;
 149   }
 150 }
 151 
 152 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::dump_bitmap_row(idx_t region_idx) const {
 153   assert((region_idx >= 0) && (region_idx < (idx_t) _max), "precondition");
 154   idx_t aligned_idx = _membership[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)].aligned_index(region_idx);
 155   uintx mutator_bits = _membership[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)].bits_at(aligned_idx);
 156   uintx collector_bits = _membership[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)].bits_at(aligned_idx);
 157   uintx old_collector_bits = _membership[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)].bits_at(aligned_idx);
 158   uintx free_bits = mutator_bits | collector_bits | old_collector_bits;
 159   uintx notfree_bits =  ~free_bits;
 160   log_debug(gc)("%6zd : " SIZE_FORMAT_X_0 " 0x" SIZE_FORMAT_X_0 " 0x" SIZE_FORMAT_X_0 " 0x" SIZE_FORMAT_X_0,
 161                aligned_idx, mutator_bits, collector_bits, old_collector_bits, notfree_bits);
 162 }
 163 #endif
 164 
 165 ShenandoahRegionPartitions::ShenandoahRegionPartitions(size_t max_regions, ShenandoahFreeSet* free_set) :
 166     _max(max_regions),
 167     _region_size_bytes(ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes()),
 168     _free_set(free_set),
 169     _membership{ ShenandoahSimpleBitMap(max_regions), ShenandoahSimpleBitMap(max_regions) , ShenandoahSimpleBitMap(max_regions) }
 170 {
 171   initialize_old_collector();
 172   make_all_regions_unavailable();
 173 }
 174 
 175 void ShenandoahFreeSet::account_for_pip_regions(size_t mutator_regions, size_t mutator_bytes,
 176                                                 size_t collector_regions, size_t collector_bytes) {
 177   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 178 
 179   // We have removed all of these regions from their respective partition. Each pip region is "in" the NotFree partition.
 180   // We want to account for all pip pad memory as if it had been consumed from within the Mutator partition.
 181   //
 182   // After we finish promote in place, the pad memory will be deallocated and made available within the OldCollector
 183   // region.  At that time, we will transfer the used memory from the Mutator partition to the OldCollector parttion,
 184   // and then we will unallocate the pad memory.
 185 
 186 
 187   _partitions.decrease_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, mutator_regions);
 188   _partitions.decrease_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, collector_regions);
 189 
 190   // Increase used by remnant fill objects placed in both Mutator and Collector partitions
 191   _partitions.increase_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, mutator_bytes);
 192   _partitions.increase_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, collector_bytes);
 193 
 194   // Now transfer all of the memory contained within Collector pip regions from the Collector to the Mutator.
 195   // Each of these regions is treated as fully used, even though some of the region's memory may be artifically used,
 196   // to be recycled and put into allocatable OldCollector partition after the region has been promoted in place.
 197   _partitions.transfer_used_capacity_from_to(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
 198                                              collector_regions);
 199 
 200   // Conservatively, act as if we've promoted from both Mutator and Collector partitions
 201   recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ false,
 202                              /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
 203                              /* CollectorSizeChanged */ true, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ false,
 204                              /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
 205                              /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false>();
 206   recompute_total_young_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true, /*UsedByCollectorChanged */ true>();
 207   recompute_total_global_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true, /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ true,
 208                               /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ false>();
 209 }
 210 
 211 ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId ShenandoahFreeSet::prepare_to_promote_in_place(size_t idx, size_t bytes) {
 212   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 213   size_t min_remnant_size = PLAB::min_size() * HeapWordSize;
 214   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId p =  _partitions.membership(idx);
 215   if (bytes >= min_remnant_size) {
 216     assert((p == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator) || (p == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector),
 217            "PIP region must be associated with young");
 218     _partitions.raw_clear_membership(idx, p);
 219   } else {
 220     assert(p == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::NotFree, "We did not fill this region and do not need to adjust used");
 221   }
 222   return p;
 223 }
 224 
 225 inline bool ShenandoahFreeSet::can_allocate_from(ShenandoahHeapRegion *r) const {
 226   const auto state = r->state();
 227   return ShenandoahHeapRegion::is_empty_state(state)
 228       || (ShenandoahHeapRegion::is_trash(state) && !_heap->is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress());
 229 }
 230 
 231 inline bool ShenandoahFreeSet::can_allocate_from(size_t idx) const {
 232   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(idx);
 233   return can_allocate_from(r);
 234 }
 235 
 236 inline size_t ShenandoahFreeSet::alloc_capacity(ShenandoahHeapRegion *r) const {
 237   if (r->is_trash()) {
 238     // This would be recycled on allocation path
 239     return ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
 240   } else {
 241     return r->free();
 242   }
 243 }
 244 
 245 inline size_t ShenandoahFreeSet::alloc_capacity(size_t idx) const {
 246   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(idx);
 247   return alloc_capacity(r);
 248 }
 249 
 250 inline bool ShenandoahFreeSet::has_alloc_capacity(ShenandoahHeapRegion *r) const {
 251   return alloc_capacity(r) > 0;
 252 }
 253 
 254 // This is used for unit testing.  Do not use in production code.
 255 void ShenandoahFreeSet::resize_old_collector_capacity(size_t regions) {
 256   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 257   size_t region_size_bytes = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
 258   size_t original_old_regions = _partitions.get_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) / region_size_bytes;
 259   size_t unaffiliated_mutator_regions = _partitions.get_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator);
 260   size_t unaffiliated_collector_regions = _partitions.get_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector);
 261   size_t unaffiliated_old_collector_regions = _partitions.get_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector);
 262   if (regions > original_old_regions) {
 263     size_t regions_to_transfer = regions - original_old_regions;
 264     if (regions_to_transfer <= unaffiliated_mutator_regions + unaffiliated_collector_regions) {
 265       size_t regions_from_mutator =
 266         (regions_to_transfer > unaffiliated_mutator_regions)? unaffiliated_mutator_regions: regions_to_transfer;
 267       regions_to_transfer -= regions_from_mutator;
 268       size_t regions_from_collector = regions_to_transfer;
 269       if (regions_from_mutator > 0) {
 270         transfer_empty_regions_from_to(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector,
 271                                        regions_from_mutator);
 272       }
 273       if (regions_from_collector > 0) {
 274         transfer_empty_regions_from_to(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector,
 275                                        regions_from_mutator);
 276       }
 277     } else {
 278       fatal("Could not resize old for unit test");
 279     }
 280   } else if (regions < original_old_regions) {
 281     size_t regions_to_transfer = original_old_regions - regions;
 282     if (regions_to_transfer <= unaffiliated_old_collector_regions) {
 283       transfer_empty_regions_from_to(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
 284                                      regions_to_transfer);
 285     } else {
 286       fatal("Could not resize old for unit test");
 287     }
 288   }
 289   // else, old generation is already appropriately sized
 290 }
 291 
 292 inline idx_t ShenandoahRegionPartitions::leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition) const {
 293   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "selected free partition must be valid");
 294   idx_t idx = _leftmosts[int(which_partition)];
 295   if (idx >= _max) {
 296     return _max;
 297   } else {
 298     // Cannot assert that membership[which_partition.is_set(idx) because this helper method may be used
 299     // to query the original value of leftmost when leftmost must be adjusted because the interval representing
 300     // which_partition is shrinking after the region that used to be leftmost is retired.
 301     return idx;
 302   }
 303 }
 304 
 305 inline idx_t ShenandoahRegionPartitions::rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition) const {
 306   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "selected free partition must be valid");
 307   idx_t idx = _rightmosts[int(which_partition)];
 308   // Cannot assert that membership[which_partition.is_set(idx) because this helper method may be used
 309   // to query the original value of leftmost when leftmost must be adjusted because the interval representing
 310   // which_partition is shrinking after the region that used to be leftmost is retired.
 311   return idx;
 312 }
 313 
 314 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::initialize_old_collector() {
 315   _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] = 0;
 316   _region_counts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] = 0;
 317   _empty_region_counts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] = 0;
 318 }
 319 
 320 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::make_all_regions_unavailable() {
 321   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked_or_safepoint();
 322   for (size_t partition_id = 0; partition_id < IntNumPartitions; partition_id++) {
 323     _membership[partition_id].clear_all();
 324     _leftmosts[partition_id] = _max;
 325     _rightmosts[partition_id] = -1;
 326     _leftmosts_empty[partition_id] = _max;
 327     _rightmosts_empty[partition_id] = -1;
 328     _capacity[partition_id] = 0;
 329     _region_counts[partition_id] = 0;
 330     _empty_region_counts[partition_id] = 0;
 331     _used[partition_id] = 0;
 332     _humongous_waste[partition_id] = 0;
 333     _available[partition_id] = 0;
 334   }
 335 }
 336 
 337 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::establish_mutator_intervals(idx_t mutator_leftmost, idx_t mutator_rightmost,
 338                                                              idx_t mutator_leftmost_empty, idx_t mutator_rightmost_empty,
 339                                                              size_t total_mutator_regions, size_t empty_mutator_regions,
 340                                                              size_t mutator_region_count, size_t mutator_used,
 341                                                              size_t mutator_humongous_waste_bytes) {
 342   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 343 
 344   _leftmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] = mutator_leftmost;
 345   _rightmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] = mutator_rightmost;
 346   _leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] = mutator_leftmost_empty;
 347   _rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] = mutator_rightmost_empty;
 348 
 349   _region_counts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] = mutator_region_count;
 350   _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] = mutator_used;
 351   _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] = total_mutator_regions * _region_size_bytes;
 352   _humongous_waste[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] = mutator_humongous_waste_bytes;
 353   _available[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] =
 354     _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] - _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)];
 355 
 356   _empty_region_counts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] = empty_mutator_regions;
 357 
 358   _leftmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] = _max;
 359   _rightmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] = -1;
 360   _leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] = _max;
 361   _rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] = -1;
 362 
 363   _region_counts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] = 0;
 364   _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] = 0;
 365   _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] = 0;
 366   _humongous_waste[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] = 0;
 367   _available[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] = 0;
 368 
 369   _empty_region_counts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] = 0;
 370 }
 371 
 372 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::establish_old_collector_intervals(idx_t old_collector_leftmost,
 373                                                                    idx_t old_collector_rightmost,
 374                                                                    idx_t old_collector_leftmost_empty,
 375                                                                    idx_t old_collector_rightmost_empty,
 376                                                                    size_t total_old_collector_region_count,
 377                                                                    size_t old_collector_empty, size_t old_collector_regions,
 378                                                                    size_t old_collector_used,
 379                                                                    size_t old_collector_humongous_waste_bytes) {
 380   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 381 
 382   _leftmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] = old_collector_leftmost;
 383   _rightmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] = old_collector_rightmost;
 384   _leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] = old_collector_leftmost_empty;
 385   _rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] = old_collector_rightmost_empty;
 386 
 387   _region_counts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] = old_collector_regions;
 388   _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] = old_collector_used;
 389   _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] = total_old_collector_region_count * _region_size_bytes;
 390   _humongous_waste[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] = old_collector_humongous_waste_bytes;
 391   _available[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] =
 392     _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] - _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)];
 393 
 394   _empty_region_counts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] = old_collector_empty;
 395 }
 396 
 397 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::increase_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t bytes) {
 398   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 399   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "Partition must be valid");
 400 
 401   _used[int(which_partition)] += bytes;
 402   _available[int(which_partition)] -= bytes;
 403   assert (_used[int(which_partition)] <= _capacity[int(which_partition)],
 404           "Must not use (%zu) more than capacity (%zu) after increase by %zu",
 405           _used[int(which_partition)], _capacity[int(which_partition)], bytes);
 406 }
 407 
 408 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::decrease_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t bytes) {
 409   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 410   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "Partition must be valid");
 411   assert (_used[int(which_partition)] >= bytes, "Must not use less than zero after decrease");
 412   _used[int(which_partition)] -= bytes;
 413   _available[int(which_partition)] += bytes;
 414 }
 415 
 416 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::increase_humongous_waste(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t bytes) {
 417   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 418   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "Partition must be valid");
 419   _humongous_waste[int(which_partition)] += bytes;
 420 }
 421 
 422 size_t ShenandoahRegionPartitions::get_humongous_waste(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition) {
 423   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "Partition must be valid");
 424   return _humongous_waste[int(which_partition)];
 425 }
 426 
 427 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::set_capacity_of(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t value) {
 428   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 429   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "selected free set must be valid");
 430   _capacity[int(which_partition)] = value;
 431   _available[int(which_partition)] = value - _used[int(which_partition)];
 432 }
 433 
 434 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::set_used_by(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t value) {
 435   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 436   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "selected free set must be valid");
 437   _used[int(which_partition)] = value;
 438   _available[int(which_partition)] = _capacity[int(which_partition)] - value;
 439 }
 440 
 441 
 442 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::increase_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t bytes) {
 443   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 444   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "Partition must be valid");
 445   _capacity[int(which_partition)] += bytes;
 446   _available[int(which_partition)] += bytes;
 447 }
 448 
 449 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::transfer_used_capacity_from_to(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId from_partition,
 450                                                                 ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId to_partition, size_t regions) {
 451   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 452   size_t bytes = regions * ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
 453   assert (from_partition < NumPartitions, "Partition must be valid");
 454   assert (to_partition < NumPartitions, "Partition must be valid");
 455   assert(_capacity[int(from_partition)] >= bytes, "Cannot remove more capacity bytes than are present");
 456   assert(_used[int(from_partition)] >= bytes, "Cannot transfer used bytes that are not used");
 457 
 458   // available is unaffected by transfer
 459   _capacity[int(from_partition)] -= bytes;
 460   _used[int(from_partition)] -= bytes;
 461   _capacity[int(to_partition)] += bytes;
 462   _used[int(to_partition)] += bytes;
 463 }
 464 
 465 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::decrease_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t bytes) {
 466   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 467   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "Partition must be valid");
 468   assert(_capacity[int(which_partition)] >= bytes, "Cannot remove more capacity bytes than are present");
 469   assert(_available[int(which_partition)] >= bytes, "Cannot shrink capacity unless capacity is unused");
 470   _capacity[int(which_partition)] -= bytes;
 471   _available[int(which_partition)] -= bytes;
 472 }
 473 
 474 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::increase_available(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t bytes) {
 475   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 476   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "Partition must be valid");
 477   _available[int(which_partition)] += bytes;
 478 }
 479 
 480 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::decrease_available(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t bytes) {
 481   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 482   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "Partition must be valid");
 483   assert(_available[int(which_partition)] >= bytes, "Cannot remove more available bytes than are present");
 484   _available[int(which_partition)] -= bytes;
 485 }
 486 
 487 size_t ShenandoahRegionPartitions::get_available(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition) {
 488   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "Partition must be valid");
 489   return _available[int(which_partition)];
 490 }
 491 
 492 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::increase_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t regions) {
 493   _region_counts[int(which_partition)] += regions;
 494 }
 495 
 496 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::decrease_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t regions) {
 497   assert(_region_counts[int(which_partition)] >= regions, "Cannot remove more regions than are present");
 498   _region_counts[int(which_partition)] -= regions;
 499 }
 500 
 501 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::increase_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t regions) {
 502   _empty_region_counts[int(which_partition)] += regions;
 503 }
 504 
 505 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::decrease_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t regions) {
 506   assert(_empty_region_counts[int(which_partition)] >= regions, "Cannot remove more regions than are present");
 507   _empty_region_counts[int(which_partition)] -= regions;
 508 }
 509 
 510 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::one_region_is_no_longer_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition) {
 511   decrease_empty_region_counts(partition, (size_t) 1);
 512 }
 513 
 514 // All members of partition between low_idx and high_idx inclusive have been removed.
 515 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::shrink_interval_if_range_modifies_either_boundary(
 516   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition, idx_t low_idx, idx_t high_idx, size_t num_regions) {
 517   assert((low_idx <= high_idx) && (low_idx >= 0) && (high_idx < _max), "Range must span legal index values");
 518   size_t span = high_idx + 1 - low_idx;
 519   bool regions_are_contiguous = (span == num_regions);
 520   if (low_idx == leftmost(partition)) {
 521     assert (!_membership[int(partition)].is_set(low_idx), "Do not shrink interval if region not removed");
 522     if (high_idx + 1 == _max) {
 523       if (regions_are_contiguous) {
 524         _leftmosts[int(partition)] = _max;
 525       } else {
 526         _leftmosts[int(partition)] = find_index_of_next_available_region(partition, low_idx + 1);
 527       }
 528     } else {
 529       if (regions_are_contiguous) {
 530         _leftmosts[int(partition)] = find_index_of_next_available_region(partition, high_idx + 1);
 531       } else {
 532         _leftmosts[int(partition)] = find_index_of_next_available_region(partition, low_idx + 1);
 533       }
 534     }
 535     if (_leftmosts_empty[int(partition)] < _leftmosts[int(partition)]) {
 536       // This gets us closer to where we need to be; we'll scan further when leftmosts_empty is requested.
 537       _leftmosts_empty[int(partition)] = _leftmosts[int(partition)];
 538     }
 539   }
 540   if (high_idx == _rightmosts[int(partition)]) {
 541     assert (!_membership[int(partition)].is_set(high_idx), "Do not shrink interval if region not removed");
 542     if (low_idx == 0) {
 543       if (regions_are_contiguous) {
 544         _rightmosts[int(partition)] = -1;
 545       } else {
 546         _rightmosts[int(partition)] = find_index_of_previous_available_region(partition, high_idx - 1);
 547       }
 548     } else {
 549       if (regions_are_contiguous) {
 550         _rightmosts[int(partition)] = find_index_of_previous_available_region(partition, low_idx - 1);
 551       } else {
 552         _rightmosts[int(partition)] = find_index_of_previous_available_region(partition, high_idx - 1);
 553       }
 554     }
 555     if (_rightmosts_empty[int(partition)] > _rightmosts[int(partition)]) {
 556       // This gets us closer to where we need to be; we'll scan further when rightmosts_empty is requested.
 557       _rightmosts_empty[int(partition)] = _rightmosts[int(partition)];
 558     }
 559   }
 560   if (_leftmosts[int(partition)] > _rightmosts[int(partition)]) {
 561     _leftmosts[int(partition)] = _max;
 562     _rightmosts[int(partition)] = -1;
 563     _leftmosts_empty[int(partition)] = _max;
 564     _rightmosts_empty[int(partition)] = -1;
 565   }
 566 }
 567 
 568 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::establish_interval(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition, idx_t low_idx,
 569                                                     idx_t high_idx, idx_t low_empty_idx, idx_t high_empty_idx) {
 570 #ifdef ASSERT
 571   assert (partition < NumPartitions, "invalid partition");
 572   if (low_idx != max()) {
 573     assert((low_idx <= high_idx) && (low_idx >= 0) && (high_idx < _max), "Range must span legal index values");
 574     assert (in_free_set(partition, low_idx), "Must be in partition of established interval");
 575     assert (in_free_set(partition, high_idx), "Must be in partition of established interval");
 576   }
 577   if (low_empty_idx != max()) {
 578     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = ShenandoahHeap::heap()->get_region(low_empty_idx);
 579     assert (in_free_set(partition, low_empty_idx) && (r->is_trash() || r->free() == _region_size_bytes),
 580             "Must be empty and in partition of established interval");
 581     r = ShenandoahHeap::heap()->get_region(high_empty_idx);
 582     assert (in_free_set(partition, high_empty_idx), "Must be in partition of established interval");
 583   }
 584 #endif
 585 
 586   _leftmosts[int(partition)] = low_idx;
 587   _rightmosts[int(partition)] = high_idx;
 588   _leftmosts_empty[int(partition)] = low_empty_idx;
 589   _rightmosts_empty[int(partition)] = high_empty_idx;
 590 }
 591 
 592 inline void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::shrink_interval_if_boundary_modified(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition,
 593                                                                              idx_t idx) {
 594   shrink_interval_if_range_modifies_either_boundary(partition, idx, idx, 1);
 595 }
 596 
 597 // Some members of partition between low_idx and high_idx inclusive have been added.
 598 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::
 599 expand_interval_if_range_modifies_either_boundary(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition, idx_t low_idx, idx_t high_idx,
 600                                                   idx_t low_empty_idx, idx_t high_empty_idx) {
 601   if (_leftmosts[int(partition)] > low_idx) {
 602     _leftmosts[int(partition)] = low_idx;
 603   }
 604   if (_rightmosts[int(partition)] < high_idx) {
 605     _rightmosts[int(partition)] = high_idx;
 606   }
 607   if (_leftmosts_empty[int(partition)] > low_empty_idx) {
 608     _leftmosts_empty[int(partition)] = low_empty_idx;
 609   }
 610   if (_rightmosts_empty[int(partition)] < high_empty_idx) {
 611     _rightmosts_empty[int(partition)] = high_empty_idx;
 612   }
 613 }
 614 
 615 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::expand_interval_if_boundary_modified(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition,
 616                                                                       idx_t idx, size_t region_available) {
 617   if (_leftmosts[int(partition)] > idx) {
 618     _leftmosts[int(partition)] = idx;
 619   }
 620   if (_rightmosts[int(partition)] < idx) {
 621     _rightmosts[int(partition)] = idx;
 622   }
 623   if (region_available == _region_size_bytes) {
 624     if (_leftmosts_empty[int(partition)] > idx) {
 625       _leftmosts_empty[int(partition)] = idx;
 626     }
 627     if (_rightmosts_empty[int(partition)] < idx) {
 628       _rightmosts_empty[int(partition)] = idx;
 629     }
 630   }
 631 }
 632 
 633 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::retire_range_from_partition(
 634   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition, idx_t low_idx, idx_t high_idx) {
 635 
 636   // Note: we may remove from free partition even if region is not entirely full, such as when available < PLAB::min_size()
 637   assert ((low_idx < _max) && (high_idx < _max), "Both indices are sane: %zu and %zu < %zu",
 638           low_idx, high_idx, _max);
 639   assert (partition < NumPartitions, "Cannot remove from free partitions if not already free");
 640 
 641   for (idx_t idx = low_idx; idx <= high_idx; idx++) {
 642 #ifdef ASSERT
 643     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = ShenandoahHeap::heap()->get_region(idx);
 644     assert (in_free_set(partition, idx), "Must be in partition to remove from partition");
 645     assert(r->is_empty_or_trash(), "Region must be empty or trash");
 646 #endif
 647     _membership[int(partition)].clear_bit(idx);
 648   }
 649   size_t num_regions = high_idx + 1 - low_idx;
 650   decrease_region_counts(partition, num_regions);
 651   decrease_empty_region_counts(partition, num_regions);
 652   shrink_interval_if_range_modifies_either_boundary(partition, low_idx, high_idx, num_regions);
 653 }
 654 
 655 size_t ShenandoahRegionPartitions::retire_from_partition(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition,
 656                                                          idx_t idx, size_t used_bytes) {
 657 
 658   size_t waste_bytes = 0;
 659   // Note: we may remove from free partition even if region is not entirely full, such as when available < PLAB::min_size()
 660   assert (idx < _max, "index is sane: %zu < %zu", idx, _max);
 661   assert (partition < NumPartitions, "Cannot remove from free partitions if not already free");
 662   assert (in_free_set(partition, idx), "Must be in partition to remove from partition");
 663 
 664   if (used_bytes < _region_size_bytes) {
 665     // Count the alignment pad remnant of memory as used when we retire this region
 666     size_t fill_padding = _region_size_bytes - used_bytes;
 667     waste_bytes = fill_padding;
 668     increase_used(partition, fill_padding);
 669   }
 670   _membership[int(partition)].clear_bit(idx);
 671   decrease_region_counts(partition, 1);
 672   shrink_interval_if_boundary_modified(partition, idx);
 673 
 674   // This region is fully used, whether or not top() equals end().  It
 675   // is retired and no more memory will be allocated from within it.
 676 
 677   return waste_bytes;
 678 }
 679 
 680 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::unretire_to_partition(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition) {
 681   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 682   make_free(r->index(), which_partition, r->free());
 683 }
 684 
 685 
 686 // The caller is responsible for increasing capacity and available and used in which_partition, and decreasing the
 687 // same quantities for the original partition
 688 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::make_free(idx_t idx, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, size_t available) {
 689   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 690   assert (idx < _max, "index is sane: %zu < %zu", idx, _max);
 691   assert (membership(idx) == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::NotFree, "Cannot make free if already free");
 692   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "selected free partition must be valid");
 693   assert (available <= _region_size_bytes, "Available cannot exceed region size");
 694 
 695   _membership[int(which_partition)].set_bit(idx);
 696   expand_interval_if_boundary_modified(which_partition, idx, available);
 697 }
 698 
 699 bool ShenandoahRegionPartitions::is_mutator_partition(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId p) {
 700   return (p == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator);
 701 }
 702 
 703 bool ShenandoahRegionPartitions::is_young_collector_partition(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId p) {
 704   return (p == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector);
 705 }
 706 
 707 bool ShenandoahRegionPartitions::is_old_collector_partition(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId p) {
 708   return (p == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector);
 709 }
 710 
 711 bool ShenandoahRegionPartitions::available_implies_empty(size_t available_in_region) {
 712   return (available_in_region == _region_size_bytes);
 713 }
 714 
 715 // Do not adjust capacities, available, or used.  Return used delta.
 716 size_t ShenandoahRegionPartitions::
 717 move_from_partition_to_partition_with_deferred_accounting(idx_t idx, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId orig_partition,
 718                                                           ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId new_partition, size_t available) {
 719   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = ShenandoahHeap::heap()->get_region(idx);
 720   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 721   assert (idx < _max, "index is sane: %zu < %zu", idx, _max);
 722   assert (orig_partition < NumPartitions, "Original partition must be valid");
 723   assert (new_partition < NumPartitions, "New partition must be valid");
 724   assert (available <= _region_size_bytes, "Available cannot exceed region size");
 725   assert (_membership[int(orig_partition)].is_set(idx), "Cannot move from partition unless in partition");
 726   assert ((r != nullptr) && ((r->is_trash() && (available == _region_size_bytes)) ||
 727                              (r->used() + available == _region_size_bytes)),
 728           "Used: %zu + available: %zu should equal region size: %zu",
 729           ShenandoahHeap::heap()->get_region(idx)->used(), available, _region_size_bytes);
 730 
 731   // Expected transitions:
 732   //  During rebuild:         Mutator => Collector
 733   //                          Mutator empty => Collector
 734   //                          Mutator empty => OldCollector
 735   //  During flip_to_gc:      Mutator empty => Collector
 736   //                          Mutator empty => OldCollector
 737   // At start of update refs: Collector => Mutator
 738   //                          OldCollector Empty => Mutator
 739   assert ((is_mutator_partition(orig_partition) && is_young_collector_partition(new_partition)) ||
 740           (is_mutator_partition(orig_partition) &&
 741            available_implies_empty(available) && is_old_collector_partition(new_partition)) ||
 742           (is_young_collector_partition(orig_partition) && is_mutator_partition(new_partition)) ||
 743           (is_old_collector_partition(orig_partition)
 744            && available_implies_empty(available) && is_mutator_partition(new_partition)),
 745           "Unexpected movement between partitions, available: %zu, _region_size_bytes: %zu"
 746           ", orig_partition: %s, new_partition: %s",
 747           available, _region_size_bytes, partition_name(orig_partition), partition_name(new_partition));
 748 
 749   size_t used = _region_size_bytes - available;
 750   assert (_used[int(orig_partition)] >= used,
 751           "Orig partition used: %zu must exceed moved used: %zu within region %zd",
 752           _used[int(orig_partition)], used, idx);
 753 
 754   _membership[int(orig_partition)].clear_bit(idx);
 755   _membership[int(new_partition)].set_bit(idx);
 756   return used;
 757 }
 758 
 759 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::move_from_partition_to_partition(idx_t idx, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId orig_partition,
 760                                                                   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId new_partition, size_t available) {
 761   size_t used = move_from_partition_to_partition_with_deferred_accounting(idx, orig_partition, new_partition, available);
 762 
 763   // We decreased used, which increases available, but then we decrease available by full region size below
 764   decrease_used(orig_partition, used);
 765   _region_counts[int(orig_partition)]--;
 766   _capacity[int(orig_partition)] -= _region_size_bytes;
 767   _available[int(orig_partition)] -= _region_size_bytes;
 768   shrink_interval_if_boundary_modified(orig_partition, idx);
 769 
 770   _capacity[int(new_partition)] += _region_size_bytes;
 771   _available[int(new_partition)] += _region_size_bytes;
 772   _region_counts[int(new_partition)]++;
 773   // We increased availableby full region size above, but decrease it by used within this region now.
 774   increase_used(new_partition, used);
 775   expand_interval_if_boundary_modified(new_partition, idx, available);
 776 
 777   if (available == _region_size_bytes) {
 778     _empty_region_counts[int(orig_partition)]--;
 779     _empty_region_counts[int(new_partition)]++;
 780   }
 781 }
 782 
 783 const char* ShenandoahRegionPartitions::partition_membership_name(idx_t idx) const {
 784   return partition_name(membership(idx));
 785 }
 786 
 787 #ifdef ASSERT
 788 inline bool ShenandoahRegionPartitions::partition_id_matches(idx_t idx, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId test_partition) const {
 789   assert (idx < _max, "index is sane: %zu < %zu", idx, _max);
 790   assert (test_partition < ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::NotFree, "must be a valid partition");
 791 
 792   return membership(idx) == test_partition;
 793 }
 794 #endif
 795 
 796 inline bool ShenandoahRegionPartitions::is_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition) const {
 797   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "selected free partition must be valid");
 798   return (leftmost(which_partition) > rightmost(which_partition));
 799 }
 800 
 801 inline idx_t ShenandoahRegionPartitions::find_index_of_next_available_region(
 802   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, idx_t start_index) const {
 803   idx_t rightmost_idx = rightmost(which_partition);
 804   idx_t leftmost_idx = leftmost(which_partition);
 805   if ((rightmost_idx < leftmost_idx) || (start_index > rightmost_idx)) return _max;
 806   if (start_index < leftmost_idx) {
 807     start_index = leftmost_idx;
 808   }
 809   idx_t result = _membership[int(which_partition)].find_first_set_bit(start_index, rightmost_idx + 1);
 810   if (result > rightmost_idx) {
 811     result = _max;
 812   }
 813   assert (result >= start_index, "Requires progress");
 814   return result;
 815 }
 816 
 817 inline idx_t ShenandoahRegionPartitions::find_index_of_previous_available_region(
 818   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, idx_t last_index) const {
 819   idx_t rightmost_idx = rightmost(which_partition);
 820   idx_t leftmost_idx = leftmost(which_partition);
 821   // if (leftmost_idx == max) then (last_index < leftmost_idx)
 822   if (last_index < leftmost_idx) return -1;
 823   if (last_index > rightmost_idx) {
 824     last_index = rightmost_idx;
 825   }
 826   idx_t result = _membership[int(which_partition)].find_last_set_bit(-1, last_index);
 827   if (result < leftmost_idx) {
 828     result = -1;
 829   }
 830   assert (result <= last_index, "Requires progress");
 831   return result;
 832 }
 833 
 834 inline idx_t ShenandoahRegionPartitions::find_index_of_next_available_cluster_of_regions(
 835   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, idx_t start_index, size_t cluster_size) const {
 836   idx_t rightmost_idx = rightmost(which_partition);
 837   idx_t leftmost_idx = leftmost(which_partition);
 838   if ((rightmost_idx < leftmost_idx) || (start_index > rightmost_idx)) return _max;
 839   idx_t result =
 840     _membership[int(which_partition)].find_first_consecutive_set_bits(start_index, rightmost_idx + 1, cluster_size);
 841   if (result > rightmost_idx) {
 842     result = _max;
 843   }
 844   assert (result >= start_index, "Requires progress");
 845   return result;
 846 }
 847 
 848 inline idx_t ShenandoahRegionPartitions::find_index_of_previous_available_cluster_of_regions(
 849   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition, idx_t last_index, size_t cluster_size) const {
 850   idx_t leftmost_idx = leftmost(which_partition);
 851   // if (leftmost_idx == max) then (last_index < leftmost_idx)
 852   if (last_index < leftmost_idx) return -1;
 853   idx_t result = _membership[int(which_partition)].find_last_consecutive_set_bits(leftmost_idx - 1, last_index, cluster_size);
 854   if (result <= leftmost_idx) {
 855     result = -1;
 856   }
 857   assert (result <= last_index, "Requires progress");
 858   return result;
 859 }
 860 
 861 idx_t ShenandoahRegionPartitions::leftmost_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition) {
 862   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "selected free partition must be valid");
 863   idx_t max_regions = _max;
 864   if (_leftmosts_empty[int(which_partition)] == _max) {
 865     return _max;
 866   }
 867   for (idx_t idx = find_index_of_next_available_region(which_partition, _leftmosts_empty[int(which_partition)]);
 868        idx < max_regions; ) {
 869     assert(in_free_set(which_partition, idx), "Boundaries or find_last_set_bit failed: %zd", idx);
 870     if (_free_set->alloc_capacity(idx) == _region_size_bytes) {
 871       _leftmosts_empty[int(which_partition)] = idx;
 872       return idx;
 873     }
 874     idx = find_index_of_next_available_region(which_partition, idx + 1);
 875   }
 876   _leftmosts_empty[int(which_partition)] = _max;
 877   _rightmosts_empty[int(which_partition)] = -1;
 878   return _max;
 879 }
 880 
 881 idx_t ShenandoahRegionPartitions::rightmost_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition) {
 882   assert (which_partition < NumPartitions, "selected free partition must be valid");
 883   if (_rightmosts_empty[int(which_partition)] < 0) {
 884     return -1;
 885   }
 886   for (idx_t idx = find_index_of_previous_available_region(which_partition, _rightmosts_empty[int(which_partition)]);
 887        idx >= 0; ) {
 888     assert(in_free_set(which_partition, idx), "Boundaries or find_last_set_bit failed: %zd", idx);
 889     if (_free_set->alloc_capacity(idx) == _region_size_bytes) {
 890       _rightmosts_empty[int(which_partition)] = idx;
 891       return idx;
 892     }
 893     idx = find_index_of_previous_available_region(which_partition, idx - 1);
 894   }
 895   _leftmosts_empty[int(which_partition)] = _max;
 896   _rightmosts_empty[int(which_partition)] = -1;
 897   return -1;
 898 }
 899 
 900 
 901 #ifdef ASSERT
 902 void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::assert_bounds() {
 903 
 904   size_t capacities[UIntNumPartitions];
 905   size_t used[UIntNumPartitions];
 906   size_t regions[UIntNumPartitions];
 907   size_t humongous_waste[UIntNumPartitions];
 908 
 909   // We don't know whether young retired regions belonged to Mutator or Collector before they were retired.
 910   // We just tally the total, and divide it to make matches work if possible.
 911   size_t young_retired_regions = 0;
 912   size_t young_retired_used = 0;
 913   size_t young_retired_capacity = 0;
 914   size_t young_humongous_waste = 0;
 915 
 916   idx_t leftmosts[UIntNumPartitions];
 917   idx_t rightmosts[UIntNumPartitions];
 918   idx_t empty_leftmosts[UIntNumPartitions];
 919   idx_t empty_rightmosts[UIntNumPartitions];
 920 
 921   for (uint i = 0; i < UIntNumPartitions; i++) {
 922     leftmosts[i] = _max;
 923     empty_leftmosts[i] = _max;
 924     rightmosts[i] = -1;
 925     empty_rightmosts[i] = -1;
 926     capacities[i] = 0;
 927     used[i] = 0;
 928     regions[i] = 0;
 929     humongous_waste[i] = 0;
 930   }
 931 
 932   for (idx_t i = 0; i < _max; i++) {
 933     ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition = membership(i);
 934     size_t capacity = _free_set->alloc_capacity(i);
 935     switch (partition) {
 936       case ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::NotFree:
 937       {
 938         assert(capacity != _region_size_bytes, "Should not be retired if empty");
 939         ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = ShenandoahHeap::heap()->get_region(i);
 940         if (r->is_humongous()) {
 941           if (r->is_old()) {
 942             regions[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)]++;
 943             used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] += _region_size_bytes;
 944             capacities[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] += _region_size_bytes;
 945             humongous_waste[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] += capacity;
 946           } else {
 947             assert(r->is_young(), "Must be young if not old");
 948             young_retired_regions++;
 949             // Count entire region as used even if there is some waste.
 950             young_retired_used += _region_size_bytes;
 951             young_retired_capacity += _region_size_bytes;
 952             young_humongous_waste += capacity;
 953           }
 954         } else {
 955           assert(r->is_cset() || (capacity < PLAB::min_size() * HeapWordSize),
 956                  "Expect retired remnant size to be smaller than min plab size");
 957           // This region has been retired already or it is in the cset.  In either case, we set capacity to zero
 958           // so that the entire region will be counted as used.  We count young cset regions as "retired".
 959           capacity = 0;
 960           if (r->is_old()) {
 961             regions[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)]++;
 962             used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] += _region_size_bytes - capacity;
 963             capacities[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] += _region_size_bytes;
 964           } else {
 965             assert(r->is_young(), "Must be young if not old");
 966             young_retired_regions++;
 967             young_retired_used += _region_size_bytes - capacity;
 968             young_retired_capacity += _region_size_bytes;
 969           }
 970         }
 971       }
 972       break;
 973 
 974       case ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator:
 975       case ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector:
 976       case ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector:
 977       {
 978         ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = ShenandoahHeap::heap()->get_region(i);
 979         assert(capacity > 0, "free regions must have allocation capacity");
 980         bool is_empty = (capacity == _region_size_bytes);
 981         regions[int(partition)]++;
 982         used[int(partition)] += _region_size_bytes - capacity;
 983         capacities[int(partition)] += _region_size_bytes;
 984         if (i < leftmosts[int(partition)]) {
 985           leftmosts[int(partition)] = i;
 986         }
 987         if (is_empty && (i < empty_leftmosts[int(partition)])) {
 988           empty_leftmosts[int(partition)] = i;
 989         }
 990         if (i > rightmosts[int(partition)]) {
 991           rightmosts[int(partition)] = i;
 992         }
 993         if (is_empty && (i > empty_rightmosts[int(partition)])) {
 994           empty_rightmosts[int(partition)] = i;
 995         }
 996         break;
 997       }
 998 
 999       default:
1000         ShouldNotReachHere();
1001     }
1002   }
1003 
1004   // Performance invariants. Failing these would not break the free partition, but performance would suffer.
1005   assert (leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator) <= _max,
1006           "leftmost in bounds: %zd < %zd", leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),  _max);
1007   assert (rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator) < _max,
1008           "rightmost in bounds: %zd < %zd", rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),  _max);
1009 
1010   assert (leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator) == _max
1011           || partition_id_matches(leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator), ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),
1012           "leftmost region should be free: %zd",  leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator));
1013   assert (leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator) == _max
1014           || partition_id_matches(rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator), ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),
1015           "rightmost region should be free: %zd", rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator));
1016 
1017   // If Mutator partition is empty, leftmosts will both equal max, rightmosts will both equal zero.
1018   // Likewise for empty region partitions.
1019   idx_t beg_off = leftmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)];
1020   idx_t end_off = rightmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)];
1021   assert (beg_off >= leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),
1022           "Mutator free region before the leftmost: %zd, bound %zd",
1023           beg_off, leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator));
1024   assert (end_off <= rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),
1025           "Mutator free region past the rightmost: %zd, bound %zd",
1026           end_off, rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator));
1027 
1028   beg_off = empty_leftmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)];
1029   end_off = empty_rightmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)];
1030   assert (beg_off >= _leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)],
1031           "free empty region (%zd) before the leftmost bound %zd",
1032           beg_off, _leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)]);
1033   assert (end_off <= _rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)],
1034           "free empty region (%zd) past the rightmost bound %zd",
1035           end_off, _rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)]);
1036 
1037   // Performance invariants. Failing these would not break the free partition, but performance would suffer.
1038   assert (leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector) <= _max, "leftmost in bounds: %zd < %zd",
1039           leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector),  _max);
1040   assert (rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector) < _max, "rightmost in bounds: %zd < %zd",
1041           rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector),  _max);
1042 
1043   assert (leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector) == _max
1044           || partition_id_matches(leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector), ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector),
1045           "Collector leftmost region should be free: %zd",  leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector));
1046   assert (leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector) == _max
1047           || partition_id_matches(rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector), ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector),
1048           "Collector rightmost region should be free: %zd", rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector));
1049 
1050   // If Collector partition is empty, leftmosts will both equal max, rightmosts will both equal zero.
1051   // Likewise for empty region partitions.
1052   beg_off = leftmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)];
1053   end_off = rightmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)];
1054   assert (beg_off >= leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector),
1055           "Collector free region before the leftmost: %zd, bound %zd",
1056           beg_off, leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector));
1057   assert (end_off <= rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector),
1058           "Collector free region past the rightmost: %zd, bound %zd",
1059           end_off, rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector));
1060 
1061   beg_off = empty_leftmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)];
1062   end_off = empty_rightmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)];
1063   assert (beg_off >= _leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)],
1064           "Collector free empty region before the leftmost: %zd, bound %zd",
1065           beg_off, _leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)]);
1066   assert (end_off <= _rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)],
1067           "Collector free empty region past the rightmost: %zd, bound %zd",
1068           end_off, _rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)]);
1069 
1070   // Performance invariants. Failing these would not break the free partition, but performance would suffer.
1071   assert (leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) <= _max, "OldCollector leftmost in bounds: %zd < %zd",
1072           leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector),  _max);
1073   assert (rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) < _max, "OldCollector rightmost in bounds: %zd < %zd",
1074           rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector),  _max);
1075 
1076   assert (leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) == _max
1077           || partition_id_matches(leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector),
1078                                   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector),
1079           "OldCollector leftmost region should be free: %zd",  leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector));
1080   assert (leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) == _max
1081           || partition_id_matches(rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector),
1082                                   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector),
1083           "OldCollector rightmost region should be free: %zd", rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector));
1084 
1085   // Concurrent recycling of trash recycles a region (changing its state from is_trash to is_empty without the heap lock),
1086 
1087   // If OldCollector partition is empty, leftmosts will both equal max, rightmosts will both equal zero.
1088   // Likewise for empty region partitions.
1089   beg_off = leftmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)];
1090   end_off = rightmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)];
1091   assert (beg_off >= leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector), "free regions before the leftmost: %zd, bound %zd",
1092           beg_off, leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector));
1093   assert (end_off <= rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector), "free regions past the rightmost: %zd, bound %zd",
1094           end_off, rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector));
1095 
1096   beg_off = empty_leftmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)];
1097   end_off = empty_rightmosts[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)];
1098   assert (beg_off >= _leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)],
1099           "free empty region (%zd) before the leftmost bound %zd, region %s trash",
1100           beg_off, _leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)],
1101           ((beg_off >= _max)? "out of bounds is not":
1102            (ShenandoahHeap::heap()->get_region(_leftmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)])->is_trash()?
1103             "is": "is not")));
1104   assert (end_off <= _rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)],
1105           "free empty region (%zd) past the rightmost bound %zd, region %s trash",
1106           end_off, _rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)],
1107           ((end_off < 0)? "out of bounds is not" :
1108            (ShenandoahHeap::heap()->get_region(_rightmosts_empty[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)])->is_trash()?
1109             "is": "is not")));
1110 
1111   // young_retired_regions need to be added to either Mutator or Collector partitions, 100% used.
1112   // Give enough of young_retired_regions, young_retired_capacity, young_retired_user
1113   //  to the Mutator partition to top it off so that it matches the running totals.
1114   //
1115   // Give any remnants to the Collector partition.  After topping off the Collector partition, its values
1116   //  should also match running totals.
1117   assert(young_retired_regions * _region_size_bytes == young_retired_capacity, "sanity");
1118   assert(young_retired_capacity == young_retired_used, "sanity");
1119 
1120   assert(capacities[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)]
1121          == _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)], "Old collector capacities must match (%zu != %zu)",
1122          capacities[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)],
1123          _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)]);
1124   assert(used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)]
1125          == _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)], "Old collector used must match");
1126   assert(regions[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)]
1127          == _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] / _region_size_bytes, "Old collector regions must match");
1128   assert(_capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)]
1129          >= _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)], "Old Collector capacity must be >= used");
1130   assert(_available[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] ==
1131          (_capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] - _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)]),
1132          "Old Collector available must equal capacity minus used");
1133   assert(_humongous_waste[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)] ==
1134          humongous_waste[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)], "Old Collector humongous waste must match");
1135 
1136   assert(_capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] >= capacities[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)],
1137          "Capacity total must be >= counted tally");
1138   size_t mutator_capacity_shortfall =
1139     _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] - capacities[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)];
1140   assert(mutator_capacity_shortfall <= young_retired_capacity, "sanity");
1141   capacities[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] += mutator_capacity_shortfall;
1142   young_retired_capacity -= mutator_capacity_shortfall;
1143   capacities[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] += young_retired_capacity;
1144 
1145   assert(_used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] >= used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)],
1146          "Used total must be >= counted tally");
1147   size_t mutator_used_shortfall =
1148     _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] - used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)];
1149   assert(mutator_used_shortfall <= young_retired_used, "sanity");
1150   used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] += mutator_used_shortfall;
1151   young_retired_used -= mutator_used_shortfall;
1152   used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] += young_retired_used;
1153 
1154   assert(_capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] / _region_size_bytes
1155          >= regions[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)], "Region total must be >= counted tally");
1156   size_t mutator_regions_shortfall = (_capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] / _region_size_bytes
1157                                       - regions[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)]);
1158   assert(mutator_regions_shortfall <= young_retired_regions, "sanity");
1159   regions[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] += mutator_regions_shortfall;
1160   young_retired_regions -= mutator_regions_shortfall;
1161   regions[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] += young_retired_regions;
1162 
1163   assert(capacities[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] == _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)],
1164          "Collector capacities must match");
1165   assert(used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] == _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)],
1166          "Collector used must match");
1167   assert(regions[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)]
1168          == _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] / _region_size_bytes, "Collector regions must match");
1169   assert(_capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] >= _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)],
1170          "Collector Capacity must be >= used");
1171   assert(_available[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] ==
1172          (_capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)] - _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)]),
1173          "Collector Available must equal capacity minus used");
1174 
1175   assert(capacities[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] == _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)],
1176          "Mutator capacities must match");
1177   assert(used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] == _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)],
1178          "Mutator used must match");
1179   assert(regions[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)]
1180          == _capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] / _region_size_bytes, "Mutator regions must match");
1181   assert(_capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] >= _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)],
1182          "Mutator capacity must be >= used");
1183   assert(_available[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] ==
1184          (_capacity[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] - _used[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)]),
1185          "Mutator available must equal capacity minus used");
1186   assert(_humongous_waste[int(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)] == young_humongous_waste,
1187          "Mutator humongous waste must match");
1188 }
1189 
1190 inline void ShenandoahRegionPartitions::assert_bounds_sanity() {
1191   for (uint8_t i = 0; i < UIntNumPartitions; i++) {
1192     ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition = static_cast<ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId>(i);
1193     assert(leftmost(partition) == _max || membership(leftmost(partition)) == partition, "Left most boundry must be sane");
1194     assert(rightmost(partition) == -1 || membership(rightmost(partition)) == partition, "Right most boundry must be sane");
1195 
1196     assert(leftmost_empty(partition) == _max || leftmost_empty(partition) >= leftmost(partition), "Left most empty must be sane");
1197     assert(rightmost_empty(partition) == -1 || rightmost_empty(partition) <= rightmost(partition), "Right most empty must be sane");
1198   }
1199 }
1200 
1201 #endif
1202 
1203 ShenandoahFreeSet::ShenandoahFreeSet(ShenandoahHeap* heap, size_t max_regions) :
1204   _heap(heap),
1205   _partitions(max_regions, this),
1206   _total_humongous_waste(0),
1207   _alloc_bias_weight(0),
1208   _total_young_used(0),
1209   _total_old_used(0),
1210   _total_global_used(0),
1211   _young_affiliated_regions(0),
1212   _old_affiliated_regions(0),
1213   _global_affiliated_regions(0),
1214   _young_unaffiliated_regions(0),
1215   _global_unaffiliated_regions(0),
1216   _total_young_regions(0),
1217   _total_global_regions(0)
1218 {
1219   clear_internal();
1220 }
1221 
1222 void ShenandoahFreeSet::move_unaffiliated_regions_from_collector_to_old_collector(ssize_t count) {
1223   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
1224   size_t region_size_bytes =  ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
1225 
1226   size_t old_capacity = _partitions.get_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector);
1227   size_t collector_capacity = _partitions.get_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector);
1228   if (count > 0) {
1229     size_t ucount = count;
1230     size_t bytes_moved = ucount * region_size_bytes;
1231     assert(collector_capacity >= bytes_moved, "Cannot transfer");
1232     assert(_partitions.get_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector) >= ucount,
1233            "Cannot transfer %zu of %zu", ucount, _partitions.get_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector));
1234     _partitions.decrease_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, ucount);
1235     _partitions.set_capacity_of(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, collector_capacity - bytes_moved);
1236     _partitions.set_capacity_of(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, old_capacity + bytes_moved);
1237     _partitions.increase_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, ucount);
1238   } else if (count < 0) {
1239     size_t ucount = -count;
1240     size_t bytes_moved = ucount * region_size_bytes;
1241     assert(old_capacity >= bytes_moved, "Cannot transfer");
1242     assert(_partitions.get_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) >= ucount,
1243            "Cannot transfer %zu of %zu", ucount, _partitions.get_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector));
1244     _partitions.decrease_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, ucount);
1245     _partitions.set_capacity_of(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, old_capacity - bytes_moved);
1246     _partitions.set_capacity_of(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, collector_capacity + bytes_moved);
1247     _partitions.increase_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, ucount);
1248   }
1249   // else, do nothing
1250 }
1251 
1252 // was pip_pad_bytes
1253 void ShenandoahFreeSet::add_promoted_in_place_region_to_old_collector(ShenandoahHeapRegion* region) {
1254   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
1255   size_t plab_min_size_in_bytes = ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::heap()->plab_min_size() * HeapWordSize;
1256   size_t region_size_bytes =  ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
1257   size_t available_in_region = alloc_capacity(region);
1258   size_t region_index = region->index();
1259   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId p = _partitions.membership(region_index);
1260   assert(_partitions.membership(region_index) == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::NotFree,
1261          "Regions promoted in place should have been excluded from Mutator partition");
1262 
1263   // If region had been retired, its end-of-region alignment pad had been counted as used within the Mutator partition
1264   size_t used_while_awaiting_pip = region_size_bytes;
1265   size_t used_after_pip = region_size_bytes;
1266   if (available_in_region >= plab_min_size_in_bytes) {
1267     used_after_pip -= available_in_region;
1268   } else {
1269     if (available_in_region >= ShenandoahHeap::min_fill_size() * HeapWordSize) {
1270       size_t fill_words = available_in_region / HeapWordSize;
1271       ShenandoahHeap::heap()->old_generation()->card_scan()->register_object(region->top());
1272       region->allocate_fill(fill_words);
1273     }
1274     available_in_region = 0;
1275   }
1276 
1277   assert(p == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::NotFree, "pip region must be NotFree");
1278   assert(region->is_young(), "pip region must be young");
1279 
1280   // Though this region may have been promoted in place from the Collector region, its usage is now accounted within
1281   // the Mutator partition.
1282   _partitions.decrease_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, used_while_awaiting_pip);
1283 
1284   // decrease capacity adjusts available
1285   _partitions.decrease_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, region_size_bytes);
1286   _partitions.increase_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, region_size_bytes);
1287   _partitions.increase_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, used_after_pip);
1288   region->set_affiliation(ShenandoahAffiliation::OLD_GENERATION);
1289   if (available_in_region > 0) {
1290     assert(available_in_region >= plab_min_size_in_bytes, "enforced above");
1291     _partitions.increase_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, 1);
1292     // make_free() adjusts bounds for OldCollector partition
1293     _partitions.make_free(region_index, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, available_in_region);
1294     _heap->old_generation()->augment_promoted_reserve(available_in_region);
1295     assert(available_in_region != region_size_bytes, "Nothing to promote in place");
1296   }
1297   // else, leave this region as NotFree
1298 
1299   recompute_total_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true,
1300                        /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ false, /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ true>();
1301   // Conservatively, assume that pip regions came from both Mutator and Collector
1302   recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ false,
1303                              /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
1304                              /* CollectorSizeChanged */ true, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ true,
1305                              /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
1306                              /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true>();
1307   _partitions.assert_bounds();
1308 }
1309 
1310 template<typename Iter>
1311 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::allocate_with_affiliation(Iter& iterator,
1312                                                        ShenandoahAffiliation affiliation,
1313                                                        ShenandoahAllocRequest& req,
1314                                                        bool& in_new_region) {
1315   assert(affiliation != ShenandoahAffiliation::FREE, "Must not");
1316   ShenandoahHeapRegion* free_region = nullptr;
1317   for (idx_t idx = iterator.current(); iterator.has_next(); idx = iterator.next()) {
1318     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(idx);
1319     if (r->affiliation() == affiliation) {
1320       HeapWord* result = try_allocate_in(r, req, in_new_region);
1321       if (result != nullptr) {
1322         return result;
1323       }
1324     } else if (free_region == nullptr && r->affiliation() == FREE) {
1325       free_region = r;
1326     }
1327   }
1328   // Failed to allocate within any affiliated region, try the first free region in the partition.
1329   if (free_region != nullptr) {
1330     HeapWord* result = try_allocate_in(free_region, req, in_new_region);
1331     assert(result != nullptr, "Allocate in free region in the partition always succeed.");
1332     return result;
1333   }
1334   log_debug(gc, free)("Could not allocate collector region with affiliation: %s for request " PTR_FORMAT,
1335                       shenandoah_affiliation_name(affiliation), p2i(&req));
1336   return nullptr;
1337 }
1338 
1339 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::allocate_single(ShenandoahAllocRequest& req, bool& in_new_region) {
1340   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
1341 
1342   // Scan the bitmap looking for a first fit.
1343   //
1344   // Leftmost and rightmost bounds provide enough caching to walk bitmap efficiently. Normally,
1345   // we would find the region to allocate at right away.
1346   //
1347   // Allocations are biased: GC allocations are taken from the high end of the heap.  Regular (and TLAB)
1348   // mutator allocations are taken from the middle of heap, below the memory reserved for Collector.
1349   // Humongous mutator allocations are taken from the bottom of the heap.
1350   //
1351   // Free set maintains mutator and collector partitions.  Normally, each allocates only from its partition,
1352   // except in special cases when the collector steals regions from the mutator partition.
1353 
1354   // Overwrite with non-zero (non-null) values only if necessary for allocation bookkeeping.
1355 
1356   if (req.is_mutator_alloc()) {
1357     return allocate_for_mutator(req, in_new_region);
1358   } else {
1359     return allocate_for_collector(req, in_new_region);
1360   }
1361 }
1362 
1363 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::allocate_for_mutator(ShenandoahAllocRequest &req, bool &in_new_region) {
1364   update_allocation_bias();
1365 
1366   if (_partitions.is_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)) {
1367     // There is no recovery. Mutator does not touch collector view at all.
1368     return nullptr;
1369   }
1370 
1371   // Try to allocate in the mutator view
1372   if (_partitions.alloc_from_left_bias(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)) {
1373     // Allocate from low to high memory.  This keeps the range of fully empty regions more tightly packed.
1374     // Note that the most recently allocated regions tend not to be evacuated in a given GC cycle.  So this
1375     // tends to accumulate "fragmented" uncollected regions in high memory.
1376     ShenandoahLeftRightIterator iterator(&_partitions, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator);
1377     return allocate_from_regions(iterator, req, in_new_region);
1378   }
1379 
1380   // Allocate from high to low memory. This preserves low memory for humongous allocations.
1381   ShenandoahRightLeftIterator iterator(&_partitions, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator);
1382   return allocate_from_regions(iterator, req, in_new_region);
1383 }
1384 
1385 void ShenandoahFreeSet::update_allocation_bias() {
1386   if (_alloc_bias_weight-- <= 0) {
1387     // We have observed that regions not collected in previous GC cycle tend to congregate at one end or the other
1388     // of the heap.  Typically, these are the more recently engaged regions and the objects in these regions have not
1389     // yet had a chance to die (and/or are treated as floating garbage).  If we use the same allocation bias on each
1390     // GC pass, these "most recently" engaged regions for GC pass N will also be the "most recently" engaged regions
1391     // for GC pass N+1, and the relatively large amount of live data and/or floating garbage introduced
1392     // during the most recent GC pass may once again prevent the region from being collected.  We have found that
1393     // alternating the allocation behavior between GC passes improves evacuation performance by 3-7% on certain
1394     // benchmarks.  In the best case, this has the effect of consuming these partially consumed regions before
1395     // the start of the next mark cycle so all of their garbage can be efficiently reclaimed.
1396     //
1397     // First, finish consuming regions that are already partially consumed so as to more tightly limit ranges of
1398     // available regions.  Other potential benefits:
1399     //  1. Eventual collection set has fewer regions because we have packed newly allocated objects into fewer regions
1400     //  2. We preserve the "empty" regions longer into the GC cycle, reducing likelihood of allocation failures
1401     //     late in the GC cycle.
1402     idx_t non_empty_on_left = (_partitions.leftmost_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)
1403                                - _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator));
1404     idx_t non_empty_on_right = (_partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)
1405                                 - _partitions.rightmost_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator));
1406     _partitions.set_bias_from_left_to_right(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, (non_empty_on_right < non_empty_on_left));
1407     _alloc_bias_weight = INITIAL_ALLOC_BIAS_WEIGHT;
1408   }
1409 }
1410 
1411 template<typename Iter>
1412 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::allocate_from_regions(Iter& iterator, ShenandoahAllocRequest &req, bool &in_new_region) {
1413   for (idx_t idx = iterator.current(); iterator.has_next(); idx = iterator.next()) {
1414     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(idx);
1415     size_t min_size = req.is_lab_alloc() ? req.min_size() : req.size();
1416     if (alloc_capacity(r) >= min_size * HeapWordSize) {
1417       HeapWord* result = try_allocate_in(r, req, in_new_region);
1418       if (result != nullptr) {
1419         return result;
1420       }
1421     }
1422   }
1423   return nullptr;
1424 }
1425 
1426 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::allocate_for_collector(ShenandoahAllocRequest &req, bool &in_new_region) {
1427   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
1428   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_partition = req.is_old()? ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector: ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector;
1429   HeapWord* result = nullptr;
1430   if (_partitions.alloc_from_left_bias(which_partition)) {
1431     ShenandoahLeftRightIterator iterator(&_partitions, which_partition);
1432     result = allocate_with_affiliation(iterator, req.affiliation(), req, in_new_region);
1433   } else {
1434     ShenandoahRightLeftIterator iterator(&_partitions, which_partition);
1435     result = allocate_with_affiliation(iterator, req.affiliation(), req, in_new_region);
1436   }
1437 
1438   if (result != nullptr) {
1439     return result;
1440   }
1441 
1442   // No dice. Can we borrow space from mutator view?
1443   if (!ShenandoahEvacReserveOverflow) {
1444     return nullptr;
1445   }
1446 
1447   if (_partitions.get_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator) > 0) {
1448     // Try to steal an empty region from the mutator view.
1449     result = try_allocate_from_mutator(req, in_new_region);
1450   }
1451 
1452   // This is it. Do not try to mix mutator and GC allocations, because adjusting region UWM
1453   // due to GC allocations would expose unparsable mutator allocations.
1454   return result;
1455 }
1456 
1457 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::try_allocate_from_mutator(ShenandoahAllocRequest& req, bool& in_new_region) {
1458   // The collector prefers to keep longer lived regions toward the right side of the heap, so it always
1459   // searches for regions from right to left here.
1460   ShenandoahRightLeftIterator iterator(&_partitions, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, true);
1461   for (idx_t idx = iterator.current(); iterator.has_next(); idx = iterator.next()) {
1462     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(idx);
1463     if (can_allocate_from(r)) {
1464       if (req.is_old()) {
1465         if (!flip_to_old_gc(r)) {
1466           continue;
1467         }
1468       } else {
1469         flip_to_gc(r);
1470       }
1471       // Region r is entirely empty.  If try_allocate_in fails on region r, something else is really wrong.
1472       // Don't bother to retry with other regions.
1473       log_debug(gc, free)("Flipped region %zu to gc for request: " PTR_FORMAT, idx, p2i(&req));
1474       return try_allocate_in(r, req, in_new_region);
1475     }
1476   }
1477 
1478   return nullptr;
1479 }
1480 
1481 
1482 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::try_allocate_in(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r, ShenandoahAllocRequest& req, bool& in_new_region) {
1483   assert (has_alloc_capacity(r), "Performance: should avoid full regions on this path: %zu", r->index());
1484   if (_heap->is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress() && r->is_trash()) {
1485     // We cannot use this region for allocation when weak roots are in progress because the collector may need
1486     // to reference unmarked oops during concurrent classunloading. The collector also needs accurate marking
1487     // information to determine which weak handles need to be null'd out. If the region is recycled before weak
1488     // roots processing has finished, weak root processing may fail to null out a handle into a trashed region.
1489     // This turns the handle into a dangling pointer and will crash or corrupt the heap.
1490     return nullptr;
1491   }
1492   HeapWord* result = nullptr;
1493   // We must call try_recycle_under_lock() even if !r->is_trash().  The reason is that if r is being recycled at this
1494   // moment by a GC worker thread, it may appear to be not trash even though it has not yet been fully recycled.  If
1495   // we proceed without waiting for the worker to finish recycling the region, the worker thread may overwrite the
1496   // region's affiliation with FREE after we set the region's affiliation to req.affiliation() below
1497   r->try_recycle_under_lock();
1498   in_new_region = r->is_empty();
1499   if (in_new_region) {
1500     log_debug(gc, free)("Using new region (%zu) for %s (" PTR_FORMAT ").",
1501                         r->index(), req.type_string(), p2i(&req));
1502     assert(!r->is_affiliated(), "New region %zu should be unaffiliated", r->index());
1503     r->set_affiliation(req.affiliation());
1504     if (r->is_old()) {
1505       // Any OLD region allocated during concurrent coalesce-and-fill does not need to be coalesced and filled because
1506       // all objects allocated within this region are above TAMS (and thus are implicitly marked).  In case this is an
1507       // OLD region and concurrent preparation for mixed evacuations visits this region before the start of the next
1508       // old-gen concurrent mark (i.e. this region is allocated following the start of old-gen concurrent mark but before
1509       // concurrent preparations for mixed evacuations are completed), we mark this region as not requiring any
1510       // coalesce-and-fill processing.
1511       r->end_preemptible_coalesce_and_fill();
1512     }
1513 #ifdef ASSERT
1514     ShenandoahMarkingContext* const ctx = _heap->marking_context();
1515     assert(ctx->top_at_mark_start(r) == r->bottom(), "Newly established allocation region starts with TAMS equal to bottom");
1516     assert(ctx->is_bitmap_range_within_region_clear(ctx->top_bitmap(r), r->end()), "Bitmap above top_bitmap() must be clear");
1517 #endif
1518     log_debug(gc, free)("Using new region (%zu) for %s (" PTR_FORMAT ").",
1519                         r->index(), req.type_string(), p2i(&req));
1520   } else {
1521     assert(r->is_affiliated(), "Region %zu that is not new should be affiliated", r->index());
1522     if (r->affiliation() != req.affiliation()) {
1523       assert(_heap->mode()->is_generational(), "Request for %s from %s region should only happen in generational mode.",
1524              req.affiliation_name(), r->affiliation_name());
1525       return nullptr;
1526     }
1527   }
1528 
1529   // req.size() is in words, r->free() is in bytes.
1530   if (req.is_lab_alloc()) {
1531     size_t adjusted_size = req.size();
1532     size_t free = align_down(r->free() >> LogHeapWordSize, MinObjAlignment);
1533     if (adjusted_size > free) {
1534       adjusted_size = free;
1535     }
1536     if (adjusted_size >= req.min_size()) {
1537       result = r->allocate(adjusted_size, req);
1538       assert (result != nullptr, "Allocation must succeed: free %zu, actual %zu", free, adjusted_size);
1539       req.set_actual_size(adjusted_size);
1540     } else {
1541       log_trace(gc, free)("Failed to shrink LAB request (%zu) in region %zu to %zu"
1542                           " because min_size() is %zu", req.size(), r->index(), adjusted_size, req.min_size());
1543     }
1544   } else {
1545     size_t size = req.size();
1546     result = r->allocate(size, req);
1547     if (result != nullptr) {
1548       // Record actual allocation size
1549       req.set_actual_size(size);
1550     }
1551   }
1552 
1553   if (result != nullptr) {
1554     // Allocation successful, bump stats:
1555     if (req.is_mutator_alloc()) {
1556       assert(req.is_young(), "Mutator allocations always come from young generation.");
1557       _partitions.increase_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, req.actual_size() * HeapWordSize);
1558     } else {
1559       assert(req.is_gc_alloc(), "Should be gc_alloc since req wasn't mutator alloc");
1560 
1561       // For GC allocations, we advance update_watermark because the objects relocated into this memory during
1562       // evacuation are not updated during evacuation.  For both young and old regions r, it is essential that all
1563       // PLABs be made parsable at the end of evacuation.  This is enabled by retiring all plabs at end of evacuation.
1564       r->set_update_watermark(r->top());
1565       if (r->is_old()) {
1566         _partitions.increase_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, (req.actual_size() + req.waste()) * HeapWordSize);
1567       } else {
1568         _partitions.increase_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, (req.actual_size() + req.waste()) * HeapWordSize);
1569       }
1570     }
1571   }
1572 
1573   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId orig_partition;
1574   if (req.is_mutator_alloc()) {
1575     orig_partition = ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator;
1576   } else if (req.is_old()) {
1577     orig_partition = ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector;
1578   } else {
1579     // Not old collector alloc, so this is a young collector gclab or shared allocation
1580     orig_partition = ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector;
1581   }
1582   DEBUG_ONLY(bool boundary_changed = false;)
1583   if ((result != nullptr) && in_new_region) {
1584     _partitions.one_region_is_no_longer_empty(orig_partition);
1585     DEBUG_ONLY(boundary_changed = true;)
1586   }
1587 
1588   if (alloc_capacity(r) < PLAB::min_size() * HeapWordSize) {
1589     // Regardless of whether this allocation succeeded, if the remaining memory is less than PLAB:min_size(), retire this region.
1590     // Note that retire_from_partition() increases used to account for waste.
1591 
1592     size_t idx = r->index();
1593     size_t waste_bytes = _partitions.retire_from_partition(orig_partition, idx, r->used());
1594     DEBUG_ONLY(boundary_changed = true;)
1595     if (req.is_mutator_alloc() && (waste_bytes > 0)) {
1596       req.set_waste(waste_bytes / HeapWordSize);
1597     }
1598   }
1599 
1600   switch (orig_partition) {
1601   case ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator:
1602     recompute_total_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true,
1603                          /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ false, /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ false>();
1604     if (in_new_region) {
1605       recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ false,
1606                                  /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ false,
1607                                  /* CollectorSizeChanged */ false, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ false,
1608                                  /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ false,
1609                                  /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false>();
1610     }
1611     break;
1612   case ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector:
1613     recompute_total_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ false,
1614                          /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ true, /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ false>();
1615     if (in_new_region) {
1616       recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ true,
1617                                  /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ false,
1618                                  /* CollectorSizeChanged */ false, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ false,
1619                                  /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ false,
1620                                  /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false>();
1621     }
1622     break;
1623   case ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector:
1624     recompute_total_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ false,
1625                          /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ false, /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ true>();
1626     if (in_new_region) {
1627       recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ false,
1628                                  /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ false,
1629                                  /* CollectorSizeChanged */ false, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ false,
1630                                  /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ false,
1631                                  /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true>();
1632     }
1633     break;
1634   case ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::NotFree:
1635   default:
1636     assert(false, "won't happen");
1637   }
1638 #ifdef ASSERT
1639   if (boundary_changed) {
1640     _partitions.assert_bounds();
1641   } else {
1642     _partitions.assert_bounds_sanity();
1643   }
1644 #endif
1645   return result;
1646 }
1647 
1648 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::allocate_contiguous(ShenandoahAllocRequest& req, bool is_humongous) {
1649   assert(req.is_mutator_alloc(), "All contiguous allocations are performed by mutator");
1650   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
1651 
1652   size_t words_size = req.size();
1653   idx_t num = ShenandoahHeapRegion::required_regions(words_size * HeapWordSize);
1654 
1655   assert(req.is_young(), "Humongous regions always allocated in YOUNG");
1656 
1657   // Check if there are enough regions left to satisfy allocation.
1658   if (num > (idx_t) _partitions.count(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)) {
1659     return nullptr;
1660   }
1661 
1662   idx_t start_range = _partitions.leftmost_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator);
1663   idx_t end_range = _partitions.rightmost_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator) + 1;
1664   idx_t last_possible_start = end_range - num;
1665 
1666   // Find the continuous interval of $num regions, starting from $beg and ending in $end,
1667   // inclusive. Contiguous allocations are biased to the beginning.
1668   idx_t beg = _partitions.find_index_of_next_available_cluster_of_regions(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
1669                                                                           start_range, num);
1670   if (beg > last_possible_start) {
1671     // Hit the end, goodbye
1672     return nullptr;
1673   }
1674   idx_t end = beg;
1675 
1676   while (true) {
1677     // We've confirmed num contiguous regions belonging to Mutator partition, so no need to confirm membership.
1678     // If region is not completely free, the current [beg; end] is useless, and we may fast-forward.  If we can extend
1679     // the existing range, we can exploit that certain regions are already known to be in the Mutator free set.
1680     while (!can_allocate_from(_heap->get_region(end))) {
1681       // region[end] is not empty, so we restart our search after region[end]
1682       idx_t slide_delta = end + 1 - beg;
1683       if (beg + slide_delta > last_possible_start) {
1684         // no room to slide
1685         return nullptr;
1686       }
1687       for (idx_t span_end = beg + num; slide_delta > 0; slide_delta--) {
1688         if (!_partitions.in_free_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, span_end)) {
1689           beg = _partitions.find_index_of_next_available_cluster_of_regions(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
1690                                                                             span_end + 1, num);
1691           break;
1692         } else {
1693           beg++;
1694           span_end++;
1695         }
1696       }
1697       // Here, either beg identifies a range of num regions all of which are in the Mutator free set, or beg > last_possible_start
1698       if (beg > last_possible_start) {
1699         // Hit the end, goodbye
1700         return nullptr;
1701       }
1702       end = beg;
1703     }
1704 
1705     if ((end - beg + 1) == num) {
1706       // found the match
1707       break;
1708     }
1709     end++;
1710   }
1711 
1712   size_t total_used = 0;
1713   const size_t used_words_in_last_region = words_size & ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_words_mask();
1714   size_t waste_bytes;
1715   // Retire regions from free partition and initialize them.
1716   if (is_humongous) {
1717     // Humongous allocation retires all regions at once: no allocation is possible anymore.
1718     // retire_range_from_partition() will adjust bounds on Mutator free set if appropriate and will recompute affiliated.
1719     _partitions.retire_range_from_partition(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, beg, end);
1720     for (idx_t i = beg; i <= end; i++) {
1721       ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(i);
1722       assert(i == beg || _heap->get_region(i - 1)->index() + 1 == r->index(), "Should be contiguous");
1723       r->try_recycle_under_lock();
1724       assert(r->is_empty(), "Should be empty");
1725       r->set_affiliation(req.affiliation());
1726       if (i == beg) {
1727         r->make_humongous_start();
1728       } else {
1729         r->make_humongous_cont();
1730       }
1731       if ((i == end) && (used_words_in_last_region > 0)) {
1732         r->set_top(r->bottom() + used_words_in_last_region);
1733       } else {
1734         // if used_words_in_last_region is zero, then the end region is fully consumed.
1735         r->set_top(r->end());
1736       }
1737       r->set_update_watermark(r->bottom());
1738     }
1739     total_used = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() * num;
1740     waste_bytes =
1741       (used_words_in_last_region == 0)? 0: ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() - used_words_in_last_region * HeapWordSize;
1742   } else {
1743     // Non-humongous allocation retires only the regions that cannot be used for allocation anymore.
1744     waste_bytes = 0;
1745     for (idx_t i = beg; i <= end; i++) {
1746       ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(i);
1747       assert(i == beg || _heap->get_region(i - 1)->index() + 1 == r->index(), "Should be contiguous");
1748       r->try_recycle_under_lock();
1749       assert(r->is_empty(), "Should be empty");
1750       r->set_affiliation(req.affiliation());
1751       r->make_regular_allocation(req.affiliation());
1752       if ((i == end) && (used_words_in_last_region > 0)) {
1753         r->set_top(r->bottom() + used_words_in_last_region);
1754       } else {
1755         // if used_words_in_last_region is zero, then the end region is fully consumed.
1756         r->set_top(r->end());
1757       }
1758       r->set_update_watermark(r->bottom());
1759       total_used += r->used();
1760       if  (r->free() < PLAB::min_size() * HeapWordSize) {
1761         // retire_from_partition() will adjust bounds on Mutator free set if appropriate and will recompute affiliated.
1762         // It also increases used for the waste bytes, which includes bytes filled at retirement and bytes too small
1763         // to be filled.  Only the last iteration may have non-zero waste_bytes.
1764         waste_bytes += _partitions.retire_from_partition(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, i, r->used());
1765       }
1766     }
1767     _partitions.decrease_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, num);
1768   }
1769 
1770   _partitions.increase_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, total_used);
1771   req.set_actual_size(words_size);
1772   // If !is_humongous, the "waste" is made availabe for new allocation
1773   if (waste_bytes > 0) {
1774     req.set_waste(waste_bytes / HeapWordSize);
1775     if (is_humongous) {
1776       _partitions.increase_humongous_waste(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, waste_bytes);
1777       _total_humongous_waste += waste_bytes;
1778     }
1779   }
1780 
1781   recompute_total_young_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true, /*UsedByCollectorChanged */ false>();
1782   recompute_total_global_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true, /*UsedByCollectorChanged */ false,
1783                               /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ true>();
1784   recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ false,
1785                              /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ false,
1786                              /* CollectorSizeChanged */ false, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ false,
1787                              /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ false,
1788                              /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false>();
1789   _partitions.assert_bounds();
1790   return _heap->get_region(beg)->bottom();
1791 }
1792 
1793 class ShenandoahRecycleTrashedRegionClosure final : public ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure {
1794 public:
1795   void heap_region_do(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r) {
1796     if (r->is_trash()) {
1797       r->try_recycle();
1798     }
1799   }
1800 
1801   bool is_thread_safe() {
1802     return true;
1803   }
1804 };
1805 
1806 void ShenandoahFreeSet::recycle_trash() {
1807   // lock is not non-reentrant, check we don't have it
1808   shenandoah_assert_not_heaplocked();
1809 
1810   ShenandoahHeap* heap = ShenandoahHeap::heap();
1811   heap->assert_gc_workers(heap->workers()->active_workers());
1812 
1813   ShenandoahRecycleTrashedRegionClosure closure;
1814   heap->parallel_heap_region_iterate(&closure);
1815 }
1816 
1817 bool ShenandoahFreeSet::transfer_one_region_from_mutator_to_old_collector(size_t idx, size_t alloc_capacity) {
1818   ShenandoahGenerationalHeap* gen_heap = ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::heap();
1819   size_t region_size_bytes = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
1820   assert(alloc_capacity == region_size_bytes, "Region must be empty");
1821   if (young_unaffiliated_regions() > 0) {
1822     _partitions.move_from_partition_to_partition(idx, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
1823                                                  ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, alloc_capacity);
1824     gen_heap->old_generation()->augment_evacuation_reserve(alloc_capacity);
1825     recompute_total_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true,
1826                          /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ false, /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ true>();
1827     // Transferred region is unaffilliated, empty
1828     recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ false,
1829                                /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
1830                                /* CollectorSizeChanged */ false, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ true,
1831                                /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
1832                                /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false>();
1833     _partitions.assert_bounds();
1834     return true;
1835   } else {
1836     return false;
1837   }
1838 }
1839 
1840 bool ShenandoahFreeSet::flip_to_old_gc(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r) {
1841   const size_t idx = r->index();
1842 
1843   assert(_partitions.partition_id_matches(idx, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator), "Should be in mutator view");
1844   assert(can_allocate_from(r), "Should not be allocated");
1845 
1846   const size_t region_alloc_capacity = alloc_capacity(r);
1847 
1848   if (transfer_one_region_from_mutator_to_old_collector(idx, region_alloc_capacity)) {
1849     return true;
1850   }
1851 
1852   if (_heap->young_generation()->free_unaffiliated_regions() == 0 && _heap->old_generation()->free_unaffiliated_regions() > 0) {
1853     // Old has free unaffiliated regions, but it couldn't use them for allocation (likely because they
1854     // are trash and weak roots are in process). In this scenario, we aren't really stealing from the
1855     // mutator (they have nothing to steal), but they do have a usable region in their partition. What
1856     // we want to do here is swap that region from the mutator partition with one from the old collector
1857     // partition.
1858     // 1. Find a temporarily unusable trash region in the old collector partition
1859     ShenandoahRightLeftIterator iterator(&_partitions, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, true);
1860     idx_t unusable_trash = -1;
1861     for (unusable_trash = iterator.current(); iterator.has_next(); unusable_trash = iterator.next()) {
1862       const ShenandoahHeapRegion* region = _heap->get_region(unusable_trash);
1863       if (region->is_trash() && _heap->is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress()) {
1864         break;
1865       }
1866     }
1867 
1868     if (unusable_trash != -1) {
1869       const size_t unusable_capacity = alloc_capacity(unusable_trash);
1870       // 2. Move the (temporarily) unusable trash region we found to the mutator partition
1871       _partitions.move_from_partition_to_partition(unusable_trash,
1872                                                    ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector,
1873                                                    ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, unusable_capacity);
1874 
1875       // 3. Move this usable region from the mutator partition to the old collector partition
1876       _partitions.move_from_partition_to_partition(idx,
1877                                                    ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
1878                                                    ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, region_alloc_capacity);
1879       // Should have no effect on used, since flipped regions are trashed: zero used */
1880       // Transferred regions are not affiliated, because they are empty (trash)
1881       recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ false,
1882                                  /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
1883                                  /* CollectorSizeChanged */ false, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ true,
1884                                  /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
1885                                  /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false>();
1886       _partitions.assert_bounds();
1887       // 4. Do not adjust capacities for generations, we just swapped the regions that have already
1888       // been accounted for. However, we should adjust the evacuation reserves as those may have changed.
1889       shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
1890       const size_t reserve = _heap->old_generation()->get_evacuation_reserve();
1891       _heap->old_generation()->set_evacuation_reserve(reserve - unusable_capacity + region_alloc_capacity);
1892       return true;
1893     }
1894   }
1895 
1896   // We can't take this region young because it has no free unaffiliated regions (transfer failed).
1897   return false;
1898 }
1899 
1900 void ShenandoahFreeSet::flip_to_gc(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r) {
1901   size_t idx = r->index();
1902 
1903   assert(_partitions.partition_id_matches(idx, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator), "Should be in mutator view");
1904   assert(can_allocate_from(r), "Should not be allocated");
1905 
1906   size_t ac = alloc_capacity(r);
1907   _partitions.move_from_partition_to_partition(idx, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
1908                                                ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, ac);
1909   recompute_total_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true,
1910                        /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ false, /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ true>();
1911   // Transfer only affects unaffiliated regions, which stay in young
1912   recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ true,
1913                              /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
1914                              /* CollectorSizeChanged */ true, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ false,
1915                              /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
1916                              /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true>();
1917   _partitions.assert_bounds();
1918   // We do not ensure that the region is no longer trash, relying on try_allocate_in(), which always comes next,
1919   // to recycle trash before attempting to allocate anything in the region.
1920 }
1921 
1922 void ShenandoahFreeSet::clear() {
1923   clear_internal();
1924 }
1925 
1926 void ShenandoahFreeSet::clear_internal() {
1927   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
1928   _partitions.make_all_regions_unavailable();
1929   recompute_total_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true,
1930                        /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ true, /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ true>();
1931   recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ true,
1932                              /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
1933                              /* CollectorSizeChanged */ true, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ true,
1934                              /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
1935                              /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true>();
1936   _alloc_bias_weight = 0;
1937   _partitions.set_bias_from_left_to_right(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, true);
1938   _partitions.set_bias_from_left_to_right(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, false);
1939   _partitions.set_bias_from_left_to_right(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, false);
1940 }
1941 
1942 // Returns total allocatable words in Mutator partition
1943 size_t ShenandoahFreeSet::find_regions_with_alloc_capacity(size_t &young_trashed_regions, size_t &old_trashed_regions,
1944                                                          size_t &first_old_region, size_t &last_old_region,
1945                                                          size_t &old_region_count) {
1946   // This resets all state information, removing all regions from all sets.
1947   clear_internal();
1948 
1949   first_old_region = _heap->num_regions();
1950   last_old_region = 0;
1951   old_region_count = 0;
1952   old_trashed_regions = 0;
1953   young_trashed_regions = 0;
1954 
1955   size_t old_cset_regions = 0;
1956   size_t young_cset_regions = 0;
1957 
1958   size_t region_size_bytes = _partitions.region_size_bytes();
1959   size_t max_regions = _partitions.max();
1960 
1961   size_t mutator_alloc_capacity_in_words = 0;
1962 
1963   size_t mutator_leftmost = max_regions;
1964   size_t mutator_rightmost = 0;
1965   size_t mutator_leftmost_empty = max_regions;
1966   size_t mutator_rightmost_empty = 0;
1967 
1968   size_t old_collector_leftmost = max_regions;
1969   size_t old_collector_rightmost = 0;
1970   size_t old_collector_leftmost_empty = max_regions;
1971   size_t old_collector_rightmost_empty = 0;
1972 
1973   size_t mutator_empty = 0;
1974   size_t old_collector_empty = 0;
1975 
1976   // These two variables represent the total used within each partition, including humongous waste and retired regions
1977   size_t mutator_used = 0;
1978   size_t old_collector_used = 0;
1979 
1980   // These two variables represent memory that is wasted within humongous regions due to alignment padding
1981   size_t mutator_humongous_waste = 0;
1982   size_t old_collector_humongous_waste = 0;
1983 
1984   // These two variables track regions that have allocatable memory
1985   size_t mutator_regions = 0;
1986   size_t old_collector_regions = 0;
1987 
1988   // These two variables track regions that are not empty within each partition
1989   size_t affiliated_mutator_regions = 0;
1990   size_t affiliated_old_collector_regions = 0;
1991 
1992   // These two variables represent the total capacity of each partition, including retired regions
1993   size_t total_mutator_regions = 0;
1994   size_t total_old_collector_regions = 0;
1995 
1996   size_t num_regions = _heap->num_regions();
1997   for (size_t idx = 0; idx < num_regions; idx++) {
1998     ShenandoahHeapRegion* region = _heap->get_region(idx);
1999     if (region->is_trash()) {
2000       // Trashed regions represent regions that had been in the collection set (or may have been identified as immediate garbage)
2001       // but have not yet been "cleaned up".  The cset regions are not "trashed" until we have finished update refs.
2002       if (region->is_old()) {
2003         // We're going to place this region into the Mutator set.  We increment old_trashed_regions because this count represents
2004         // regions that the old generation is entitled to without any transfer from young.  We do not place this region into
2005         // the OldCollector partition at this time.  Instead, we let reserve_regions() decide whether to place this region
2006         // into the OldCollector partition.  Deferring the decision allows reserve_regions() to more effectively pack the
2007         // OldCollector regions into high-address memory.  We do not adjust capacities of old and young generations at this
2008         // time.  At the end of finish_rebuild(), the capacities are adjusted based on the results of reserve_regions().
2009         old_trashed_regions++;
2010       } else {
2011         assert(region->is_young(), "Trashed region should be old or young");
2012         young_trashed_regions++;
2013       }
2014     } else if (region->is_old()) {
2015       // We count humongous and regular regions as "old regions".  We do not count trashed regions that are old.  Those
2016       // are counted (above) as old_trashed_regions.
2017       old_region_count++;
2018       if (first_old_region > idx) {
2019         first_old_region = idx;
2020       }
2021       last_old_region = idx;
2022     }
2023     if (region->is_alloc_allowed() || region->is_trash()) {
2024       assert(!region->is_cset(), "Shouldn't be adding cset regions to the free set");
2025 
2026       // Do not add regions that would almost surely fail allocation
2027       size_t ac = alloc_capacity(region);
2028       if (ac >= PLAB::min_size() * HeapWordSize) {
2029         if (region->is_trash() || !region->is_old()) {
2030           // Both young and old (possibly immediately) collected regions (trashed) are placed into the Mutator set
2031           _partitions.raw_assign_membership(idx, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator);
2032           mutator_alloc_capacity_in_words += ac / HeapWordSize;
2033           if (idx < mutator_leftmost) {
2034             mutator_leftmost = idx;
2035           }
2036           if (idx > mutator_rightmost) {
2037             mutator_rightmost = idx;
2038           }
2039           if (ac == region_size_bytes) {
2040             mutator_empty++;
2041             if (idx < mutator_leftmost_empty) {
2042               mutator_leftmost_empty = idx;
2043             }
2044             if (idx > mutator_rightmost_empty) {
2045               mutator_rightmost_empty = idx;
2046             }
2047           } else {
2048             affiliated_mutator_regions++;
2049           }
2050           mutator_regions++;
2051           total_mutator_regions++;
2052           mutator_used += (region_size_bytes - ac);
2053         } else {
2054           // !region->is_trash() && region is_old()
2055           _partitions.raw_assign_membership(idx, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector);
2056           if (idx < old_collector_leftmost) {
2057             old_collector_leftmost = idx;
2058           }
2059           if (idx > old_collector_rightmost) {
2060             old_collector_rightmost = idx;
2061           }
2062           assert(ac != region_size_bytes, "Empty regions should be in mutator partition");
2063           affiliated_old_collector_regions++;
2064           old_collector_regions++;
2065           total_old_collector_regions++;
2066           old_collector_used += region_size_bytes - ac;
2067         }
2068       } else {
2069         // This region does not have enough free to be part of the free set.  Count all of its memory as used.
2070         assert(_partitions.membership(idx) == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::NotFree, "Region should have been retired");
2071         if (region->is_old()) {
2072           old_collector_used += region_size_bytes;
2073           total_old_collector_regions++;
2074           affiliated_old_collector_regions++;
2075         } else {
2076           mutator_used += region_size_bytes;
2077           total_mutator_regions++;
2078           affiliated_mutator_regions++;
2079         }
2080       }
2081     } else {
2082       // This region does not allow allocation (it is retired or is humongous or is in cset).
2083       // Retired and humongous regions generally have no alloc capacity, but cset regions may have large alloc capacity.
2084       if (region->is_cset()) {
2085         if (region->is_old()) {
2086           old_cset_regions++;
2087         } else {
2088           young_cset_regions++;
2089         }
2090       } else {
2091         assert(_partitions.membership(idx) == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::NotFree, "Region should have been retired");
2092         size_t humongous_waste_bytes = 0;
2093         if (region->is_humongous_start()) {
2094           // Since rebuild does not necessarily happen at a safepoint, a newly allocated humongous object may not have been
2095           // fully initialized.  Therefore, we cannot safely consult its header.
2096           ShenandoahHeapRegion* last_of_humongous_continuation = region;
2097           size_t next_idx;
2098           for (next_idx = idx + 1; next_idx < num_regions; next_idx++) {
2099             ShenandoahHeapRegion* humongous_cont_candidate = _heap->get_region(next_idx);
2100             if (!humongous_cont_candidate->is_humongous_continuation()) {
2101               break;
2102             }
2103             last_of_humongous_continuation = humongous_cont_candidate;
2104           }
2105           // For humongous regions, used() is established while holding the global heap lock so it is reliable here
2106           humongous_waste_bytes = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() - last_of_humongous_continuation->used();
2107         }
2108         if (region->is_old()) {
2109           old_collector_used += region_size_bytes;
2110           total_old_collector_regions++;
2111           old_collector_humongous_waste += humongous_waste_bytes;
2112           affiliated_old_collector_regions++;
2113         } else {
2114           mutator_used += region_size_bytes;
2115           total_mutator_regions++;
2116           mutator_humongous_waste += humongous_waste_bytes;
2117           affiliated_mutator_regions++;
2118         }
2119       }
2120     }
2121   }
2122   // At the start of evacuation, the cset regions are not counted as part of Mutator or OldCollector partitions.
2123 
2124   // At the end of GC, when we rebuild rebuild freeset (which happens before we have recycled the collection set), we treat
2125   // all cset regions as part of capacity, as fully available, as unaffiliated.  We place trashed regions into the Mutator
2126   // partition.
2127 
2128   // No need to update generation sizes here.  These are the sizes already recognized by the generations.  These
2129   // adjustments allow the freeset tallies to match the generation tallies.
2130 
2131   log_debug(gc, free)("  At end of prep_to_rebuild, mutator_leftmost: %zu"
2132                       ", mutator_rightmost: %zu"
2133                       ", mutator_leftmost_empty: %zu"
2134                       ", mutator_rightmost_empty: %zu"
2135                       ", mutator_regions: %zu"
2136                       ", mutator_used: %zu",
2137                       mutator_leftmost, mutator_rightmost, mutator_leftmost_empty, mutator_rightmost_empty,
2138                       mutator_regions, mutator_used);
2139   log_debug(gc, free)("  old_collector_leftmost: %zu"
2140                       ", old_collector_rightmost: %zu"
2141                       ", old_collector_leftmost_empty: %zu"
2142                       ", old_collector_rightmost_empty: %zu"
2143                       ", old_collector_regions: %zu"
2144                       ", old_collector_used: %zu",
2145                       old_collector_leftmost, old_collector_rightmost, old_collector_leftmost_empty, old_collector_rightmost_empty,
2146                       old_collector_regions, old_collector_used);
2147   log_debug(gc, free)("  total_mutator_regions: %zu, total_old_collector_regions: %zu"
2148                       ", mutator_empty: %zu, old_collector_empty: %zu",
2149                       total_mutator_regions, total_old_collector_regions, mutator_empty, old_collector_empty);
2150 
2151   idx_t rightmost_idx = (mutator_leftmost == max_regions)? -1: (idx_t) mutator_rightmost;
2152   idx_t rightmost_empty_idx = (mutator_leftmost_empty == max_regions)? -1: (idx_t) mutator_rightmost_empty;
2153 
2154   _partitions.establish_mutator_intervals(mutator_leftmost, rightmost_idx, mutator_leftmost_empty, rightmost_empty_idx,
2155                                           total_mutator_regions + young_cset_regions, mutator_empty, mutator_regions,
2156                                           mutator_used + young_cset_regions * region_size_bytes, mutator_humongous_waste);
2157   rightmost_idx = (old_collector_leftmost == max_regions)? -1: (idx_t) old_collector_rightmost;
2158   rightmost_empty_idx = (old_collector_leftmost_empty == max_regions)? -1: (idx_t) old_collector_rightmost_empty;
2159   _partitions.establish_old_collector_intervals(old_collector_leftmost, rightmost_idx,
2160                                                 old_collector_leftmost_empty, rightmost_empty_idx,
2161                                                 total_old_collector_regions + old_cset_regions,
2162                                                 old_collector_empty, old_collector_regions,
2163                                                 old_collector_used + old_cset_regions * region_size_bytes,
2164                                                 old_collector_humongous_waste);
2165   _total_humongous_waste = mutator_humongous_waste + old_collector_humongous_waste;
2166   _total_young_regions = total_mutator_regions + young_cset_regions;
2167   _total_global_regions = _total_young_regions + total_old_collector_regions + old_cset_regions;
2168   recompute_total_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true,
2169                        /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ true, /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ true>();
2170   recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ true,
2171                              /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
2172                              /* CollectorSizeChanged */ true, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ true,
2173                              /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ false,
2174                              /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false>();
2175   _partitions.assert_bounds();
2176 #ifdef ASSERT
2177   if (_heap->mode()->is_generational()) {
2178     assert(young_affiliated_regions() == _heap->young_generation()->get_affiliated_region_count(), "sanity");
2179   } else {
2180     assert(young_affiliated_regions() == _heap->global_generation()->get_affiliated_region_count(), "sanity");
2181   }
2182 #endif
2183   log_debug(gc, free)("  After find_regions_with_alloc_capacity(), Mutator range [%zd, %zd],"
2184                       "  Old Collector range [%zd, %zd]",
2185                       _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),
2186                       _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),
2187                       _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector),
2188                       _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector));
2189   return mutator_alloc_capacity_in_words;
2190 }
2191 
2192 void ShenandoahFreeSet::transfer_humongous_regions_from_mutator_to_old_collector(size_t xfer_regions,
2193                                                                                  size_t humongous_waste_bytes) {
2194   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2195   size_t region_size_bytes = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
2196 
2197   _partitions.decrease_humongous_waste(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, humongous_waste_bytes);
2198   _partitions.decrease_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, xfer_regions * region_size_bytes);
2199   _partitions.decrease_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, xfer_regions * region_size_bytes);
2200 
2201   _partitions.increase_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, xfer_regions * region_size_bytes);
2202   _partitions.increase_humongous_waste(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, humongous_waste_bytes);
2203   _partitions.increase_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, xfer_regions * region_size_bytes);
2204 
2205   // _total_humongous_waste, _total_global_regions are unaffected by transfer
2206   _total_young_regions -= xfer_regions;
2207   recompute_total_young_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true, /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ false>();
2208   recompute_total_old_used</* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ true>();
2209   recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ false,
2210                              /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
2211                              /* CollectorSizeChanged */ false, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ true,
2212                              /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
2213                              /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true>();
2214   _partitions.assert_bounds();
2215   // global_used is unaffected by this transfer
2216 
2217   // No need to adjust ranges because humongous regions are not allocatable
2218 }
2219 
2220 void ShenandoahFreeSet::transfer_empty_regions_from_to(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId source,
2221                                                        ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId dest,
2222                                                        size_t num_regions) {
2223   assert(dest != source, "precondition");
2224   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2225   const size_t region_size_bytes = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
2226   size_t transferred_regions = 0;
2227   size_t used_transfer = 0;
2228   idx_t source_low_idx = _partitions.max();
2229   idx_t source_high_idx = -1;
2230   idx_t dest_low_idx = _partitions.max();
2231   idx_t dest_high_idx = -1;
2232   ShenandoahLeftRightIterator iterator(&_partitions, source, true);
2233   for (idx_t idx = iterator.current(); transferred_regions < num_regions && iterator.has_next(); idx = iterator.next()) {
2234     // Note: can_allocate_from() denotes that region is entirely empty
2235     if (can_allocate_from(idx)) {
2236       if (idx < source_low_idx) {
2237         source_low_idx = idx;
2238       }
2239       if (idx > source_high_idx) {
2240         source_high_idx = idx;
2241       }
2242       if (idx < dest_low_idx) {
2243         dest_low_idx = idx;
2244       }
2245       if (idx > dest_high_idx) {
2246         dest_high_idx = idx;
2247       }
2248       used_transfer += _partitions.move_from_partition_to_partition_with_deferred_accounting(idx, source, dest, region_size_bytes);
2249       transferred_regions++;
2250     }
2251   }
2252 
2253   // All transferred regions are empty.
2254   assert(used_transfer == 0, "empty regions should have no used");
2255   _partitions.expand_interval_if_range_modifies_either_boundary(dest, dest_low_idx,
2256                                                                 dest_high_idx, dest_low_idx, dest_high_idx);
2257   _partitions.shrink_interval_if_range_modifies_either_boundary(source, source_low_idx, source_high_idx,
2258                                                                 transferred_regions);
2259 
2260   _partitions.decrease_region_counts(source, transferred_regions);
2261   _partitions.decrease_empty_region_counts(source, transferred_regions);
2262   _partitions.decrease_capacity(source, transferred_regions * region_size_bytes);
2263 
2264   _partitions.increase_capacity(dest, transferred_regions * region_size_bytes);
2265   _partitions.increase_region_counts(dest, transferred_regions);
2266   _partitions.increase_empty_region_counts(dest, transferred_regions);
2267 
2268   // Since only empty regions are transferred, no need to recompute_total_used()
2269   if (source == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) {
2270     assert((dest == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector) || (dest == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator), "sanity");
2271     _total_young_regions += transferred_regions;
2272     recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ true,
2273                                /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
2274                                /* CollectorSizeChanged */ true, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ true,
2275                                /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
2276                                /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false>();
2277   } else {
2278     assert((source == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector) || (source == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator), "sanity");
2279     if (dest == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) {
2280       _total_young_regions -= transferred_regions;
2281       recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ true,
2282                                  /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
2283                                  /* CollectorSizeChanged */ true, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ true,
2284                                  /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
2285                                  /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false>();
2286     } else {
2287       assert((dest == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector) || (dest == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator), "sanity");
2288       // No adjustments to total_young_regions if transferring within young
2289       recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ true,
2290                                  /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
2291                                  /* CollectorSizeChanged */ true, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ false,
2292                                  /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
2293                                  /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true>();
2294     }
2295   }
2296   _partitions.assert_bounds();
2297 }
2298 
2299 // Returns number of regions transferred, adds transferred bytes to var argument bytes_transferred
2300 size_t ShenandoahFreeSet::transfer_empty_regions_from_collector_set_to_mutator_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_collector,
2301                                                                                    size_t max_xfer_regions,
2302                                                                                    size_t& bytes_transferred) {
2303   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2304   const size_t region_size_bytes = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
2305   size_t transferred_regions = 0;
2306   size_t used_transfer = 0;
2307   idx_t collector_low_idx = _partitions.max();
2308   idx_t collector_high_idx = -1;
2309   idx_t mutator_low_idx = _partitions.max();
2310   idx_t mutator_high_idx = -1;
2311   ShenandoahLeftRightIterator iterator(&_partitions, which_collector, true);
2312   for (idx_t idx = iterator.current(); transferred_regions < max_xfer_regions && iterator.has_next(); idx = iterator.next()) {
2313     // Note: can_allocate_from() denotes that region is entirely empty
2314     if (can_allocate_from(idx)) {
2315       if (idx < collector_low_idx) {
2316         collector_low_idx = idx;
2317       }
2318       if (idx > collector_high_idx) {
2319         collector_high_idx = idx;
2320       }
2321       if (idx < mutator_low_idx) {
2322         mutator_low_idx = idx;
2323       }
2324       if (idx > mutator_high_idx) {
2325         mutator_high_idx = idx;
2326       }
2327       used_transfer += _partitions.move_from_partition_to_partition_with_deferred_accounting(idx, which_collector,
2328                                                                                              ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
2329                                                                                              region_size_bytes);
2330       transferred_regions++;
2331       bytes_transferred += region_size_bytes;
2332     }
2333   }
2334   // All transferred regions are empty.
2335   assert(used_transfer == 0, "empty regions should have no used");
2336   _partitions.expand_interval_if_range_modifies_either_boundary(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, mutator_low_idx,
2337                                                                 mutator_high_idx, mutator_low_idx, mutator_high_idx);
2338   _partitions.shrink_interval_if_range_modifies_either_boundary(which_collector, collector_low_idx, collector_high_idx,
2339                                                                 transferred_regions);
2340 
2341   _partitions.decrease_region_counts(which_collector, transferred_regions);
2342   _partitions.decrease_empty_region_counts(which_collector, transferred_regions);
2343   _partitions.decrease_capacity(which_collector, transferred_regions * region_size_bytes);
2344 
2345   _partitions.increase_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, transferred_regions * region_size_bytes);
2346   _partitions.increase_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, transferred_regions);
2347   _partitions.increase_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, transferred_regions);
2348 
2349   if (which_collector == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) {
2350     _total_young_regions += transferred_regions;
2351     recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ false,
2352                                /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
2353                                /* CollectorSizeChanged */ false, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ true,
2354                                /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
2355                                /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false>();
2356   } else {
2357     recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ true,
2358                                /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
2359                                /* CollectorSizeChanged */ true, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ false,
2360                                /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
2361                                /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true>();
2362   }
2363   _partitions.assert_bounds();
2364   return transferred_regions;
2365 }
2366 
2367 // Returns number of regions transferred, adds transferred bytes to var argument bytes_transferred
2368 size_t ShenandoahFreeSet::
2369 transfer_non_empty_regions_from_collector_set_to_mutator_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId which_collector,
2370                                                              size_t max_xfer_regions, size_t& bytes_transferred) {
2371   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2372   size_t region_size_bytes = _partitions.region_size_bytes();
2373   size_t transferred_regions = 0;
2374   size_t used_transfer = 0;
2375   idx_t collector_low_idx = _partitions.max();
2376   idx_t collector_high_idx = -1;
2377   idx_t mutator_low_idx = _partitions.max();
2378   idx_t mutator_high_idx = -1;
2379 
2380   ShenandoahLeftRightIterator iterator(&_partitions, which_collector, false);
2381   for (idx_t idx = iterator.current(); transferred_regions < max_xfer_regions && iterator.has_next(); idx = iterator.next()) {
2382     size_t ac = alloc_capacity(idx);
2383     if (ac > 0) {
2384       if (idx < collector_low_idx) {
2385         collector_low_idx = idx;
2386       }
2387       if (idx > collector_high_idx) {
2388         collector_high_idx = idx;
2389       }
2390       if (idx < mutator_low_idx) {
2391         mutator_low_idx = idx;
2392       }
2393       if (idx > mutator_high_idx) {
2394         mutator_high_idx = idx;
2395       }
2396       assert (ac < region_size_bytes, "Move empty regions with different function");
2397       used_transfer += _partitions.move_from_partition_to_partition_with_deferred_accounting(idx, which_collector,
2398                                                                                              ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
2399                                                                                              ac);
2400       transferred_regions++;
2401       bytes_transferred += ac;
2402     }
2403   }
2404   // _empty_region_counts is unaffected, because we transfer only non-empty regions here.
2405 
2406   _partitions.decrease_used(which_collector, used_transfer);
2407   _partitions.expand_interval_if_range_modifies_either_boundary(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
2408                                                                 mutator_low_idx, mutator_high_idx, _partitions.max(), -1);
2409   _partitions.shrink_interval_if_range_modifies_either_boundary(which_collector, collector_low_idx, collector_high_idx,
2410                                                                 transferred_regions);
2411 
2412   _partitions.decrease_region_counts(which_collector, transferred_regions);
2413   _partitions.decrease_capacity(which_collector, transferred_regions * region_size_bytes);
2414   _partitions.increase_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, transferred_regions * region_size_bytes);
2415   _partitions.increase_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, transferred_regions);
2416   _partitions.increase_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, used_transfer);
2417 
2418   if (which_collector == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) {
2419     _total_young_regions += transferred_regions;
2420   }
2421   // _total_global_regions unaffected by transfer
2422   recompute_total_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true,
2423                        /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ true, /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ true>();
2424   // All transfers are affiliated
2425   if (which_collector == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) {
2426     recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollectorEmptiesChanged */ false,
2427                                /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
2428                                /* CollectorSizeChanged */ false, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ true,
2429                                /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
2430                                /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true>();
2431   } else {
2432     recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollecteorEmptiesChanged */true,
2433                                /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ false, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
2434                                /* CollectorSizeChanged */ true, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ false,
2435                                /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ true,
2436                                /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ true>();
2437   }
2438   _partitions.assert_bounds();
2439   return transferred_regions;
2440 }
2441 
2442 void ShenandoahFreeSet::move_regions_from_collector_to_mutator(size_t max_xfer_regions) {
2443   size_t collector_xfer = 0;
2444   size_t old_collector_xfer = 0;
2445 
2446   // Process empty regions within the Collector free partition
2447   if ((max_xfer_regions > 0) &&
2448       (_partitions.leftmost_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)
2449        <= _partitions.rightmost_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector))) {
2450     ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(_heap->lock());
2451     max_xfer_regions -=
2452       transfer_empty_regions_from_collector_set_to_mutator_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, max_xfer_regions,
2453                                                                collector_xfer);
2454   }
2455 
2456   // Process empty regions within the OldCollector free partition
2457   if ((max_xfer_regions > 0) &&
2458       (_partitions.leftmost_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)
2459        <= _partitions.rightmost_empty(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector))) {
2460     ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(_heap->lock());
2461     size_t old_collector_regions =
2462       transfer_empty_regions_from_collector_set_to_mutator_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, max_xfer_regions,
2463                                                                old_collector_xfer);
2464     max_xfer_regions -= old_collector_regions;
2465   }
2466 
2467   // If there are any non-empty regions within Collector partition, we can also move them to the Mutator free partition
2468   if ((max_xfer_regions > 0) && (_partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)
2469                                  <= _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector))) {
2470     ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(_heap->lock());
2471     max_xfer_regions -=
2472       transfer_non_empty_regions_from_collector_set_to_mutator_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, max_xfer_regions,
2473                                                                    collector_xfer);
2474   }
2475 
2476   size_t total_xfer = collector_xfer + old_collector_xfer;
2477   log_info(gc, ergo)("At start of update refs, moving %zu%s to Mutator free set from Collector Reserve ("
2478                      "%zu%s) and from Old Collector Reserve (%zu%s)",
2479                      byte_size_in_proper_unit(total_xfer), proper_unit_for_byte_size(total_xfer),
2480                      byte_size_in_proper_unit(collector_xfer), proper_unit_for_byte_size(collector_xfer),
2481                      byte_size_in_proper_unit(old_collector_xfer), proper_unit_for_byte_size(old_collector_xfer));
2482 }
2483 
2484 // Overwrite arguments to represent the amount of memory in each generation that is about to be recycled
2485 void ShenandoahFreeSet::prepare_to_rebuild(size_t &young_trashed_regions, size_t &old_trashed_regions,
2486                                            size_t &first_old_region, size_t &last_old_region, size_t &old_region_count) {
2487   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2488   assert(rebuild_lock() != nullptr, "sanity");
2489   rebuild_lock()->lock(false);
2490   // This resets all state information, removing all regions from all sets.
2491   clear();
2492   log_debug(gc, free)("Rebuilding FreeSet");
2493 
2494   // Place regions that have alloc_capacity into the old_collector set if they identify as is_old() or the
2495   // mutator set otherwise.  All trashed (cset) regions are affiliated young and placed in mutator set.  Save the
2496   // allocatable words in mutator partition in state variable.
2497   _prepare_to_rebuild_mutator_free = find_regions_with_alloc_capacity(young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions,
2498                                                                       first_old_region, last_old_region, old_region_count);
2499 }
2500 
2501 // Return mutator free
2502 void ShenandoahFreeSet::finish_rebuild(size_t young_trashed_regions, size_t old_trashed_regions, size_t old_region_count) {
2503   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2504   size_t young_reserve(0), old_reserve(0);
2505 
2506   if (_heap->mode()->is_generational()) {
2507     compute_young_and_old_reserves(young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, young_reserve, old_reserve);
2508   } else {
2509     young_reserve = (_heap->max_capacity() / 100) * ShenandoahEvacReserve;
2510     old_reserve = 0;
2511   }
2512 
2513   // Move some of the mutator regions into the Collector and OldCollector partitions in order to satisfy
2514   // young_reserve and old_reserve.
2515   size_t young_used_regions, old_used_regions, young_used_bytes, old_used_bytes;
2516   reserve_regions(young_reserve, old_reserve, old_region_count, young_used_regions, old_used_regions,
2517                   young_used_bytes, old_used_bytes);
2518   _total_young_regions = _heap->num_regions() - old_region_count;
2519   _total_global_regions = _heap->num_regions();
2520   establish_old_collector_alloc_bias();
2521 
2522   // Release the rebuild lock now.  What remains in this function is read-only
2523   rebuild_lock()->unlock();
2524   _partitions.assert_bounds();
2525   log_status();
2526   if (_heap->mode()->is_generational()) {
2527     // Clear the region balance until it is adjusted in preparation for a subsequent GC cycle.
2528     _heap->old_generation()->set_region_balance(0);
2529   }
2530 }
2531 
2532 
2533 // Reduce old reserve (when there are insufficient resources to satisfy the original request).
2534 void ShenandoahFreeSet::reduce_old_reserve(size_t adjusted_old_reserve, size_t requested_old_reserve) {
2535   ShenandoahOldGeneration* const old_generation = _heap->old_generation();
2536   size_t requested_promoted_reserve = old_generation->get_promoted_reserve();
2537   size_t requested_old_evac_reserve = old_generation->get_evacuation_reserve();
2538   assert(adjusted_old_reserve < requested_old_reserve, "Only allow reduction");
2539   assert(requested_promoted_reserve + requested_old_evac_reserve >= adjusted_old_reserve, "Sanity");
2540   size_t delta = requested_old_reserve - adjusted_old_reserve;
2541 
2542   if (requested_promoted_reserve >= delta) {
2543     requested_promoted_reserve -= delta;
2544     old_generation->set_promoted_reserve(requested_promoted_reserve);
2545   } else {
2546     delta -= requested_promoted_reserve;
2547     requested_promoted_reserve = 0;
2548     requested_old_evac_reserve -= delta;
2549     old_generation->set_promoted_reserve(requested_promoted_reserve);
2550     old_generation->set_evacuation_reserve(requested_old_evac_reserve);
2551   }
2552 }
2553 
2554 // Reduce young reserve (when there are insufficient resources to satisfy the original request).
2555 void ShenandoahFreeSet::reduce_young_reserve(size_t adjusted_young_reserve, size_t requested_young_reserve) {
2556   ShenandoahYoungGeneration* const young_generation = _heap->young_generation();
2557   assert(adjusted_young_reserve < requested_young_reserve, "Only allow reduction");
2558   young_generation->set_evacuation_reserve(adjusted_young_reserve);
2559 }
2560 
2561 /**
2562  * Set young_reserve_result and old_reserve_result to the number of bytes that we desire to set aside to hold the
2563  * results of evacuation to young and old collector spaces respectively during the next evacuation phase.  Overwrite
2564  * old_generation region balance in case the original value is incompatible with the current reality.
2565  *
2566  * These values are determined by how much memory is currently available within each generation, which is
2567  * represented by:
2568  *  1. Memory currently available within old and young
2569  *  2. Trashed regions currently residing in young and old, which will become available momentarily
2570  *  3. The value of old_generation->get_region_balance() which represents the number of regions that we plan
2571  *     to transfer from old generation to young generation. At the end of each GC cycle, we reset region_balance
2572  *     to zero. As we prepare to rebuild free set at the end of update-refs, we call
2573  *     ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::compute_old_generation_balance() to compute a new value of region_balance.
2574  *     This allows us to expand or shrink the size of the Old Collector reserves based on anticipated needs of
2575  *     the next GC cycle.
2576  */
2577 void ShenandoahFreeSet::compute_young_and_old_reserves(size_t young_trashed_regions, size_t old_trashed_regions,
2578                                                        size_t& young_reserve_result, size_t& old_reserve_result) const {
2579   shenandoah_assert_generational();
2580   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2581   const size_t region_size_bytes = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
2582   ShenandoahOldGeneration* const old_generation = _heap->old_generation();
2583   size_t old_available = old_generation->available();
2584   size_t old_unaffiliated_regions = old_generation->free_unaffiliated_regions();
2585   ShenandoahYoungGeneration* const young_generation = _heap->young_generation();
2586   size_t young_capacity = young_generation->max_capacity();
2587   size_t young_unaffiliated_regions = young_generation->free_unaffiliated_regions();
2588 
2589   // Add in the regions we anticipate to be freed by evacuation of the collection set
2590   old_unaffiliated_regions += old_trashed_regions;
2591   old_available += old_trashed_regions * region_size_bytes;
2592   young_unaffiliated_regions += young_trashed_regions;
2593 
2594   assert(young_capacity >= young_generation->used(),
2595          "Young capacity (%zu) must exceed used (%zu)", young_capacity, young_generation->used());
2596 
2597   size_t young_available = young_capacity - young_generation->used();
2598   young_available += young_trashed_regions * region_size_bytes;
2599 
2600   assert(young_available >= young_unaffiliated_regions * region_size_bytes, "sanity");
2601   assert(old_available >= old_unaffiliated_regions * region_size_bytes, "sanity");
2602 
2603   // Consult old-region balance to make adjustments to current generation capacities and availability.
2604   // The generation region transfers take place after we rebuild.  old_region_balance represents number of regions
2605   // to transfer from old to young.
2606   ssize_t old_region_balance = old_generation->get_region_balance();
2607   if (old_region_balance != 0) {
2608 #ifdef ASSERT
2609     if (old_region_balance > 0) {
2610       assert(old_region_balance <= checked_cast<ssize_t>(old_unaffiliated_regions),
2611              "Cannot transfer %zd regions that are affiliated (old_trashed: %zu, old_unaffiliated: %zu)",
2612              old_region_balance, old_trashed_regions, old_unaffiliated_regions);
2613     } else {
2614       assert(0 - old_region_balance <= checked_cast<ssize_t>(young_unaffiliated_regions),
2615              "Cannot transfer regions that are affiliated");
2616     }
2617 #endif
2618 
2619     ssize_t xfer_bytes = old_region_balance * checked_cast<ssize_t>(region_size_bytes);
2620     old_available -= xfer_bytes;
2621     old_unaffiliated_regions -= old_region_balance;
2622     young_available += xfer_bytes;
2623     young_capacity += xfer_bytes;
2624     young_unaffiliated_regions += old_region_balance;
2625   }
2626 
2627   // All allocations taken from the old collector set are performed by GC, generally using PLABs for both
2628   // promotions and evacuations.  The partition between which old memory is reserved for evacuation and
2629   // which is reserved for promotion is enforced using thread-local variables that prescribe intentions for
2630   // each PLAB's available memory.
2631   const size_t promoted_reserve = old_generation->get_promoted_reserve();
2632   const size_t old_evac_reserve = old_generation->get_evacuation_reserve();
2633   young_reserve_result = young_generation->get_evacuation_reserve();
2634   old_reserve_result = promoted_reserve + old_evac_reserve;
2635   assert(old_reserve_result + young_reserve_result <= old_available + young_available,
2636          "Cannot reserve (%zu + %zu + %zu) more than is available: %zu + %zu",
2637          promoted_reserve, old_evac_reserve, young_reserve_result, old_available, young_available);
2638 
2639   // Old available regions that have less than PLAB::min_size() of available memory are not placed into the OldCollector
2640   // free set.  Because of this, old_available may not have enough memory to represent the intended reserve.  Adjust
2641   // the reserve downward to account for this possibility. This loss is part of the reason why the original budget
2642   // was adjusted with ShenandoahOldEvacWaste and ShenandoahOldPromoWaste multipliers.
2643   if (old_reserve_result >
2644       _partitions.available_in(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) + old_unaffiliated_regions * region_size_bytes) {
2645     old_reserve_result =
2646       _partitions.available_in(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) + old_unaffiliated_regions * region_size_bytes;
2647   }
2648 
2649   if (young_reserve_result > young_unaffiliated_regions * region_size_bytes) {
2650     young_reserve_result = young_unaffiliated_regions * region_size_bytes;
2651   }
2652 }
2653 
2654 // Having placed all regions that have allocation capacity into the mutator set if they identify as is_young()
2655 // or into the old collector set if they identify as is_old(), move some of these regions from the mutator set
2656 // into the collector set or old collector set in order to assure that the memory available for allocations within
2657 // the collector set is at least to_reserve and the memory available for allocations within the old collector set
2658 // is at least to_reserve_old.
2659 //
2660 // Returns total mutator alloc capacity, in words.
2661 size_t ShenandoahFreeSet::reserve_regions(size_t to_reserve, size_t to_reserve_old, size_t &old_region_count,
2662                                           size_t &young_used_regions, size_t &old_used_regions,
2663                                           size_t &young_used_bytes, size_t &old_used_bytes) {
2664   const size_t region_size_bytes = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
2665   size_t mutator_allocatable_words = _prepare_to_rebuild_mutator_free;
2666 
2667   young_used_regions = 0;
2668   old_used_regions = 0;
2669   young_used_bytes = 0;
2670   old_used_bytes = 0;
2671 
2672   idx_t mutator_low_idx = _partitions.max();
2673   idx_t mutator_high_idx = -1;
2674   idx_t mutator_empty_low_idx = _partitions.max();
2675   idx_t mutator_empty_high_idx = -1;
2676 
2677   idx_t collector_low_idx = _partitions.max();
2678   idx_t collector_high_idx = -1;
2679   idx_t collector_empty_low_idx = _partitions.max();
2680   idx_t collector_empty_high_idx = -1;
2681 
2682   idx_t old_collector_low_idx = _partitions.max();
2683   idx_t old_collector_high_idx = -1;
2684   idx_t old_collector_empty_low_idx = _partitions.max();
2685   idx_t old_collector_empty_high_idx = -1;
2686 
2687   size_t used_to_collector = 0;
2688   size_t used_to_old_collector = 0;
2689   size_t regions_to_collector = 0;
2690   size_t regions_to_old_collector = 0;
2691   size_t empty_regions_to_collector = 0;
2692   size_t empty_regions_to_old_collector = 0;
2693 
2694   size_t old_collector_available = _partitions.available_in(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector);
2695   size_t collector_available = _partitions.available_in(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector);
2696 
2697   for (size_t i = _heap->num_regions(); i > 0; i--) {
2698     idx_t idx = i - 1;
2699     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(idx);
2700     if (_partitions.in_free_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, idx)) {
2701       // Note: trashed regions have region_size_bytes alloc capacity.
2702       size_t ac = alloc_capacity(r);
2703       assert (ac > 0, "Membership in free set implies has capacity");
2704       assert (!r->is_old() || r->is_trash(), "Except for trash, mutator_is_free regions should not be affiliated OLD");
2705 
2706       bool move_to_old_collector = old_collector_available < to_reserve_old;
2707       bool move_to_collector = collector_available < to_reserve;
2708 
2709       if (move_to_old_collector) {
2710         // We give priority to OldCollector partition because we desire to pack OldCollector regions into higher
2711         // addresses than Collector regions.  Presumably, OldCollector regions are more "stable" and less likely to
2712         // be collected in the near future.
2713         if (r->is_trash() || !r->is_affiliated()) {
2714           // OLD regions that have available memory are already in the old_collector free set.
2715           assert(r->is_empty_or_trash(), "Not affiliated implies region %zu is empty", r->index());
2716           if (idx < old_collector_low_idx) {
2717             old_collector_low_idx = idx;
2718           }
2719           if (idx > old_collector_high_idx) {
2720             old_collector_high_idx = idx;
2721           }
2722           if (idx < old_collector_empty_low_idx) {
2723             old_collector_empty_low_idx = idx;
2724           }
2725           if (idx > old_collector_empty_high_idx) {
2726             old_collector_empty_high_idx = idx;
2727           }
2728           used_to_old_collector +=
2729             _partitions.move_from_partition_to_partition_with_deferred_accounting(idx, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
2730                                                                                   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, ac);
2731           old_collector_available += ac;
2732           regions_to_old_collector++;
2733           empty_regions_to_old_collector++;
2734 
2735           log_trace(gc, free)("  Shifting region %zu from mutator_free to old_collector_free", idx);
2736           log_trace(gc, free)("  Shifted Mutator range [%zd, %zd],"
2737                               "  Old Collector range [%zd, %zd]",
2738                               _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),
2739                               _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),
2740                               _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector),
2741                               _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector));
2742           old_region_count++;
2743           assert(ac == ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes(), "Cannot move to old unless entire region is in alloc capacity");
2744           mutator_allocatable_words -= ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_words();
2745           continue;
2746         }
2747       }
2748 
2749       if (move_to_collector) {
2750         // Note: In a previous implementation, regions were only placed into the survivor space (collector_is_free) if
2751         // they were entirely empty.  This has the effect of causing new Mutator allocation to reside next to objects
2752         // that have already survived at least one GC, mixing ephemeral with longer-lived objects in the same region.
2753         // Any objects that have survived a GC are less likely to immediately become garbage, so a region that contains
2754         // survivor objects is less likely to be selected for the collection set.  This alternative implementation allows
2755         // survivor regions to continue accumulating other survivor objects, and makes it more likely that ephemeral objects
2756         // occupy regions comprised entirely of ephemeral objects.  These regions are highly likely to be included in the next
2757         // collection set, and they are easily evacuated because they have low density of live objects.
2758         if (idx < collector_low_idx) {
2759           collector_low_idx = idx;
2760         }
2761         if (idx > collector_high_idx) {
2762           collector_high_idx = idx;
2763         }
2764         if (ac == region_size_bytes) {
2765           if (idx < collector_empty_low_idx) {
2766             collector_empty_low_idx = idx;
2767           }
2768           if (idx > collector_empty_high_idx) {
2769             collector_empty_high_idx = idx;
2770           }
2771           empty_regions_to_collector++;
2772         }
2773         used_to_collector +=
2774           _partitions.move_from_partition_to_partition_with_deferred_accounting(idx, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
2775                                                                                 ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, ac);
2776         collector_available += ac;
2777         regions_to_collector++;
2778         if (ac != region_size_bytes) {
2779           young_used_regions++;
2780           young_used_bytes = region_size_bytes - ac;
2781         }
2782 
2783         log_trace(gc, free)("  Shifting region %zu from mutator_free to collector_free", idx);
2784         log_trace(gc, free)("  Shifted Mutator range [%zd, %zd],"
2785                             "  Collector range [%zd, %zd]",
2786                             _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),
2787                             _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),
2788                             _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector),
2789                             _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector));
2790 
2791         mutator_allocatable_words -= ac / HeapWordSize;
2792         continue;
2793       }
2794 
2795       // Mutator region is not moved to Collector or OldCollector. Still, do the accounting.
2796       if (idx < mutator_low_idx) {
2797         mutator_low_idx = idx;
2798       }
2799       if (idx > mutator_high_idx) {
2800         mutator_high_idx = idx;
2801       }
2802       if ((ac == region_size_bytes) && (idx < mutator_empty_low_idx)) {
2803         mutator_empty_low_idx = idx;
2804       }
2805       if ((ac == region_size_bytes) && (idx > mutator_empty_high_idx)) {
2806         mutator_empty_high_idx = idx;
2807       }
2808       if (ac != region_size_bytes) {
2809         young_used_regions++;
2810         young_used_bytes += region_size_bytes - ac;
2811       }
2812     } else {
2813       // Region is not in Mutator partition. Do the accounting.
2814       ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId p = _partitions.membership(idx);
2815       size_t ac = alloc_capacity(r);
2816       assert(ac != region_size_bytes, "Empty regions should be in Mutator partion at entry to reserve_regions");
2817       assert(p != ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, "Collector regions must be converted from Mutator regions");
2818       if (p == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) {
2819         assert(!r->is_empty(), "Empty regions should be in Mutator partition at entry to reserve_regions");
2820         old_used_regions++;
2821         old_used_bytes = region_size_bytes - ac;
2822         // This region is within the range for OldCollector partition, as established by find_regions_with_alloc_capacity()
2823         assert((_partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) <= idx) &&
2824                (_partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector) >= idx),
2825                "find_regions_with_alloc_capacity() should have established this is in range");
2826       } else {
2827         assert(p == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::NotFree, "sanity");
2828         // This region has been retired
2829         if (r->is_old()) {
2830           old_used_regions++;
2831           old_used_bytes += region_size_bytes - ac;
2832         } else {
2833           assert(r->is_young(), "Retired region should be old or young");
2834           young_used_regions++;
2835           young_used_bytes += region_size_bytes - ac;
2836         }
2837       }
2838     }
2839   }
2840 
2841   _partitions.decrease_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, used_to_old_collector + used_to_collector);
2842   _partitions.decrease_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, regions_to_old_collector + regions_to_collector);
2843   _partitions.decrease_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
2844                                            empty_regions_to_old_collector + empty_regions_to_collector);
2845   // decrease_capacity() also decreases available
2846   _partitions.decrease_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
2847                                 (regions_to_old_collector + regions_to_collector) * region_size_bytes);
2848   // increase_capacity() also increases available
2849   _partitions.increase_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, regions_to_collector * region_size_bytes);
2850   _partitions.increase_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, regions_to_collector);
2851   _partitions.increase_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, empty_regions_to_collector);
2852   // increase_capacity() also increases available
2853   _partitions.increase_capacity(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, regions_to_old_collector * region_size_bytes);
2854   _partitions.increase_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, regions_to_old_collector);
2855   _partitions.increase_empty_region_counts(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, empty_regions_to_old_collector);
2856 
2857   if (used_to_collector > 0) {
2858     _partitions.increase_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, used_to_collector);
2859   }
2860 
2861   if (used_to_old_collector > 0) {
2862     _partitions.increase_used(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, used_to_old_collector);
2863   }
2864 
2865   _partitions.establish_interval(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator,
2866                                  mutator_low_idx, mutator_high_idx, mutator_empty_low_idx, mutator_empty_high_idx);
2867   _partitions.establish_interval(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector,
2868                                  collector_low_idx, collector_high_idx, collector_empty_low_idx, collector_empty_high_idx);
2869 
2870   _partitions.expand_interval_if_range_modifies_either_boundary(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector,
2871                                                                 old_collector_low_idx, old_collector_high_idx,
2872                                                                 old_collector_empty_low_idx, old_collector_empty_high_idx);
2873 
2874   recompute_total_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true,
2875                        /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ true, /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ true>();
2876   recompute_total_affiliated</* MutatorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* CollecteorEmptiesChanged */true,
2877                              /* OldCollectorEmptiesChanged */ true, /* MutatorSizeChanged */ true,
2878                              /* CollectorSizeChanged */ true, /* OldCollectorSizeChanged */ true,
2879                              /* AffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false, /* AffiliatedChangesAreGlobalNeutral */ false,
2880                              /* UnaffiliatedChangesAreYoungNeutral */ false>();
2881   _partitions.assert_bounds();
2882   if (LogTarget(Info, gc, free)::is_enabled()) {
2883     size_t old_reserve = _partitions.available_in(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector);
2884     if (old_reserve < to_reserve_old) {
2885       log_info(gc, free)("Wanted " PROPERFMT " for old reserve, but only reserved: " PROPERFMT,
2886                          PROPERFMTARGS(to_reserve_old), PROPERFMTARGS(old_reserve));
2887       assert(_heap->mode()->is_generational(), "to_old_reserve > 0 implies generational mode");
2888       reduce_old_reserve(old_reserve, to_reserve_old);
2889     }
2890     size_t reserve = _partitions.available_in(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector);
2891     if (reserve < to_reserve) {
2892       if (_heap->mode()->is_generational()) {
2893         reduce_young_reserve(reserve, to_reserve);
2894       }
2895       log_info(gc, free)("Wanted " PROPERFMT " for young reserve, but only reserved: " PROPERFMT,
2896                          PROPERFMTARGS(to_reserve), PROPERFMTARGS(reserve));
2897     }
2898   }
2899   return mutator_allocatable_words;
2900 }
2901 
2902 void ShenandoahFreeSet::establish_old_collector_alloc_bias() {
2903   ShenandoahHeap* heap = ShenandoahHeap::heap();
2904   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2905 
2906   idx_t left_idx = _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector);
2907   idx_t right_idx = _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector);
2908   idx_t middle = (left_idx + right_idx) / 2;
2909   size_t available_in_first_half = 0;
2910   size_t available_in_second_half = 0;
2911 
2912   for (idx_t index = left_idx; index < middle; index++) {
2913     if (_partitions.in_free_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, index)) {
2914       ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = heap->get_region((size_t) index);
2915       available_in_first_half += r->free();
2916     }
2917   }
2918   for (idx_t index = middle; index <= right_idx; index++) {
2919     if (_partitions.in_free_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, index)) {
2920       ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = heap->get_region(index);
2921       available_in_second_half += r->free();
2922     }
2923   }
2924 
2925   // We desire to first consume the sparsely distributed regions in order that the remaining regions are densely packed.
2926   // Densely packing regions reduces the effort to search for a region that has sufficient memory to satisfy a new allocation
2927   // request.  Regions become sparsely distributed following a Full GC, which tends to slide all regions to the front of the
2928   // heap rather than allowing survivor regions to remain at the high end of the heap where we intend for them to congregate.
2929   _partitions.set_bias_from_left_to_right(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector,
2930                                           (available_in_second_half > available_in_first_half));
2931 }
2932 
2933 void ShenandoahFreeSet::log_status_under_lock() {
2934   // Must not be heap locked, it acquires heap lock only when log is enabled
2935   shenandoah_assert_not_heaplocked();
2936   if (LogTarget(Info, gc, free)::is_enabled()
2937       DEBUG_ONLY(|| LogTarget(Debug, gc, free)::is_enabled())) {
2938     ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(_heap->lock());
2939     log_status();
2940   }
2941 }
2942 
2943 void ShenandoahFreeSet::log_freeset_stats(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId partition_id, LogStream& ls) {
2944   size_t max_free_in_single_region = 0;
2945   size_t freeset_free = 0;
2946   size_t freeset_total_used = 0;
2947 
2948   for (idx_t idx = _partitions.leftmost(partition_id);
2949         idx <= _partitions.rightmost(partition_id); idx++) {
2950     if (_partitions.in_free_set(partition_id, idx)) {
2951       ShenandoahHeapRegion *r = _heap->get_region(idx);
2952       size_t free = alloc_capacity(r);
2953       max_free_in_single_region = MAX2(max_free_in_single_region, free);
2954       freeset_free += free;
2955       freeset_total_used += ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() - free;
2956     }
2957   }
2958 
2959   ls.print_cr("  %s partition stats: regions in capacity: %zu, regions in freeset: %zu. "
2960           "Used size including retired regions: " PROPERFMT ", used size in freeset: " PROPERFMT
2961           ". Free available size: " PROPERFMT ". Max free available in a single region: " PROPERFMT ".",
2962           partition_name(partition_id), _partitions.get_capacity_region_count(partition_id), _partitions.count(partition_id),
2963           PROPERFMTARGS(_partitions.get_used(partition_id)), PROPERFMTARGS(freeset_total_used),
2964           PROPERFMTARGS(freeset_free), PROPERFMTARGS(max_free_in_single_region)
2965           );
2966 }
2967 
2968 void ShenandoahFreeSet::log_status() {
2969   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2970 
2971 #ifdef ASSERT
2972   // Dump of the FreeSet details is only enabled if assertions are enabled
2973   LogTarget(Debug, gc, free) debug_free;
2974   if (debug_free.is_enabled()) {
2975 #define BUFFER_SIZE 80
2976     LogStream ls(debug_free);
2977 
2978     char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
2979     for (uint i = 0; i < BUFFER_SIZE; i++) {
2980       buffer[i] = '\0';
2981     }
2982 
2983 
2984     ls.cr();
2985     ls.print_cr("Mutator free range [%zd..%zd] allocating from %s",
2986                 _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),
2987                 _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator),
2988                 _partitions.alloc_from_left_bias(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator)? "left to right": "right to left");
2989 
2990     ls.print_cr("Collector free range [%zd..%zd] allocating from %s",
2991                 _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector),
2992                 _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector),
2993                 _partitions.alloc_from_left_bias(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector)? "left to right": "right to left");
2994 
2995     ls.print_cr("Old collector free range [%zd..%zd] allocates from %s",
2996                 _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector),
2997                 _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector),
2998                 _partitions.alloc_from_left_bias(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector)? "left to right": "right to left");
2999     ls.cr();
3000     ls.print_cr("FreeSet map legend:");
3001     ls.print_cr(" M/m:mutator, C/c:collector O/o:old_collector (Empty/Occupied)");
3002     ls.print_cr(" H/h:humongous, X/x:no alloc capacity, ~/_:retired (Old/Young)");
3003 
3004     for (uint i = 0; i < _heap->num_regions(); i++) {
3005       ShenandoahHeapRegion *r = _heap->get_region(i);
3006       uint idx = i % 64;
3007       if ((i != 0) && (idx == 0)) {
3008         ls.print_cr(" %6u: %s", i-64, buffer);
3009       }
3010       if (_partitions.in_free_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, i)) {
3011         size_t capacity = alloc_capacity(r);
3012         assert(!r->is_old() || r->is_trash(), "Old regions except trash regions should not be in mutator_free set");
3013         buffer[idx] = (capacity == ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes()) ? 'M' : 'm';
3014       } else if (_partitions.in_free_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, i)) {
3015         size_t capacity = alloc_capacity(r);
3016         assert(!r->is_old() || r->is_trash(), "Old regions except trash regions should not be in collector_free set");
3017         buffer[idx] = (capacity == ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes()) ? 'C' : 'c';
3018       } else if (_partitions.in_free_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, i)) {
3019         size_t capacity = alloc_capacity(r);
3020         buffer[idx] = (capacity == ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes()) ? 'O' : 'o';
3021       } else if (r->is_humongous()) {
3022         buffer[idx] = (r->is_old() ? 'H' : 'h');
3023       } else if (alloc_capacity(r) == 0) {
3024         buffer[idx] = (r->is_old() ? 'X' : 'x');
3025       } else {
3026         buffer[idx] = (r->is_old() ? '~' : '_');
3027       }
3028     }
3029     uint remnant = _heap->num_regions() % 64;
3030     if (remnant > 0) {
3031       buffer[remnant] = '\0';
3032     } else {
3033       remnant = 64;
3034     }
3035     ls.print_cr(" %6u: %s", (uint) (_heap->num_regions() - remnant), buffer);
3036   }
3037 #endif
3038 
3039   LogTarget(Info, gc, free) lt;
3040   if (lt.is_enabled()) {
3041     ResourceMark rm;
3042     LogStream ls(lt);
3043 
3044     {
3045       idx_t last_idx = 0;
3046       size_t max_contig = 0;
3047       size_t empty_contig = 0;
3048 
3049       size_t total_used_in_freeset = 0;
3050       size_t total_free_ext = 0;
3051 
3052       for (idx_t idx = _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator);
3053            idx <= _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator); idx++) {
3054         if (_partitions.in_free_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, idx)) {
3055           ShenandoahHeapRegion *r = _heap->get_region(idx);
3056           size_t free = alloc_capacity(r);
3057           size_t used_in_region = r->used();
3058           if (r->is_empty_or_trash()) {
3059             used_in_region = 0;
3060             total_free_ext += free;
3061             if (last_idx + 1 == idx) {
3062               empty_contig++;
3063             } else {
3064               empty_contig = 1;
3065             }
3066           } else {
3067             empty_contig = 0;
3068           }
3069           total_used_in_freeset += used_in_region;
3070           max_contig = MAX2(max_contig, empty_contig);
3071           last_idx = idx;
3072         }
3073       }
3074 
3075       size_t max_humongous = max_contig * ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
3076 
3077       size_t total_free = available_locked() + collector_available_locked();
3078       total_free += old_collector_available_locked();
3079       ls.print("Whole heap stats: Total free: " PROPERFMT ", Total used: " PROPERFMT
3080                ", Max humongous allocatable: " PROPERFMT "; ",
3081                PROPERFMTARGS(total_free), PROPERFMTARGS(global_used()), PROPERFMTARGS(max_humongous));
3082 
3083       double frag_ext;
3084       if (total_free_ext > 0) {
3085         frag_ext = 100 - (100.0 * max_humongous / total_free_ext);
3086       } else {
3087         frag_ext = 0;
3088       }
3089       ls.print("External fragmentation: %.2f%%; ", frag_ext);
3090 
3091       double mutator_filling_percentage = 0;
3092       size_t mutator_partition = _partitions.count(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator);
3093       if (mutator_partition > 0) {
3094         mutator_filling_percentage = 100 * (1.0 * total_used_in_freeset / mutator_partition)
3095                     / ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
3096       }
3097       ls.print_cr("Mutator freeset filling percentage: %.2f%%", mutator_filling_percentage);
3098     }
3099 
3100     log_freeset_stats(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator, ls);
3101     log_freeset_stats(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector, ls);
3102     if (_heap->mode()->is_generational()) {
3103       log_freeset_stats(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, ls);
3104     }
3105   }
3106 }
3107 
3108 void ShenandoahFreeSet::decrease_humongous_waste_for_regular_bypass(ShenandoahHeapRegion*r, size_t waste) {
3109   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
3110   assert(_partitions.membership(r->index()) == ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::NotFree, "Humongous regions should be NotFree");
3111   ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId p =
3112     r->is_old()? ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector: ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator;
3113   _partitions.decrease_humongous_waste(p, waste);
3114   if (waste >= PLAB::min_size() * HeapWordSize) {
3115     _partitions.decrease_used(p, waste);
3116     _partitions.unretire_to_partition(r, p);
3117     if (r->is_old()) {
3118       recompute_total_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ false,
3119                            /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ false, /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ true>();
3120     } else {
3121       recompute_total_used</* UsedByMutatorChanged */ true,
3122                            /* UsedByCollectorChanged */ false, /* UsedByOldCollectorChanged */ false>();
3123     }
3124   }
3125   _total_humongous_waste -= waste;
3126 }
3127 
3128 
3129 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::allocate(ShenandoahAllocRequest& req, bool& in_new_region) {
3130   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
3131   // A freshly allocated mutator object is not yet hashed and may grow by one word
3132   // when an identity hash-code is injected during a future GC copy. Classify it by
3133   // its potential expanded size so an object that could outgrow a region is placed
3134   // as humongous from the start, rather than allocated as a regular object and then
3135   // needing to become humongous after it grows. Every other request carries an
3136   // already-final size:
3137   //  - a GC copy (_alloc_shared_gc*) uses an already-expanded copy_size(),
3138   //  - a CDS allocation (_alloc_cds) requests a raw archive range; its objects are
3139   //    written at their final, already hash-expanded size (copy_size_cds) and are
3140   //    not grown at load time,
3141   //  - a LAB buffer (TLAB/GCLAB/PLAB, bounded by max_tlab_size_words()) never grows.
3142   const bool may_expand_for_hash = (req.type() == ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_shared);
3143   if (ShenandoahHeapRegion::requires_humongous(req.size(), may_expand_for_hash)) {
3144     switch (req.type()) {
3145       case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_shared:
3146       case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_shared_gc:
3147         in_new_region = true;
3148         return allocate_contiguous(req, /* is_humongous = */ true);
3149       case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_cds:
3150         in_new_region = true;
3151         return allocate_contiguous(req, /* is_humongous = */ false);
3152       case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_plab:
3153       case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_gclab:
3154       case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_tlab:
3155         in_new_region = false;
3156         assert(false, "Trying to allocate TLAB in humongous region: %zu", req.size());
3157         return nullptr;
3158       default:
3159         ShouldNotReachHere();
3160         return nullptr;
3161     }
3162   } else {
3163     return allocate_single(req, in_new_region);
3164   }
3165 }
3166 
3167 void ShenandoahFreeSet::print_on(outputStream* out) const {
3168   out->print_cr("Mutator Free Set: %zu", _partitions.count(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator));
3169   ShenandoahLeftRightIterator mutator(const_cast<ShenandoahRegionPartitions*>(&_partitions), ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator);
3170   for (idx_t index = mutator.current(); mutator.has_next(); index = mutator.next()) {
3171     _heap->get_region(index)->print_on(out);
3172   }
3173 
3174   out->print_cr("Collector Free Set: %zu", _partitions.count(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector));
3175   ShenandoahLeftRightIterator collector(const_cast<ShenandoahRegionPartitions*>(&_partitions), ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Collector);
3176   for (idx_t index = collector.current(); collector.has_next(); index = collector.next()) {
3177     _heap->get_region(index)->print_on(out);
3178   }
3179 
3180   if (_heap->mode()->is_generational()) {
3181     out->print_cr("Old Collector Free Set: %zu", _partitions.count(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector));
3182     for (idx_t index = _partitions.leftmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector);
3183          index <= _partitions.rightmost(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector); index++) {
3184       if (_partitions.in_free_set(ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::OldCollector, index)) {
3185         _heap->get_region(index)->print_on(out);
3186       }
3187     }
3188   }
3189 }
3190 
3191 double ShenandoahFreeSet::internal_fragmentation() {
3192   double squared = 0;
3193   double linear = 0;
3194 
3195   ShenandoahLeftRightIterator iterator(&_partitions, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator);
3196   for (idx_t index = iterator.current(); iterator.has_next(); index = iterator.next()) {
3197     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(index);
3198     size_t used = r->used();
3199     squared += used * used;
3200     linear += used;
3201   }
3202 
3203   if (linear > 0) {
3204     double s = squared / (ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() * linear);
3205     return 1 - s;
3206   } else {
3207     return 0;
3208   }
3209 }
3210 
3211 double ShenandoahFreeSet::external_fragmentation() {
3212   idx_t last_idx = 0;
3213   size_t max_contig = 0;
3214   size_t empty_contig = 0;
3215   size_t free = 0;
3216 
3217   ShenandoahLeftRightIterator iterator(&_partitions, ShenandoahFreeSetPartitionId::Mutator);
3218   for (idx_t index = iterator.current(); iterator.has_next(); index = iterator.next()) {
3219     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(index);
3220     if (r->is_empty()) {
3221       free += ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
3222       if (last_idx + 1 == index) {
3223         empty_contig++;
3224       } else {
3225         empty_contig = 1;
3226       }
3227     } else {
3228       empty_contig = 0;
3229     }
3230     max_contig = MAX2(max_contig, empty_contig);
3231     last_idx = index;
3232   }
3233 
3234   if (free > 0) {
3235     return 1 - (1.0 * max_contig * ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() / free);
3236   } else {
3237     return 0;
3238   }
3239 }
3240