1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 1997, 2025, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
   8  *
   9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  13  * accompanied this code).
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  18  *
  19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  21  * questions.
  22  *
  23  */
  24 
  25 #include "cds/cdsConfig.hpp"
  26 #include "cds/heapShared.inline.hpp"
  27 #include "classfile/classLoader.hpp"
  28 #include "classfile/classLoaderData.inline.hpp"
  29 #include "classfile/classLoaderDataGraph.inline.hpp"
  30 #include "classfile/javaClasses.inline.hpp"
  31 #include "classfile/moduleEntry.hpp"
  32 #include "classfile/systemDictionary.hpp"
  33 #include "classfile/systemDictionaryShared.hpp"
  34 #include "classfile/vmClasses.hpp"
  35 #include "classfile/vmSymbols.hpp"
  36 #include "gc/shared/collectedHeap.inline.hpp"
  37 #include "jvm_io.h"
  38 #include "logging/log.hpp"
  39 #include "memory/metadataFactory.hpp"
  40 #include "memory/metaspaceClosure.hpp"
  41 #include "memory/oopFactory.hpp"
  42 #include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
  43 #include "memory/universe.hpp"
  44 #include "oops/compressedKlass.inline.hpp"
  45 #include "oops/compressedOops.inline.hpp"
  46 #include "oops/instanceKlass.hpp"
  47 #include "oops/klass.inline.hpp"
  48 #include "oops/objArrayKlass.hpp"
  49 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
  50 #include "oops/oopHandle.inline.hpp"
  51 #include "prims/jvmtiExport.hpp"
  52 #include "runtime/atomicAccess.hpp"
  53 #include "runtime/handles.inline.hpp"
  54 #include "runtime/perfData.hpp"
  55 #include "utilities/macros.hpp"
  56 #include "utilities/numberSeq.hpp"
  57 #include "utilities/powerOfTwo.hpp"
  58 #include "utilities/rotate_bits.hpp"
  59 #include "utilities/stack.inline.hpp"
  60 
  61 #if INCLUDE_JFR
  62 #include "jfr/jfr.hpp"
  63 #endif
  64 
  65 void Klass::set_java_mirror(Handle m) {
  66   assert(!m.is_null(), "New mirror should never be null.");
  67   assert(_java_mirror.is_empty(), "should only be used to initialize mirror");
  68   _java_mirror = class_loader_data()->add_handle(m);
  69 }
  70 
  71 bool Klass::is_cloneable() const {
  72   return _misc_flags.is_cloneable_fast() ||
  73          is_subtype_of(vmClasses::Cloneable_klass());
  74 }
  75 
  76 uint8_t Klass::compute_hash_slot(Symbol* n) {
  77   uint hash_code;
  78   // Special cases for the two superclasses of all Array instances.
  79   // Code elsewhere assumes, for all instances of ArrayKlass, that
  80   // these two interfaces will be in this order.
  81 
  82   // We ensure there are some empty slots in the hash table between
  83   // these two very common interfaces because if they were adjacent
  84   // (e.g. Slots 0 and 1), then any other class which hashed to 0 or 1
  85   // would result in a probe length of 3.
  86   if (n == vmSymbols::java_lang_Cloneable()) {
  87     hash_code = 0;
  88   } else if (n == vmSymbols::java_io_Serializable()) {
  89     hash_code = SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_SIZE / 2;
  90   } else {
  91     auto s = (const jbyte*) n->bytes();
  92     hash_code = java_lang_String::hash_code(s, n->utf8_length());
  93     // We use String::hash_code here (rather than e.g.
  94     // Symbol::identity_hash()) in order to have a hash code that
  95     // does not change from run to run. We want that because the
  96     // hash value for a secondary superclass appears in generated
  97     // code as a constant.
  98 
  99     // This constant is magic: see Knuth, "Fibonacci Hashing".
 100     constexpr uint multiplier
 101       = 2654435769; // (uint)(((u8)1 << 32) / ((1 + sqrt(5)) / 2 ))
 102     constexpr uint hash_shift = sizeof(hash_code) * 8 - 6;
 103     // The leading bits of the least significant half of the product.
 104     hash_code = (hash_code * multiplier) >> hash_shift;
 105 
 106     if (StressSecondarySupers) {
 107       // Generate many hash collisions in order to stress-test the
 108       // linear search fallback.
 109       hash_code = hash_code % 3;
 110       hash_code = hash_code * (SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_SIZE / 3);
 111     }
 112   }
 113 
 114   return (hash_code & SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_MASK);
 115 }
 116 
 117 void Klass::set_name(Symbol* n) {
 118   _name = n;
 119 
 120   if (_name != nullptr) {
 121     _name->increment_refcount();
 122   }
 123 
 124   {
 125     elapsedTimer selftime;
 126     selftime.start();
 127 
 128     _hash_slot = compute_hash_slot(n);
 129     assert(_hash_slot < SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_SIZE, "required");
 130 
 131     selftime.stop();
 132     if (UsePerfData) {
 133       ClassLoader::perf_secondary_hash_time()->inc(selftime.ticks());
 134     }
 135   }
 136 
 137   if (CDSConfig::is_dumping_archive() && is_instance_klass()) {
 138     SystemDictionaryShared::init_dumptime_info(InstanceKlass::cast(this));
 139   }
 140 }
 141 
 142 bool Klass::is_subclass_of(const Klass* k) const {
 143   // Run up the super chain and check
 144   if (this == k) return true;
 145 
 146   Klass* t = const_cast<Klass*>(this)->super();
 147 
 148   while (t != nullptr) {
 149     if (t == k) return true;
 150     t = t->super();
 151   }
 152   return false;
 153 }
 154 
 155 void Klass::release_C_heap_structures(bool release_constant_pool) {
 156   if (_name != nullptr) _name->decrement_refcount();
 157 }
 158 
 159 bool Klass::linear_search_secondary_supers(const Klass* k) const {
 160   // Scan the array-of-objects for a match
 161   // FIXME: We could do something smarter here, maybe a vectorized
 162   // comparison or a binary search, but is that worth any added
 163   // complexity?
 164   int cnt = secondary_supers()->length();
 165   for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
 166     if (secondary_supers()->at(i) == k) {
 167       return true;
 168     }
 169   }
 170   return false;
 171 }
 172 
 173 // Given a secondary superklass k, an initial array index, and an
 174 // occupancy bitmap rotated such that Bit 1 is the next bit to test,
 175 // search for k.
 176 bool Klass::fallback_search_secondary_supers(const Klass* k, int index, uintx rotated_bitmap) const {
 177   // Once the occupancy bitmap is almost full, it's faster to use a
 178   // linear search.
 179   if (secondary_supers()->length() > SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_SIZE - 2) {
 180     return linear_search_secondary_supers(k);
 181   }
 182 
 183   // This is conventional linear probing, but instead of terminating
 184   // when a null entry is found in the table, we maintain a bitmap
 185   // in which a 0 indicates missing entries.
 186 
 187   precond((int)population_count(rotated_bitmap) == secondary_supers()->length());
 188 
 189   // The check for secondary_supers()->length() <= SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_SIZE - 2
 190   // at the start of this function guarantees there are 0s in the
 191   // bitmap, so this loop eventually terminates.
 192   while ((rotated_bitmap & 2) != 0) {
 193     if (++index == secondary_supers()->length()) {
 194       index = 0;
 195     }
 196     if (secondary_supers()->at(index) == k) {
 197       return true;
 198     }
 199     rotated_bitmap = rotate_right(rotated_bitmap, 1);
 200   }
 201   return false;
 202 }
 203 
 204 // Return self, except for abstract classes with exactly 1
 205 // implementor.  Then return the 1 concrete implementation.
 206 Klass *Klass::up_cast_abstract() {
 207   Klass *r = this;
 208   while( r->is_abstract() ) {   // Receiver is abstract?
 209     Klass *s = r->subklass();   // Check for exactly 1 subklass
 210     if (s == nullptr || s->next_sibling() != nullptr) // Oops; wrong count; give up
 211       return this;              // Return 'this' as a no-progress flag
 212     r = s;                    // Loop till find concrete class
 213   }
 214   return r;                   // Return the 1 concrete class
 215 }
 216 
 217 // Find LCA in class hierarchy
 218 Klass *Klass::LCA( Klass *k2 ) {
 219   Klass *k1 = this;
 220   while( 1 ) {
 221     if( k1->is_subtype_of(k2) ) return k2;
 222     if( k2->is_subtype_of(k1) ) return k1;
 223     k1 = k1->super();
 224     k2 = k2->super();
 225   }
 226 }
 227 
 228 
 229 void Klass::check_valid_for_instantiation(bool throwError, TRAPS) {
 230   ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 231   THROW_MSG(throwError ? vmSymbols::java_lang_InstantiationError()
 232             : vmSymbols::java_lang_InstantiationException(), external_name());
 233 }
 234 
 235 
 236 void Klass::copy_array(arrayOop s, int src_pos, arrayOop d, int dst_pos, int length, TRAPS) {
 237   ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 238   assert(s != nullptr, "Throw NPE!");
 239   THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArrayStoreException(),
 240             err_msg("arraycopy: source type %s is not an array", s->klass()->external_name()));
 241 }
 242 
 243 
 244 void Klass::initialize(TRAPS) {
 245   ShouldNotReachHere();
 246 }
 247 
 248 void Klass::initialize_preemptable(TRAPS) {
 249   ShouldNotReachHere();
 250 }
 251 
 252 Klass* Klass::find_field(Symbol* name, Symbol* sig, fieldDescriptor* fd) const {
 253 #ifdef ASSERT
 254   tty->print_cr("Error: find_field called on a klass oop."
 255                 " Likely error: reflection method does not correctly"
 256                 " wrap return value in a mirror object.");
 257 #endif
 258   ShouldNotReachHere();
 259   return nullptr;
 260 }
 261 
 262 Method* Klass::uncached_lookup_method(const Symbol* name, const Symbol* signature,
 263                                       OverpassLookupMode overpass_mode,
 264                                       PrivateLookupMode private_mode) const {
 265 #ifdef ASSERT
 266   tty->print_cr("Error: uncached_lookup_method called on a klass oop."
 267                 " Likely error: reflection method does not correctly"
 268                 " wrap return value in a mirror object.");
 269 #endif
 270   ShouldNotReachHere();
 271   return nullptr;
 272 }
 273 
 274 static markWord make_prototype(const Klass* kls) {
 275   markWord prototype = markWord::prototype();
 276 #ifdef _LP64
 277   if (UseCompactObjectHeaders) {
 278     // With compact object headers, the narrow Klass ID is part of the mark word.
 279     // We therefore seed the mark word with the narrow Klass ID.
 280     precond(CompressedKlassPointers::is_encodable(kls));
 281     const narrowKlass nk = CompressedKlassPointers::encode(const_cast<Klass*>(kls));
 282     prototype = prototype.set_narrow_klass(nk);
 283   }
 284 #endif
 285   return prototype;
 286 }
 287 
 288 void* Klass::operator new(size_t size, ClassLoaderData* loader_data, size_t word_size, TRAPS) throw() {
 289   return Metaspace::allocate(loader_data, word_size, MetaspaceObj::ClassType, THREAD);
 290 }
 291 
 292 Klass::Klass() : _kind(UnknownKlassKind) {
 293   assert(CDSConfig::is_dumping_static_archive() || CDSConfig::is_using_archive(), "only for cds");
 294 }
 295 
 296 // "Normal" instantiation is preceded by a MetaspaceObj allocation
 297 // which zeros out memory - calloc equivalent.
 298 // The constructor is also used from CppVtableCloner,
 299 // which doesn't zero out the memory before calling the constructor.
 300 Klass::Klass(KlassKind kind) : _kind(kind),
 301                                _prototype_header(make_prototype(this)),
 302                                _shared_class_path_index(-1) {
 303   CDS_ONLY(_aot_class_flags = 0;)
 304   CDS_JAVA_HEAP_ONLY(_archived_mirror_index = -1;)
 305   _primary_supers[0] = this;
 306   set_super_check_offset(in_bytes(primary_supers_offset()));
 307 }
 308 
 309 jint Klass::array_layout_helper(BasicType etype) {
 310   assert(etype >= T_BOOLEAN && etype <= T_OBJECT, "valid etype");
 311   // Note that T_ARRAY is not allowed here.
 312   int  hsize = arrayOopDesc::base_offset_in_bytes(etype);
 313   int  esize = type2aelembytes(etype);
 314   bool isobj = (etype == T_OBJECT);
 315   int  tag   =  isobj ? _lh_array_tag_obj_value : _lh_array_tag_type_value;
 316   int lh = array_layout_helper(tag, hsize, etype, exact_log2(esize));
 317 
 318   assert(lh < (int)_lh_neutral_value, "must look like an array layout");
 319   assert(layout_helper_is_array(lh), "correct kind");
 320   assert(layout_helper_is_objArray(lh) == isobj, "correct kind");
 321   assert(layout_helper_is_typeArray(lh) == !isobj, "correct kind");
 322   assert(layout_helper_header_size(lh) == hsize, "correct decode");
 323   assert(layout_helper_element_type(lh) == etype, "correct decode");
 324   assert(1 << layout_helper_log2_element_size(lh) == esize, "correct decode");
 325 
 326   return lh;
 327 }
 328 
 329 int Klass::modifier_flags() const {
 330   int mods = java_lang_Class::modifiers(java_mirror());
 331   assert(mods == compute_modifier_flags(), "should be same");
 332   return mods;
 333 }
 334 
 335 bool Klass::can_be_primary_super_slow() const {
 336   if (super() == nullptr)
 337     return true;
 338   else if (super()->super_depth() >= primary_super_limit()-1)
 339     return false;
 340   else
 341     return true;
 342 }
 343 
 344 void Klass::set_secondary_supers(Array<Klass*>* secondaries, uintx bitmap) {
 345 #ifdef ASSERT
 346   if (secondaries != nullptr) {
 347     uintx real_bitmap = compute_secondary_supers_bitmap(secondaries);
 348     assert(bitmap == real_bitmap, "must be");
 349     assert(secondaries->length() >= (int)population_count(bitmap), "must be");
 350   }
 351 #endif
 352   _secondary_supers_bitmap = bitmap;
 353   _secondary_supers = secondaries;
 354 
 355   if (secondaries != nullptr) {
 356     LogMessage(class, load) msg;
 357     NonInterleavingLogStream log {LogLevel::Debug, msg};
 358     if (log.is_enabled()) {
 359       ResourceMark rm;
 360       log.print_cr("set_secondary_supers: hash_slot: %d; klass: %s", hash_slot(), external_name());
 361       print_secondary_supers_on(&log);
 362     }
 363   }
 364 }
 365 
 366 // Hashed secondary superclasses
 367 //
 368 // We use a compressed 64-entry hash table with linear probing. We
 369 // start by creating a hash table in the usual way, followed by a pass
 370 // that removes all the null entries. To indicate which entries would
 371 // have been null we use a bitmap that contains a 1 in each position
 372 // where an entry is present, 0 otherwise. This bitmap also serves as
 373 // a kind of Bloom filter, which in many cases allows us quickly to
 374 // eliminate the possibility that something is a member of a set of
 375 // secondaries.
 376 uintx Klass::hash_secondary_supers(Array<Klass*>* secondaries, bool rewrite) {
 377   const int length = secondaries->length();
 378 
 379   if (length == 0) {
 380     return SECONDARY_SUPERS_BITMAP_EMPTY;
 381   }
 382 
 383   if (length == 1) {
 384     int hash_slot = secondaries->at(0)->hash_slot();
 385     return uintx(1) << hash_slot;
 386   }
 387 
 388   // Invariant: _secondary_supers.length >= population_count(_secondary_supers_bitmap)
 389 
 390   // Don't attempt to hash a table that's completely full, because in
 391   // the case of an absent interface linear probing would not
 392   // terminate.
 393   if (length >= SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_SIZE) {
 394     return SECONDARY_SUPERS_BITMAP_FULL;
 395   }
 396 
 397   {
 398     PerfTraceTime ptt(ClassLoader::perf_secondary_hash_time());
 399 
 400     ResourceMark rm;
 401     uintx bitmap = SECONDARY_SUPERS_BITMAP_EMPTY;
 402     auto hashed_secondaries = new GrowableArray<Klass*>(SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_SIZE,
 403                                                         SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_SIZE, nullptr);
 404 
 405     for (int j = 0; j < length; j++) {
 406       Klass* k = secondaries->at(j);
 407       hash_insert(k, hashed_secondaries, bitmap);
 408     }
 409 
 410     // Pack the hashed secondaries array by copying it into the
 411     // secondaries array, sans nulls, if modification is allowed.
 412     // Otherwise, validate the order.
 413     int i = 0;
 414     for (int slot = 0; slot < SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_SIZE; slot++) {
 415       bool has_element = ((bitmap >> slot) & 1) != 0;
 416       assert(has_element == (hashed_secondaries->at(slot) != nullptr), "");
 417       if (has_element) {
 418         Klass* k = hashed_secondaries->at(slot);
 419         if (rewrite) {
 420           secondaries->at_put(i, k);
 421         } else if (secondaries->at(i) != k) {
 422           assert(false, "broken secondary supers hash table");
 423           return SECONDARY_SUPERS_BITMAP_FULL;
 424         }
 425         i++;
 426       }
 427     }
 428     assert(i == secondaries->length(), "mismatch");
 429     postcond((int)population_count(bitmap) == secondaries->length());
 430 
 431     return bitmap;
 432   }
 433 }
 434 
 435 void Klass::hash_insert(Klass* klass, GrowableArray<Klass*>* secondaries, uintx& bitmap) {
 436   assert(bitmap != SECONDARY_SUPERS_BITMAP_FULL, "");
 437 
 438   int dist = 0;
 439   for (int slot = klass->hash_slot(); true; slot = (slot + 1) & SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_MASK) {
 440     Klass* existing = secondaries->at(slot);
 441     assert(((bitmap >> slot) & 1) == (existing != nullptr), "mismatch");
 442     if (existing == nullptr) { // no conflict
 443       secondaries->at_put(slot, klass);
 444       bitmap |= uintx(1) << slot;
 445       assert(bitmap != SECONDARY_SUPERS_BITMAP_FULL, "");
 446       return;
 447     } else {
 448       // Use Robin Hood hashing to minimize the worst case search.
 449       // Also, every permutation of the insertion sequence produces
 450       // the same final Robin Hood hash table, provided that a
 451       // consistent tie breaker is used.
 452       int existing_dist = (slot - existing->hash_slot()) & SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_MASK;
 453       if (existing_dist < dist
 454           // This tie breaker ensures that the hash order is maintained.
 455           || ((existing_dist == dist)
 456               && (uintptr_t(existing) < uintptr_t(klass)))) {
 457         Klass* tmp = secondaries->at(slot);
 458         secondaries->at_put(slot, klass);
 459         klass = tmp;
 460         dist = existing_dist;
 461       }
 462       ++dist;
 463     }
 464   }
 465 }
 466 
 467 Array<Klass*>* Klass::pack_secondary_supers(ClassLoaderData* loader_data,
 468                                             GrowableArray<Klass*>* primaries,
 469                                             GrowableArray<Klass*>* secondaries,
 470                                             uintx& bitmap, TRAPS) {
 471   int new_length = primaries->length() + secondaries->length();
 472   Array<Klass*>* secondary_supers = MetadataFactory::new_array<Klass*>(loader_data, new_length, CHECK_NULL);
 473 
 474   // Combine the two arrays into a metadata object to pack the array.
 475   // The primaries are added in the reverse order, then the secondaries.
 476   int fill_p = primaries->length();
 477   for (int j = 0; j < fill_p; j++) {
 478     secondary_supers->at_put(j, primaries->pop());  // add primaries in reverse order.
 479   }
 480   for( int j = 0; j < secondaries->length(); j++ ) {
 481     secondary_supers->at_put(j+fill_p, secondaries->at(j));  // add secondaries on the end.
 482   }
 483 #ifdef ASSERT
 484   // We must not copy any null placeholders left over from bootstrap.
 485   for (int j = 0; j < secondary_supers->length(); j++) {
 486     assert(secondary_supers->at(j) != nullptr, "correct bootstrapping order");
 487   }
 488 #endif
 489 
 490   bitmap = hash_secondary_supers(secondary_supers, /*rewrite=*/true); // rewrites freshly allocated array
 491   return secondary_supers;
 492 }
 493 
 494 uintx Klass::compute_secondary_supers_bitmap(Array<Klass*>* secondary_supers) {
 495   return hash_secondary_supers(secondary_supers, /*rewrite=*/false); // no rewrites allowed
 496 }
 497 
 498 uint8_t Klass::compute_home_slot(Klass* k, uintx bitmap) {
 499   uint8_t hash = k->hash_slot();
 500   if (hash > 0) {
 501     return population_count(bitmap << (SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_SIZE - hash));
 502   }
 503   return 0;
 504 }
 505 
 506 
 507 void Klass::initialize_supers(Klass* k, Array<InstanceKlass*>* transitive_interfaces, TRAPS) {
 508   if (k == nullptr) {
 509     set_super(nullptr);
 510     _primary_supers[0] = this;
 511     assert(super_depth() == 0, "Object must already be initialized properly");
 512   } else if (k != super() || k == vmClasses::Object_klass()) {
 513     assert(super() == nullptr || super() == vmClasses::Object_klass(),
 514            "initialize this only once to a non-trivial value");
 515     set_super(k);
 516     Klass* sup = k;
 517     int sup_depth = sup->super_depth();
 518     juint my_depth  = MIN2(sup_depth + 1, (int)primary_super_limit());
 519     if (!can_be_primary_super_slow())
 520       my_depth = primary_super_limit();
 521     for (juint i = 0; i < my_depth; i++) {
 522       _primary_supers[i] = sup->_primary_supers[i];
 523     }
 524     Klass* *super_check_cell;
 525     if (my_depth < primary_super_limit()) {
 526       _primary_supers[my_depth] = this;
 527       super_check_cell = &_primary_supers[my_depth];
 528     } else {
 529       // Overflow of the primary_supers array forces me to be secondary.
 530       super_check_cell = &_secondary_super_cache;
 531     }
 532     set_super_check_offset(u4((address)super_check_cell - (address) this));
 533 
 534 #ifdef ASSERT
 535     {
 536       juint j = super_depth();
 537       assert(j == my_depth, "computed accessor gets right answer");
 538       Klass* t = this;
 539       while (!t->can_be_primary_super()) {
 540         t = t->super();
 541         j = t->super_depth();
 542       }
 543       for (juint j1 = j+1; j1 < primary_super_limit(); j1++) {
 544         assert(primary_super_of_depth(j1) == nullptr, "super list padding");
 545       }
 546       while (t != nullptr) {
 547         assert(primary_super_of_depth(j) == t, "super list initialization");
 548         t = t->super();
 549         --j;
 550       }
 551       assert(j == (juint)-1, "correct depth count");
 552     }
 553 #endif
 554   }
 555 
 556   if (secondary_supers() == nullptr) {
 557 
 558     // Now compute the list of secondary supertypes.
 559     // Secondaries can occasionally be on the super chain,
 560     // if the inline "_primary_supers" array overflows.
 561     int extras = 0;
 562     Klass* p;
 563     for (p = super(); !(p == nullptr || p->can_be_primary_super()); p = p->super()) {
 564       ++extras;
 565     }
 566 
 567     ResourceMark rm(THREAD);  // need to reclaim GrowableArrays allocated below
 568 
 569     // Compute the "real" non-extra secondaries.
 570     GrowableArray<Klass*>* secondaries = compute_secondary_supers(extras, transitive_interfaces);
 571     if (secondaries == nullptr) {
 572       // secondary_supers set by compute_secondary_supers
 573       return;
 574     }
 575 
 576     GrowableArray<Klass*>* primaries = new GrowableArray<Klass*>(extras);
 577 
 578     for (p = super(); !(p == nullptr || p->can_be_primary_super()); p = p->super()) {
 579       int i;                    // Scan for overflow primaries being duplicates of 2nd'arys
 580 
 581       // This happens frequently for very deeply nested arrays: the
 582       // primary superclass chain overflows into the secondary.  The
 583       // secondary list contains the element_klass's secondaries with
 584       // an extra array dimension added.  If the element_klass's
 585       // secondary list already contains some primary overflows, they
 586       // (with the extra level of array-ness) will collide with the
 587       // normal primary superclass overflows.
 588       for( i = 0; i < secondaries->length(); i++ ) {
 589         if( secondaries->at(i) == p )
 590           break;
 591       }
 592       if( i < secondaries->length() )
 593         continue;               // It's a dup, don't put it in
 594       primaries->push(p);
 595     }
 596     // Combine the two arrays into a metadata object to pack the array.
 597     uintx bitmap = 0;
 598     Array<Klass*>* s2 = pack_secondary_supers(class_loader_data(), primaries, secondaries, bitmap, CHECK);
 599     set_secondary_supers(s2, bitmap);
 600   }
 601 }
 602 
 603 GrowableArray<Klass*>* Klass::compute_secondary_supers(int num_extra_slots,
 604                                                        Array<InstanceKlass*>* transitive_interfaces) {
 605   assert(num_extra_slots == 0, "override for complex klasses");
 606   assert(transitive_interfaces == nullptr, "sanity");
 607   set_secondary_supers(Universe::the_empty_klass_array(), Universe::the_empty_klass_bitmap());
 608   return nullptr;
 609 }
 610 
 611 
 612 // subklass links.  Used by the compiler (and vtable initialization)
 613 // May be cleaned concurrently, so must use the Compile_lock.
 614 Klass* Klass::subklass() const {
 615   // Need load_acquire on the _subklass, because it races with inserts that
 616   // publishes freshly initialized data.
 617   for (Klass* chain = AtomicAccess::load_acquire(&_subklass);
 618        chain != nullptr;
 619        // Do not need load_acquire on _next_sibling, because inserts never
 620        // create _next_sibling edges to dead data.
 621        chain = AtomicAccess::load(&chain->_next_sibling))
 622   {
 623     if (chain->is_loader_alive()) {
 624       return chain;
 625     }
 626   }
 627   return nullptr;
 628 }
 629 
 630 Klass* Klass::next_sibling(bool log) const {
 631   // Do not need load_acquire on _next_sibling, because inserts never
 632   // create _next_sibling edges to dead data.
 633   for (Klass* chain = AtomicAccess::load(&_next_sibling);
 634        chain != nullptr;
 635        chain = AtomicAccess::load(&chain->_next_sibling)) {
 636     // Only return alive klass, there may be stale klass
 637     // in this chain if cleaned concurrently.
 638     if (chain->is_loader_alive()) {
 639       return chain;
 640     } else if (log) {
 641       if (log_is_enabled(Trace, class, unload)) {
 642         ResourceMark rm;
 643         log_trace(class, unload)("unlinking class (sibling): %s", chain->external_name());
 644       }
 645     }
 646   }
 647   return nullptr;
 648 }
 649 
 650 void Klass::set_subklass(Klass* s) {
 651   assert(s != this, "sanity check");
 652   AtomicAccess::release_store(&_subklass, s);
 653 }
 654 
 655 void Klass::set_next_sibling(Klass* s) {
 656   assert(s != this, "sanity check");
 657   // Does not need release semantics. If used by cleanup, it will link to
 658   // already safely published data, and if used by inserts, will be published
 659   // safely using cmpxchg.
 660   AtomicAccess::store(&_next_sibling, s);
 661 }
 662 
 663 void Klass::append_to_sibling_list() {
 664   if (Universe::is_fully_initialized()) {
 665     assert_locked_or_safepoint(Compile_lock);
 666   }
 667   DEBUG_ONLY(verify();)
 668   // add ourselves to super' subklass list
 669   InstanceKlass* super = java_super();
 670   if (super == nullptr) return;     // special case: class Object
 671   assert((!super->is_interface()    // interfaces cannot be supers
 672           && (super->java_super() == nullptr || !is_interface())),
 673          "an interface can only be a subklass of Object");
 674 
 675   // Make sure there is no stale subklass head
 676   super->clean_subklass();
 677 
 678   for (;;) {
 679     Klass* prev_first_subklass = AtomicAccess::load_acquire(&_super->_subklass);
 680     if (prev_first_subklass != nullptr) {
 681       // set our sibling to be the super' previous first subklass
 682       assert(prev_first_subklass->is_loader_alive(), "May not attach not alive klasses");
 683       set_next_sibling(prev_first_subklass);
 684     }
 685     // Note that the prev_first_subklass is always alive, meaning no sibling_next links
 686     // are ever created to not alive klasses. This is an important invariant of the lock-free
 687     // cleaning protocol, that allows us to safely unlink dead klasses from the sibling list.
 688     if (AtomicAccess::cmpxchg(&super->_subklass, prev_first_subklass, this) == prev_first_subklass) {
 689       return;
 690     }
 691   }
 692   DEBUG_ONLY(verify();)
 693 }
 694 
 695 // The log parameter is for clean_weak_klass_links to report unlinked classes.
 696 Klass* Klass::clean_subklass(bool log) {
 697   for (;;) {
 698     // Need load_acquire, due to contending with concurrent inserts
 699     Klass* subklass = AtomicAccess::load_acquire(&_subklass);
 700     if (subklass == nullptr || subklass->is_loader_alive()) {
 701       return subklass;
 702     }
 703     if (log && log_is_enabled(Trace, class, unload)) {
 704       ResourceMark rm;
 705       log_trace(class, unload)("unlinking class (subclass): %s", subklass->external_name());
 706     }
 707     // Try to fix _subklass until it points at something not dead.
 708     AtomicAccess::cmpxchg(&_subklass, subklass, subklass->next_sibling(log));
 709   }
 710 }
 711 
 712 void Klass::clean_weak_klass_links(bool unloading_occurred, bool clean_alive_klasses) {
 713   if (!ClassUnloading || !unloading_occurred) {
 714     return;
 715   }
 716 
 717   Klass* root = vmClasses::Object_klass();
 718   Stack<Klass*, mtGC> stack;
 719 
 720   stack.push(root);
 721   while (!stack.is_empty()) {
 722     Klass* current = stack.pop();
 723 
 724     assert(current->is_loader_alive(), "just checking, this should be live");
 725 
 726     // Find and set the first alive subklass
 727     Klass* sub = current->clean_subklass(true);
 728     if (sub != nullptr) {
 729       stack.push(sub);
 730     }
 731 
 732     // Find and set the first alive sibling
 733     Klass* sibling = current->next_sibling(true);
 734     current->set_next_sibling(sibling);
 735     if (sibling != nullptr) {
 736       stack.push(sibling);
 737     }
 738 
 739     // Clean the implementors list and method data.
 740     if (clean_alive_klasses && current->is_instance_klass()) {
 741       InstanceKlass* ik = InstanceKlass::cast(current);
 742       clean_weak_instanceklass_links(ik);
 743     }
 744   }
 745 }
 746 
 747 void Klass::clean_weak_instanceklass_links(InstanceKlass* ik) {
 748   ik->clean_weak_instanceklass_links();
 749   // JVMTI RedefineClasses creates previous versions that are not in
 750   // the class hierarchy, so process them here.
 751   while ((ik = ik->previous_versions()) != nullptr) {
 752     ik->clean_weak_instanceklass_links();
 753   }
 754 }
 755 
 756 void Klass::metaspace_pointers_do(MetaspaceClosure* it) {
 757   if (log_is_enabled(Trace, aot)) {
 758     ResourceMark rm;
 759     log_trace(aot)("Iter(Klass): %p (%s)", this, external_name());
 760   }
 761 
 762   it->push(&_name);
 763   it->push(&_secondary_supers);
 764   for (int i = 0; i < _primary_super_limit; i++) {
 765     it->push(&_primary_supers[i]);
 766   }
 767   it->push(&_super);
 768   if (!CDSConfig::is_dumping_archive()) {
 769     // If dumping archive, these may point to excluded classes. There's no need
 770     // to follow these pointers anyway, as they will be set to null in
 771     // remove_unshareable_info().
 772     it->push((Klass**)&_subklass);
 773     it->push((Klass**)&_next_sibling);
 774     it->push(&_next_link);
 775   }
 776 
 777   vtableEntry* vt = start_of_vtable();
 778   for (int i=0; i<vtable_length(); i++) {
 779     it->push(vt[i].method_addr());
 780   }
 781 }
 782 
 783 #if INCLUDE_CDS
 784 void Klass::remove_unshareable_info() {
 785   assert(CDSConfig::is_dumping_archive(),
 786           "only called during CDS dump time");
 787   JFR_ONLY(REMOVE_ID(this);)
 788   if (log_is_enabled(Trace, aot, unshareable)) {
 789     ResourceMark rm;
 790     log_trace(aot, unshareable)("remove: %s", external_name());
 791   }
 792 
 793   // _secondary_super_cache may be updated by an is_subtype_of() call
 794   // while ArchiveBuilder is copying metaspace objects. Let's reset it to
 795   // null and let it be repopulated at runtime.
 796   set_secondary_super_cache(nullptr);
 797 
 798   set_subklass(nullptr);
 799   set_next_sibling(nullptr);
 800   set_next_link(nullptr);
 801 
 802   // Null out class_loader_data because we don't share that yet.
 803   set_class_loader_data(nullptr);
 804   set_in_aot_cache();
 805 
 806   if (CDSConfig::is_dumping_classic_static_archive()) {
 807     // "Classic" static archives are required to have deterministic contents.
 808     // The elements in _secondary_supers are addresses in the ArchiveBuilder
 809     // output buffer, so they should have deterministic values. If we rehash
 810     // _secondary_supers, its elements will appear in a deterministic order.
 811     //
 812     // Note that the bitmap is guaranteed to be deterministic, regardless of the
 813     // actual addresses of the elements in _secondary_supers. So rehashing shouldn't
 814     // change it.
 815     uintx bitmap = hash_secondary_supers(secondary_supers(), true);
 816     assert(bitmap == _secondary_supers_bitmap, "bitmap should not be changed due to rehashing");
 817   }
 818 }
 819 
 820 void Klass::remove_java_mirror() {
 821   assert(CDSConfig::is_dumping_archive(), "sanity");
 822   if (log_is_enabled(Trace, aot, unshareable)) {
 823     ResourceMark rm;
 824     log_trace(aot, unshareable)("remove java_mirror: %s", external_name());
 825   }
 826 
 827 #if INCLUDE_CDS_JAVA_HEAP
 828   _archived_mirror_index = -1;
 829   if (CDSConfig::is_dumping_heap()) {
 830     Klass* src_k = ArchiveBuilder::current()->get_source_addr(this);
 831     oop orig_mirror = src_k->java_mirror();
 832     if (orig_mirror == nullptr) {
 833       assert(CDSConfig::is_dumping_final_static_archive(), "sanity");
 834       if (is_instance_klass()) {
 835         assert(InstanceKlass::cast(this)->defined_by_other_loaders(), "sanity");
 836       } else {
 837         precond(is_objArray_klass());
 838         Klass *k = ObjArrayKlass::cast(this)->bottom_klass();
 839         precond(k->is_instance_klass());
 840         assert(InstanceKlass::cast(k)->defined_by_other_loaders(), "sanity");
 841       }
 842     } else {
 843       oop scratch_mirror = HeapShared::scratch_java_mirror(orig_mirror);
 844       if (scratch_mirror != nullptr) {
 845         _archived_mirror_index = HeapShared::append_root(scratch_mirror);
 846       }
 847     }
 848   }
 849 #endif
 850 
 851   // Just null out the mirror.  The class_loader_data() no longer exists.
 852   clear_java_mirror_handle();
 853 }
 854 
 855 void Klass::restore_unshareable_info(ClassLoaderData* loader_data, Handle protection_domain, TRAPS) {
 856   assert(is_klass(), "ensure C++ vtable is restored");
 857   assert(in_aot_cache(), "must be set");
 858   assert(secondary_supers()->length() >= (int)population_count(_secondary_supers_bitmap), "must be");
 859   if (log_is_enabled(Trace, aot, unshareable)) {
 860     ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 861     oop class_loader = loader_data->class_loader();
 862     log_trace(aot, unshareable)("restore: %s with class loader: %s", external_name(),
 863       class_loader != nullptr ? class_loader->klass()->external_name() : "boot");
 864   }
 865 
 866   // If an exception happened during CDS restore, some of these fields may already be
 867   // set.  We leave the class on the CLD list, even if incomplete so that we don't
 868   // modify the CLD list outside a safepoint.
 869   if (class_loader_data() == nullptr) {
 870     set_class_loader_data(loader_data);
 871   }
 872 
 873   // Add to class loader list first before creating the mirror
 874   // (same order as class file parsing)
 875   loader_data->add_class(this);
 876 
 877   JFR_ONLY(Jfr::on_restoration(this, THREAD);)
 878 
 879   Handle loader(THREAD, loader_data->class_loader());
 880   ModuleEntry* module_entry = nullptr;
 881   Klass* k = this;
 882   if (k->is_objArray_klass()) {
 883     k = ObjArrayKlass::cast(k)->bottom_klass();
 884   }
 885   // Obtain klass' module.
 886   if (k->is_instance_klass()) {
 887     InstanceKlass* ik = (InstanceKlass*) k;
 888     module_entry = ik->module();
 889   } else {
 890     module_entry = ModuleEntryTable::javabase_moduleEntry();
 891   }
 892   // Obtain java.lang.Module, if available
 893   Handle module_handle(THREAD, ((module_entry != nullptr) ? module_entry->module_oop() : (oop)nullptr));
 894 
 895   if (this->has_archived_mirror_index()) {
 896     ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 897     log_debug(aot, mirror)("%s has raw archived mirror", external_name());
 898     if (HeapShared::is_archived_heap_in_use()) {
 899       bool present = java_lang_Class::restore_archived_mirror(this, loader, module_handle,
 900                                                               protection_domain,
 901                                                               CHECK);
 902       if (present) {
 903         return;
 904       }
 905     }
 906 
 907     // No archived mirror data
 908     log_debug(aot, mirror)("No archived mirror data for %s", external_name());
 909     clear_java_mirror_handle();
 910     this->clear_archived_mirror_index();
 911   }
 912 
 913   // Only recreate it if not present.  A previous attempt to restore may have
 914   // gotten an OOM later but keep the mirror if it was created.
 915   if (java_mirror() == nullptr) {
 916     ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
 917     log_trace(aot, mirror)("Recreate mirror for %s", external_name());
 918     java_lang_Class::create_mirror(this, loader, module_handle, protection_domain, Handle(), CHECK);
 919   }
 920 }
 921 #endif // INCLUDE_CDS
 922 
 923 #if INCLUDE_CDS_JAVA_HEAP
 924 oop Klass::archived_java_mirror() {
 925   assert(has_archived_mirror_index(), "must have archived mirror");
 926   return HeapShared::get_root(_archived_mirror_index);
 927 }
 928 
 929 void Klass::clear_archived_mirror_index() {
 930   if (_archived_mirror_index >= 0) {
 931     HeapShared::clear_root(_archived_mirror_index);
 932   }
 933   _archived_mirror_index = -1;
 934 }
 935 #endif // INCLUDE_CDS_JAVA_HEAP
 936 
 937 void Klass::check_array_allocation_length(int length, int max_length, TRAPS) {
 938   if (length > max_length) {
 939     if (!THREAD->is_in_internal_oome_mark()) {
 940       report_java_out_of_memory("Requested array size exceeds VM limit");
 941       JvmtiExport::post_array_size_exhausted();
 942       THROW_OOP(Universe::out_of_memory_error_array_size());
 943     } else {
 944       THROW_OOP(Universe::out_of_memory_error_java_heap_without_backtrace());
 945     }
 946   } else if (length < 0) {
 947     THROW_MSG(vmSymbols::java_lang_NegativeArraySizeException(), err_msg("%d", length));
 948   }
 949 }
 950 
 951 // Replace the last '+' char with '/'.
 952 static char* convert_hidden_name_to_java(Symbol* name) {
 953   size_t name_len = name->utf8_length();
 954   char* result = NEW_RESOURCE_ARRAY(char, name_len + 1);
 955   name->as_klass_external_name(result, (int)name_len + 1);
 956   for (int index = (int)name_len; index > 0; index--) {
 957     if (result[index] == '+') {
 958       result[index] = JVM_SIGNATURE_SLASH;
 959       break;
 960     }
 961   }
 962   return result;
 963 }
 964 
 965 // In product mode, this function doesn't have virtual function calls so
 966 // there might be some performance advantage to handling InstanceKlass here.
 967 const char* Klass::external_name() const {
 968   if (is_instance_klass()) {
 969     const InstanceKlass* ik = static_cast<const InstanceKlass*>(this);
 970     if (ik->is_hidden()) {
 971       char* result = convert_hidden_name_to_java(name());
 972       return result;
 973     }
 974   } else if (is_objArray_klass() && ObjArrayKlass::cast(this)->bottom_klass()->is_hidden()) {
 975     char* result = convert_hidden_name_to_java(name());
 976     return result;
 977   }
 978   if (name() == nullptr)  return "<unknown>";
 979   return name()->as_klass_external_name();
 980 }
 981 
 982 const char* Klass::signature_name() const {
 983   if (name() == nullptr)  return "<unknown>";
 984   if (is_objArray_klass() && ObjArrayKlass::cast(this)->bottom_klass()->is_hidden()) {
 985     size_t name_len = name()->utf8_length();
 986     char* result = NEW_RESOURCE_ARRAY(char, name_len + 1);
 987     name()->as_C_string(result, (int)name_len + 1);
 988     for (int index = (int)name_len; index > 0; index--) {
 989       if (result[index] == '+') {
 990         result[index] = JVM_SIGNATURE_DOT;
 991         break;
 992       }
 993     }
 994     return result;
 995   }
 996   return name()->as_C_string();
 997 }
 998 
 999 const char* Klass::external_kind() const {
1000   if (is_interface()) return "interface";
1001   if (is_abstract()) return "abstract class";
1002   return "class";
1003 }
1004 
1005 // Unless overridden, jvmti_class_status has no flags set.
1006 jint Klass::jvmti_class_status() const {
1007   return 0;
1008 }
1009 
1010 
1011 // Printing
1012 
1013 void Klass::print_on(outputStream* st) const {
1014   ResourceMark rm;
1015   // print title
1016   st->print("%s", internal_name());
1017   print_address_on(st);
1018   st->cr();
1019 }
1020 
1021 #define BULLET  " - "
1022 
1023 // Caller needs ResourceMark
1024 void Klass::oop_print_on(oop obj, outputStream* st) {
1025   // print title
1026   st->print_cr("%s ", internal_name());
1027   obj->print_address_on(st);
1028 
1029   if (WizardMode) {
1030      // print header
1031      obj->mark().print_on(st);
1032      st->cr();
1033      if (UseCompactObjectHeaders) {
1034        st->print(BULLET"prototype_header: " INTPTR_FORMAT, _prototype_header.value());
1035        st->cr();
1036      }
1037   }
1038 
1039   // print class
1040   st->print(BULLET"klass: ");
1041   obj->klass()->print_value_on(st);
1042   st->print(BULLET"flags: "); _misc_flags.print_on(st); st->cr();
1043   st->cr();
1044 }
1045 
1046 void Klass::oop_print_value_on(oop obj, outputStream* st) {
1047   // print title
1048   ResourceMark rm;              // Cannot print in debug mode without this
1049   st->print("%s", internal_name());
1050   obj->print_address_on(st);
1051 }
1052 
1053 // Verification
1054 
1055 void Klass::verify_on(outputStream* st) {
1056 
1057   // This can be expensive, but it is worth checking that this klass is actually
1058   // in the CLD graph but not in production.
1059 #ifdef ASSERT
1060   if (UseCompressedClassPointers) {
1061     // Stricter checks for both correct alignment and placement
1062     CompressedKlassPointers::check_encodable(this);
1063   } else {
1064     assert(Metaspace::contains((address)this), "Should be");
1065   }
1066 #endif // ASSERT
1067 
1068   guarantee(this->is_klass(),"should be klass");
1069 
1070   if (super() != nullptr) {
1071     guarantee(super()->is_klass(), "should be klass");
1072   }
1073   if (secondary_super_cache() != nullptr) {
1074     Klass* ko = secondary_super_cache();
1075     guarantee(ko->is_klass(), "should be klass");
1076   }
1077   for ( uint i = 0; i < primary_super_limit(); i++ ) {
1078     Klass* ko = _primary_supers[i];
1079     if (ko != nullptr) {
1080       guarantee(ko->is_klass(), "should be klass");
1081     }
1082   }
1083 
1084   if (java_mirror_no_keepalive() != nullptr) {
1085     guarantee(java_lang_Class::is_instance(java_mirror_no_keepalive()), "should be instance");
1086   }
1087 }
1088 
1089 void Klass::oop_verify_on(oop obj, outputStream* st) {
1090   guarantee(oopDesc::is_oop(obj),  "should be oop");
1091   guarantee(obj->klass()->is_klass(), "klass field is not a klass");
1092 }
1093 
1094 // Note: this function is called with an address that may or may not be a Klass.
1095 // The point is not to assert it is but to check if it could be.
1096 bool Klass::is_valid(Klass* k) {
1097   if (!is_aligned(k, sizeof(MetaWord))) return false;
1098   if ((size_t)k < os::min_page_size()) return false;
1099 
1100   if (!os::is_readable_range(k, k + 1)) return false;
1101   if (!Metaspace::contains(k)) return false;
1102 
1103   if (!Symbol::is_valid(k->name())) return false;
1104   return ClassLoaderDataGraph::is_valid(k->class_loader_data());
1105 }
1106 
1107 Method* Klass::method_at_vtable(int index)  {
1108 #ifndef PRODUCT
1109   assert(index >= 0, "valid vtable index");
1110   if (DebugVtables) {
1111     verify_vtable_index(index);
1112   }
1113 #endif
1114   return start_of_vtable()[index].method();
1115 }
1116 
1117 
1118 #ifndef PRODUCT
1119 
1120 bool Klass::verify_vtable_index(int i) {
1121   int limit = vtable_length()/vtableEntry::size();
1122   assert(i >= 0 && i < limit, "index %d out of bounds %d", i, limit);
1123   return true;
1124 }
1125 
1126 #endif // PRODUCT
1127 
1128 // Caller needs ResourceMark
1129 // joint_in_module_of_loader provides an optimization if 2 classes are in
1130 // the same module to succinctly print out relevant information about their
1131 // module name and class loader's name_and_id for error messages.
1132 // Format:
1133 //   <fully-qualified-external-class-name1> and <fully-qualified-external-class-name2>
1134 //                      are in module <module-name>[@<version>]
1135 //                      of loader <loader-name_and_id>[, parent loader <parent-loader-name_and_id>]
1136 const char* Klass::joint_in_module_of_loader(const Klass* class2, bool include_parent_loader) const {
1137   assert(module() == class2->module(), "classes do not have the same module");
1138   const char* class1_name = external_name();
1139   size_t len = strlen(class1_name) + 1;
1140 
1141   const char* class2_description = class2->class_in_module_of_loader(true, include_parent_loader);
1142   len += strlen(class2_description);
1143 
1144   len += strlen(" and ");
1145 
1146   char* joint_description = NEW_RESOURCE_ARRAY_RETURN_NULL(char, len);
1147 
1148   // Just return the FQN if error when allocating string
1149   if (joint_description == nullptr) {
1150     return class1_name;
1151   }
1152 
1153   jio_snprintf(joint_description, len, "%s and %s",
1154                class1_name,
1155                class2_description);
1156 
1157   return joint_description;
1158 }
1159 
1160 // Caller needs ResourceMark
1161 // class_in_module_of_loader provides a standard way to include
1162 // relevant information about a class, such as its module name as
1163 // well as its class loader's name_and_id, in error messages and logging.
1164 // Format:
1165 //   <fully-qualified-external-class-name> is in module <module-name>[@<version>]
1166 //                                         of loader <loader-name_and_id>[, parent loader <parent-loader-name_and_id>]
1167 const char* Klass::class_in_module_of_loader(bool use_are, bool include_parent_loader) const {
1168   // 1. fully qualified external name of class
1169   const char* klass_name = external_name();
1170   size_t len = strlen(klass_name) + 1;
1171 
1172   // 2. module name + @version
1173   const char* module_name = "";
1174   const char* version = "";
1175   bool has_version = false;
1176   bool module_is_named = false;
1177   const char* module_name_phrase = "";
1178   const Klass* bottom_klass = is_objArray_klass() ?
1179                                 ObjArrayKlass::cast(this)->bottom_klass() : this;
1180   if (bottom_klass->is_instance_klass()) {
1181     ModuleEntry* module = InstanceKlass::cast(bottom_klass)->module();
1182     if (module->is_named()) {
1183       module_is_named = true;
1184       module_name_phrase = "module ";
1185       module_name = module->name()->as_C_string();
1186       len += strlen(module_name);
1187       // Use version if exists and is not a jdk module
1188       if (module->should_show_version()) {
1189         has_version = true;
1190         version = module->version()->as_C_string();
1191         // Include stlen(version) + 1 for the "@"
1192         len += strlen(version) + 1;
1193       }
1194     } else {
1195       module_name = UNNAMED_MODULE;
1196       len += UNNAMED_MODULE_LEN;
1197     }
1198   } else {
1199     // klass is an array of primitives, module is java.base
1200     module_is_named = true;
1201     module_name_phrase = "module ";
1202     module_name = JAVA_BASE_NAME;
1203     len += JAVA_BASE_NAME_LEN;
1204   }
1205 
1206   // 3. class loader's name_and_id
1207   ClassLoaderData* cld = class_loader_data();
1208   assert(cld != nullptr, "class_loader_data should not be null");
1209   const char* loader_name_and_id = cld->loader_name_and_id();
1210   len += strlen(loader_name_and_id);
1211 
1212   // 4. include parent loader information
1213   const char* parent_loader_phrase = "";
1214   const char* parent_loader_name_and_id = "";
1215   if (include_parent_loader &&
1216       !cld->is_builtin_class_loader_data()) {
1217     oop parent_loader = java_lang_ClassLoader::parent(class_loader());
1218     ClassLoaderData *parent_cld = ClassLoaderData::class_loader_data_or_null(parent_loader);
1219     // The parent loader's ClassLoaderData could be null if it is
1220     // a delegating class loader that has never defined a class.
1221     // In this case the loader's name must be obtained via the parent loader's oop.
1222     if (parent_cld == nullptr) {
1223       oop cl_name_and_id = java_lang_ClassLoader::nameAndId(parent_loader);
1224       if (cl_name_and_id != nullptr) {
1225         parent_loader_name_and_id = java_lang_String::as_utf8_string(cl_name_and_id);
1226       }
1227     } else {
1228       parent_loader_name_and_id = parent_cld->loader_name_and_id();
1229     }
1230     parent_loader_phrase = ", parent loader ";
1231     len += strlen(parent_loader_phrase) + strlen(parent_loader_name_and_id);
1232   }
1233 
1234   // Start to construct final full class description string
1235   len += ((use_are) ? strlen(" are in ") : strlen(" is in "));
1236   len += strlen(module_name_phrase) + strlen(" of loader ");
1237 
1238   char* class_description = NEW_RESOURCE_ARRAY_RETURN_NULL(char, len);
1239 
1240   // Just return the FQN if error when allocating string
1241   if (class_description == nullptr) {
1242     return klass_name;
1243   }
1244 
1245   jio_snprintf(class_description, len, "%s %s in %s%s%s%s of loader %s%s%s",
1246                klass_name,
1247                (use_are) ? "are" : "is",
1248                module_name_phrase,
1249                module_name,
1250                (has_version) ? "@" : "",
1251                (has_version) ? version : "",
1252                loader_name_and_id,
1253                parent_loader_phrase,
1254                parent_loader_name_and_id);
1255 
1256   return class_description;
1257 }
1258 
1259 class LookupStats : StackObj {
1260  private:
1261   uint _no_of_samples;
1262   uint _worst;
1263   uint _worst_count;
1264   uint _average;
1265   uint _best;
1266   uint _best_count;
1267  public:
1268   LookupStats() : _no_of_samples(0), _worst(0), _worst_count(0), _average(0), _best(INT_MAX), _best_count(0) {}
1269 
1270   ~LookupStats() {
1271     assert(_best <= _worst || _no_of_samples == 0, "sanity");
1272   }
1273 
1274   void sample(uint value) {
1275     ++_no_of_samples;
1276     _average += value;
1277 
1278     if (_worst < value) {
1279       _worst = value;
1280       _worst_count = 1;
1281     } else if (_worst == value) {
1282       ++_worst_count;
1283     }
1284 
1285     if (_best > value) {
1286       _best = value;
1287       _best_count = 1;
1288     } else if (_best == value) {
1289       ++_best_count;
1290     }
1291   }
1292 
1293   void print_on(outputStream* st) const {
1294     st->print("best: %2d (%4.1f%%)", _best, (100.0 * _best_count) / _no_of_samples);
1295     if (_best_count < _no_of_samples) {
1296       st->print("; average: %4.1f; worst: %2d (%4.1f%%)",
1297                 (1.0 * _average) / _no_of_samples,
1298                 _worst, (100.0 * _worst_count) / _no_of_samples);
1299     }
1300   }
1301 };
1302 
1303 static void print_positive_lookup_stats(Array<Klass*>* secondary_supers, uintx bitmap, outputStream* st) {
1304   int num_of_supers = secondary_supers->length();
1305 
1306   LookupStats s;
1307   for (int i = 0; i < num_of_supers; i++) {
1308     Klass* secondary_super = secondary_supers->at(i);
1309     int home_slot = Klass::compute_home_slot(secondary_super, bitmap);
1310     uint score = 1 + ((i - home_slot) & Klass::SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_MASK);
1311     s.sample(score);
1312   }
1313   st->print("positive_lookup: "); s.print_on(st);
1314 }
1315 
1316 static uint compute_distance_to_nearest_zero(int slot, uintx bitmap) {
1317   assert(~bitmap != 0, "no zeroes");
1318   uintx start = rotate_right(bitmap, slot);
1319   return count_trailing_zeros(~start);
1320 }
1321 
1322 static void print_negative_lookup_stats(uintx bitmap, outputStream* st) {
1323   LookupStats s;
1324   for (int slot = 0; slot < Klass::SECONDARY_SUPERS_TABLE_SIZE; slot++) {
1325     uint score = compute_distance_to_nearest_zero(slot, bitmap);
1326     s.sample(score);
1327   }
1328   st->print("negative_lookup: "); s.print_on(st);
1329 }
1330 
1331 void Klass::print_secondary_supers_on(outputStream* st) const {
1332   if (secondary_supers() != nullptr) {
1333     st->print("  - "); st->print("%d elements;", _secondary_supers->length());
1334     st->print_cr(" bitmap: " UINTX_FORMAT_X_0, _secondary_supers_bitmap);
1335     if (_secondary_supers_bitmap != SECONDARY_SUPERS_BITMAP_EMPTY &&
1336         _secondary_supers_bitmap != SECONDARY_SUPERS_BITMAP_FULL) {
1337       st->print("  - "); print_positive_lookup_stats(secondary_supers(),
1338                                                      _secondary_supers_bitmap, st); st->cr();
1339       st->print("  - "); print_negative_lookup_stats(_secondary_supers_bitmap, st); st->cr();
1340     }
1341   } else {
1342     st->print("null");
1343   }
1344 }
1345 
1346 void Klass::on_secondary_supers_verification_failure(Klass* super, Klass* sub, bool linear_result, bool table_result, const char* msg) {
1347   ResourceMark rm;
1348   super->print();
1349   sub->print();
1350   fatal("%s: %s implements %s: linear_search: %d; table_lookup: %d",
1351         msg, sub->external_name(), super->external_name(), linear_result, table_result);
1352 }
1353 
1354 static int expanded = 0;
1355 static int not_expanded = 0;
1356 static NumberSeq seq = NumberSeq();
1357 
1358 bool Klass::expand_for_hash(oop obj, markWord m) const {
1359   assert(UseCompactObjectHeaders, "only with compact i-hash");
1360   {
1361     ResourceMark rm;
1362     assert((size_t)hash_offset_in_bytes(obj,m ) <= (obj->base_size_given_klass(m, this) * HeapWordSize), "hash offset must be eq or lt base size: hash offset: %d, base size: %zu, class-name: %s", hash_offset_in_bytes(obj, m), obj->base_size_given_klass(m, this) * HeapWordSize, external_name());
1363   }
1364   return obj->base_size_given_klass(m, this) * HeapWordSize - hash_offset_in_bytes(obj, m) < (int)sizeof(uint32_t);
1365 }