1 /*
2 * Copyright (c) 2020, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
3 * Copyright (c) 2020, 2022, Red Hat Inc.
4 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
5 *
6 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
7 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
8 * published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
9 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
10 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
11 *
12 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
13 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
14 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
15 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
16 * accompanied this code).
17 *
18 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
19 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
20 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
21 *
22 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
23 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
24 * questions.
25 */
26
27 package java.lang;
28
29 import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
30 import java.util.Objects;
31 import java.lang.ref.Reference;
32 import java.util.concurrent.StructuredTaskScope;
33 import java.util.concurrent.StructureViolationException;
34 import java.util.function.Supplier;
35 import jdk.internal.access.JavaUtilConcurrentTLRAccess;
36 import jdk.internal.access.SharedSecrets;
37 import jdk.internal.javac.PreviewFeature;
38 import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.ForceInline;
39 import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.Hidden;
40 import jdk.internal.vm.ScopedValueContainer;
41 import sun.security.action.GetPropertyAction;
42
43 /**
44 * A value that may be safely and efficiently shared to methods without using method
45 * parameters.
46 *
47 * <p> In the Java programming language, data is usually passed to a method by means of a
48 * method parameter. The data may need to be passed through a sequence of many methods to
49 * get to the method that makes use of the data. Every method in the sequence of calls
50 * needs to declare the parameter and every method has access to the data.
51 * {@code ScopedValue} provides a means to pass data to a faraway method (typically a
52 * <em>callback</em>) without using method parameters. In effect, a {@code ScopedValue}
53 * is an <em>implicit method parameter</em>. It is "as if" every method in a sequence of
54 * calls has an additional parameter. None of the methods declare the parameter and only
55 * the methods that have access to the {@code ScopedValue} object can access its value
56 * (the data). {@code ScopedValue} makes it possible to securely pass data from a
57 * <em>caller</em> to a faraway <em>callee</em> through a sequence of intermediate methods
58 * that do not declare a parameter for the data and have no access to the data.
59 *
60 * <p> The {@code ScopedValue} API works by executing a method with a {@code ScopedValue}
61 * object <em>bound</em> to some value for the bounded period of execution of a method.
62 * The method may invoke another method, which in turn may invoke another. The unfolding
63 * execution of the methods define a <em>dynamic scope</em>. Code in these methods with
64 * access to the {@code ScopedValue} object may read its value. The {@code ScopedValue}
65 * object reverts to being <em>unbound</em> when the original method completes normally or
66 * with an exception. The {@code ScopedValue} API supports executing a {@link Runnable},
67 * or {@link CallableOp} with a {@code ScopedValue} bound to a value.
68 *
69 * <p> Consider the following example with a scoped value "{@code NAME}" bound to the value
70 * "{@code duke}" for the execution of a {@code Runnable}'s {@code run} method.
71 * The {@code run} method, in turn, invokes a method {@code doSomething}.
72 *
73 *
74 * {@snippet lang=java :
75 * // @link substring="newInstance" target="#newInstance" :
76 * private static final ScopedValue<String> NAME = ScopedValue.newInstance();
77 *
78 * // @link substring="run" target="Carrier#run(Runnable)" :
79 * ScopedValue.where(NAME, "duke").run(() -> doSomething());
80 * }
81 * Code executed directly or indirectly by {@code doSomething}, with access to the field
82 * {@code NAME}, can invoke {@code NAME.get()} to read the value "{@code duke}". {@code
83 * NAME} is bound while executing the {@code run} method. It reverts to being unbound when
84 * the {@code run} method completes.
85 *
86 * <p> The example using {@code run} invokes a method that does not return a result.
87 * The {@link Carrier#call(CallableOp) call} method can be used
88 * to invoke a method that returns a result.
89 * {@code ScopedValue} defines the {@link #where(ScopedValue, Object)} method
90 * for cases where multiple mappings (of {@code ScopedValue} to value) are accumulated
91 * in advance of calling a method with all {@code ScopedValue}s bound to their value.
92 *
93 * <h2>Bindings are per-thread</h2>
94 *
95 * A {@code ScopedValue} binding to a value is per-thread. Invoking {@code run}
96 * executes a method with a {@code ScopedValue} bound to a value for the current thread.
97 * The {@link #get() get} method returns the value bound for the current thread.
98 *
99 * <p> In the example, if code executed by one thread invokes this:
100 * {@snippet lang=java :
101 * ScopedValue.where(NAME, "duke1").run(() -> doSomething());
102 * }
103 * and code executed by another thread invokes:
104 * {@snippet lang=java :
105 * ScopedValue.where(NAME, "duke2").run(() -> doSomething());
106 * }
107 * then code in {@code doSomething} (or any method that it calls) invoking {@code NAME.get()}
108 * will read the value "{@code duke1}" or "{@code duke2}", depending on which thread is
109 * executing.
110 *
111 * <h2>Scoped values as capabilities</h2>
112 *
113 * A {@code ScopedValue} object should be treated as a <em>capability</em> or a key to
114 * access its value when the {@code ScopedValue} is bound. Secure usage depends on access
115 * control (see <cite>The Java Virtual Machine Specification</cite>, Section {@jvms 5.4.4})
116 * and taking care to not share the {@code ScopedValue} object. In many cases, a {@code
117 * ScopedValue} will be declared in a {@code final} and {@code static} field so that it
118 * is only accessible to code in a single class (or nest).
119 *
120 * <h2><a id="rebind">Rebinding</a></h2>
121 *
122 * The {@code ScopedValue} API allows a new binding to be established for <em>nested
123 * dynamic scopes</em>. This is known as <em>rebinding</em>. A {@code ScopedValue} that
124 * is bound to a value may be bound to a new value for the bounded execution of a new
125 * method. The unfolding execution of code executed by that method defines the nested
126 * dynamic scope. When the method completes, the value of the {@code ScopedValue} reverts
127 * to its previous value.
128 *
129 * <p> In the above example, suppose that code executed by {@code doSomething} binds
130 * {@code NAME} to a new value with:
131 * {@snippet lang=java :
132 * ScopedValue.where(NAME, "duchess").run(() -> doMore());
133 * }
134 * Code executed directly or indirectly by {@code doMore()} that invokes {@code
135 * NAME.get()} will read the value "{@code duchess}". When {@code doMore()} completes
136 * then the value of {@code NAME} reverts to "{@code duke}".
137 *
138 * <h2><a id="inheritance">Inheritance</a></h2>
139 *
140 * {@code ScopedValue} supports sharing across threads. This sharing is limited to
141 * structured cases where child threads are started and terminate within the bounded
142 * period of execution by a parent thread. When using a {@link StructuredTaskScope},
143 * scoped value bindings are <em>captured</em> when creating a {@code StructuredTaskScope}
144 * and inherited by all threads started in that task scope with the
145 * {@link StructuredTaskScope#fork(java.util.concurrent.Callable) fork} method.
146 *
147 * <p> A {@code ScopedValue} that is shared across threads requires that the value be an
148 * immutable object or for all access to the value to be appropriately synchronized.
149 *
150 * <p> In the following example, the {@code ScopedValue} {@code NAME} is bound to the
151 * value "{@code duke}" for the execution of a runnable operation. The code in the {@code
152 * run} method creates a {@code StructuredTaskScope} that forks three tasks. Code executed
153 * directly or indirectly by these threads running {@code childTask1()}, {@code childTask2()},
154 * and {@code childTask3()} that invokes {@code NAME.get()} will read the value
155 * "{@code duke}".
156 *
157 * {@snippet lang=java :
158 * private static final ScopedValue<String> NAME = ScopedValue.newInstance();
159
160 * ScopedValue.where(NAME, "duke").run(() -> {
161 * // @link substring="open" target="StructuredTaskScope#open()" :
162 * try (var scope = StructuredTaskScope.open()) {
163 *
164 * // @link substring="fork" target="StructuredTaskScope#fork(java.util.concurrent.Callable)" :
165 * scope.fork(() -> childTask1());
166 * scope.fork(() -> childTask2());
167 * scope.fork(() -> childTask3());
168 *
169 * // @link substring="join" target="StructuredTaskScope#join()" :
170 * scope.join();
171 *
172 * ..
173 * }
174 * });
175 * }
176 *
177 * <p> Unless otherwise specified, passing a {@code null} argument to a method in this
178 * class will cause a {@link NullPointerException} to be thrown.
179 *
180 * @apiNote
181 * A {@code ScopedValue} should be preferred over a {@link ThreadLocal} for cases where
182 * the goal is "one-way transmission" of data without using method parameters. While a
183 * {@code ThreadLocal} can be used to pass data to a method without using method parameters,
184 * it does suffer from a number of issues:
185 * <ol>
186 * <li> {@code ThreadLocal} does not prevent code in a faraway callee from {@linkplain
187 * ThreadLocal#set(Object) setting} a new value.
188 * <li> A {@code ThreadLocal} has an unbounded lifetime and thus continues to have a value
189 * after a method completes, unless explicitly {@linkplain ThreadLocal#remove() removed}.
190 * <li> {@linkplain InheritableThreadLocal Inheritance} is expensive - the map of
191 * thread-locals to values must be copied when creating each child thread.
192 * </ol>
193 *
194 * @implNote
195 * Scoped values are designed to be used in fairly small
196 * numbers. {@link #get} initially performs a search through enclosing
197 * scopes to find a scoped value's innermost binding. It
198 * then caches the result of the search in a small thread-local
199 * cache. Subsequent invocations of {@link #get} for that scoped value
200 * will almost always be very fast. However, if a program has many
201 * scoped values that it uses cyclically, the cache hit rate
202 * will be low and performance will be poor. This design allows
203 * scoped-value inheritance by {@link StructuredTaskScope} threads to
204 * be very fast: in essence, no more than copying a pointer, and
205 * leaving a scoped-value binding also requires little more than
206 * updating a pointer.
207 *
208 * <p>Because the scoped-value per-thread cache is small, clients
209 * should minimize the number of bound scoped values in use. For
210 * example, if it is necessary to pass a number of values in this way,
211 * it makes sense to create a record class to hold those values, and
212 * then bind a single {@code ScopedValue} to an instance of that record.
213 *
214 * <p>For this release, the reference implementation
215 * provides some system properties to tune the performance of scoped
216 * values.
217 *
218 * <p>The system property {@code java.lang.ScopedValue.cacheSize}
219 * controls the size of the (per-thread) scoped-value cache. This cache is crucial
220 * for the performance of scoped values. If it is too small,
221 * the runtime library will repeatedly need to scan for each
222 * {@link #get}. If it is too large, memory will be unnecessarily
223 * consumed. The default scoped-value cache size is 16 entries. It may
224 * be varied from 2 to 16 entries in size. {@code ScopedValue.cacheSize}
225 * must be an integer power of 2.
226 *
227 * <p>For example, you could use {@code -Djava.lang.ScopedValue.cacheSize=8}.
228 *
229 * <p>The other system property is {@code jdk.preserveScopedValueCache}.
230 * This property determines whether the per-thread scoped-value
231 * cache is preserved when a virtual thread is blocked. By default
232 * this property is set to {@code true}, meaning that every virtual
233 * thread preserves its scoped-value cache when blocked. Like {@code
234 * ScopedValue.cacheSize}, this is a space versus speed trade-off: in
235 * situations where many virtual threads are blocked most of the time,
236 * setting this property to {@code false} might result in a useful
237 * memory saving, but each virtual thread's scoped-value cache would
238 * have to be regenerated after a blocking operation.
239 *
240 * @param <T> the type of the value
241 * @since 21
242 */
243 @PreviewFeature(feature = PreviewFeature.Feature.SCOPED_VALUES)
244 public final class ScopedValue<T> {
245 private final int hash;
246
247 @Override
248 public int hashCode() { return hash; }
249
250 /**
251 * An immutable map from {@code ScopedValue} to values.
252 *
253 * <p> Unless otherwise specified, passing a {@code null} argument to a constructor
254 * or method in this class will cause a {@link NullPointerException} to be thrown.
255 */
256 static final class Snapshot {
257 final Snapshot prev;
258 final Carrier bindings;
259 final int bitmask;
260
261 private static final Object NIL = new Object();
262
263 static final Snapshot EMPTY_SNAPSHOT = new Snapshot();
264
265 Snapshot(Carrier bindings, Snapshot prev) {
266 this.prev = prev;
267 this.bindings = bindings;
268 this.bitmask = bindings.bitmask | prev.bitmask;
269 }
270
271 protected Snapshot() {
272 this.prev = null;
273 this.bindings = null;
274 this.bitmask = 0;
275 }
276
277 Object find(ScopedValue<?> key) {
278 int bits = key.bitmask();
279 for (Snapshot snapshot = this;
280 containsAll(snapshot.bitmask, bits);
281 snapshot = snapshot.prev) {
282 for (Carrier carrier = snapshot.bindings;
283 carrier != null && containsAll(carrier.bitmask, bits);
284 carrier = carrier.prev) {
285 if (carrier.getKey() == key) {
286 Object value = carrier.get();
287 return value;
288 }
289 }
290 }
291 return NIL;
292 }
293 }
294
295 /**
296 * A mapping of scoped values, as <em>keys</em>, to values.
297 *
298 * <p> A {@code Carrier} is used to accumulate mappings so that an operation (a {@link
299 * Runnable} or {@link CallableOp}) can be executed with all scoped values in the
300 * mapping bound to values. The following example runs an operation with {@code k1}
301 * bound (or rebound) to {@code v1}, and {@code k2} bound (or rebound) to {@code v2}.
302 * {@snippet lang=java :
303 * // @link substring="where" target="#where(ScopedValue, Object)" :
304 * ScopedValue.where(k1, v1).where(k2, v2).run(() -> ... );
305 * }
306 *
307 * <p> A {@code Carrier} is immutable and thread-safe. The {@link
308 * #where(ScopedValue, Object) where} method returns a new {@code Carrier} object,
309 * it does not mutate an existing mapping.
310 *
311 * <p> Unless otherwise specified, passing a {@code null} argument to a method in
312 * this class will cause a {@link NullPointerException} to be thrown.
313 *
314 * @since 21
315 */
316 @PreviewFeature(feature = PreviewFeature.Feature.SCOPED_VALUES)
317 public static final class Carrier {
318 // Bit masks: a 1 in position n indicates that this set of bound values
319 // hits that slot in the cache.
320 final int bitmask;
321 final ScopedValue<?> key;
322 final Object value;
323 final Carrier prev;
324
325 Carrier(ScopedValue<?> key, Object value, Carrier prev) {
326 this.key = key;
327 this.value = value;
328 this.prev = prev;
329 int bits = key.bitmask();
330 if (prev != null) {
331 bits |= prev.bitmask;
332 }
333 this.bitmask = bits;
334 }
335
336 /**
337 * Add a binding to this map, returning a new Carrier instance.
338 */
339 private static <T> Carrier where(ScopedValue<T> key, T value, Carrier prev) {
340 return new Carrier(key, value, prev);
341 }
342
343 /**
344 * Returns a new {@code Carrier} with the mappings from this carrier plus a
345 * new mapping from {@code key} to {@code value}. If this carrier already has a
346 * mapping for the scoped value {@code key} then it will map to the new
347 * {@code value}. The current carrier is immutable, so it is not changed by this
348 * method.
349 *
350 * @param key the {@code ScopedValue} key
351 * @param value the value, can be {@code null}
352 * @param <T> the type of the value
353 * @return a new {@code Carrier} with the mappings from this carrier plus the new mapping
354 */
355 public <T> Carrier where(ScopedValue<T> key, T value) {
356 return where(key, value, this);
357 }
358
359 /*
360 * Return a new set consisting of a single binding.
361 */
362 static <T> Carrier of(ScopedValue<T> key, T value) {
363 return where(key, value, null);
364 }
365
366 Object get() {
367 return value;
368 }
369
370 ScopedValue<?> getKey() {
371 return key;
372 }
373
374 /**
375 * Returns the value of a {@link ScopedValue} in this mapping.
376 *
377 * @param key the {@code ScopedValue} key
378 * @param <T> the type of the value
379 * @return the value
380 * @throws NoSuchElementException if the key is not present in this mapping
381 */
382 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
383 public <T> T get(ScopedValue<T> key) {
384 var bits = key.bitmask();
385 for (Carrier carrier = this;
386 carrier != null && containsAll(carrier.bitmask, bits);
387 carrier = carrier.prev) {
388 if (carrier.getKey() == key) {
389 Object value = carrier.get();
390 return (T) value;
391 }
392 }
393 throw new NoSuchElementException("No mapping present");
394 }
395
396 /**
397 * Calls a value-returning operation with each scoped value in this mapping bound
398 * to its value in the current thread.
399 * When the operation completes (normally or with an exception), each scoped value
400 * in the mapping will revert to being unbound, or revert to its previous value
401 * when previously bound, in the current thread. If {@code op} completes with an
402 * exception then it propagated by this method.
403 *
404 * <p> Scoped values are intended to be used in a <em>structured manner</em>. If code
405 * invoked directly or indirectly by the operation creates a {@link StructuredTaskScope}
406 * but does not {@linkplain StructuredTaskScope#close() close} it, then it is detected
407 * as a <em>structure violation</em> when the operation completes (normally or with an
408 * exception). In that case, the underlying construct of the {@code StructuredTaskScope}
409 * is closed and {@link StructureViolationException} is thrown.
410 *
411 * @param op the operation to run
412 * @param <R> the type of the result of the operation
413 * @param <X> type of the exception thrown by the operation
414 * @return the result
415 * @throws StructureViolationException if a structure violation is detected
416 * @throws X if {@code op} completes with an exception
417 * @since 23
418 */
419 public <R, X extends Throwable> R call(CallableOp<? extends R, X> op) throws X {
420 Objects.requireNonNull(op);
421 Cache.invalidate(bitmask);
422 var prevSnapshot = scopedValueBindings();
423 var newSnapshot = new Snapshot(this, prevSnapshot);
424 return runWith(newSnapshot, op);
425 }
426
427 /**
428 * Execute the action with a set of ScopedValue bindings.
429 *
430 * The VM recognizes this method as special, so any changes to the
431 * name or signature require corresponding changes in
432 * JVM_FindScopedValueBindings().
433 */
434 @Hidden
435 @ForceInline
436 private <R, X extends Throwable> R runWith(Snapshot newSnapshot, CallableOp<R, X> op) {
437 try {
438 Thread.setScopedValueBindings(newSnapshot);
439 Thread.ensureMaterializedForStackWalk(newSnapshot);
440 return ScopedValueContainer.call(op);
441 } finally {
442 Reference.reachabilityFence(newSnapshot);
443 Thread.setScopedValueBindings(newSnapshot.prev);
444 Cache.invalidate(bitmask);
445 }
446 }
447
448 /**
449 * Runs an operation with each scoped value in this mapping bound to its value
450 * in the current thread.
451 * When the operation completes (normally or with an exception), each scoped value
452 * in the mapping will revert to being unbound, or revert to its previous value
453 * when previously bound, in the current thread. If {@code op} completes with an
454 * exception then it propagated by this method.
455 *
456 * <p> Scoped values are intended to be used in a <em>structured manner</em>. If code
457 * invoked directly or indirectly by the operation creates a {@link StructuredTaskScope}
458 * but does not {@linkplain StructuredTaskScope#close() close} it, then it is detected
459 * as a <em>structure violation</em> when the operation completes (normally or with an
460 * exception). In that case, the underlying construct of the {@code StructuredTaskScope}
461 * is closed and {@link StructureViolationException} is thrown.
462 *
463 * @param op the operation to run
464 * @throws StructureViolationException if a structure violation is detected
465 */
466 public void run(Runnable op) {
467 Objects.requireNonNull(op);
468 Cache.invalidate(bitmask);
469 var prevSnapshot = scopedValueBindings();
470 var newSnapshot = new Snapshot(this, prevSnapshot);
471 runWith(newSnapshot, op);
472 }
473
474 /**
475 * Execute the action with a set of {@code ScopedValue} bindings.
476 *
477 * The VM recognizes this method as special, so any changes to the
478 * name or signature require corresponding changes in
479 * JVM_FindScopedValueBindings().
480 */
481 @Hidden
482 @ForceInline
483 private void runWith(Snapshot newSnapshot, Runnable op) {
484 try {
485 Thread.setScopedValueBindings(newSnapshot);
486 Thread.ensureMaterializedForStackWalk(newSnapshot);
487 ScopedValueContainer.run(op);
488 } finally {
489 Reference.reachabilityFence(newSnapshot);
490 Thread.setScopedValueBindings(newSnapshot.prev);
491 Cache.invalidate(bitmask);
492 }
493 }
494 }
495
496 /**
497 * An operation that returns a result and may throw an exception.
498 *
499 * @param <T> result type of the operation
500 * @param <X> type of the exception thrown by the operation
501 * @since 23
502 */
503 @PreviewFeature(feature = PreviewFeature.Feature.SCOPED_VALUES)
504 @FunctionalInterface
505 public interface CallableOp<T, X extends Throwable> {
506 /**
507 * Executes this operation.
508 * @return the result, can be null
509 * @throws X if the operation completes with an exception
510 */
511 T call() throws X;
512 }
513
514 /**
515 * Creates a new {@code Carrier} with a single mapping of a {@code ScopedValue}
516 * <em>key</em> to a value. The {@code Carrier} can be used to accumulate mappings so
517 * that an operation can be executed with all scoped values in the mapping bound to
518 * values. The following example runs an operation with {@code k1} bound (or rebound)
519 * to {@code v1}, and {@code k2} bound (or rebound) to {@code v2}.
520 * {@snippet lang=java :
521 * // @link substring="run" target="Carrier#run(Runnable)" :
522 * ScopedValue.where(k1, v1).where(k2, v2).run(() -> ... );
523 * }
524 *
525 * @param key the {@code ScopedValue} key
526 * @param value the value, can be {@code null}
527 * @param <T> the type of the value
528 * @return a new {@code Carrier} with a single mapping
529 */
530 public static <T> Carrier where(ScopedValue<T> key, T value) {
531 return Carrier.of(key, value);
532 }
533
534 private ScopedValue() {
535 this.hash = generateKey();
536 }
537
538 /**
539 * Creates a scoped value that is initially unbound for all threads.
540 *
541 * @param <T> the type of the value
542 * @return a new {@code ScopedValue}
543 */
544 public static <T> ScopedValue<T> newInstance() {
545 return new ScopedValue<T>();
546 }
547
548 /**
549 * {@return the value of the scoped value if bound in the current thread}
550 *
551 * @throws NoSuchElementException if the scoped value is not bound
552 */
553 @ForceInline
554 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
555 public T get() {
556 Object[] objects;
557 if ((objects = scopedValueCache()) != null) {
558 // This code should perhaps be in class Cache. We do it
559 // here because the generated code is small and fast and
560 // we really want it to be inlined in the caller.
561 int n = (hash & Cache.SLOT_MASK) * 2;
562 if (objects[n] == this) {
563 return (T)objects[n + 1];
564 }
565 n = ((hash >>> Cache.INDEX_BITS) & Cache.SLOT_MASK) * 2;
566 if (objects[n] == this) {
567 return (T)objects[n + 1];
568 }
569 }
570 return slowGet();
571 }
572
573 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
574 private T slowGet() {
575 var value = findBinding();
576 if (value == Snapshot.NIL) {
577 throw new NoSuchElementException("ScopedValue not bound");
578 }
579 Cache.put(this, value);
580 return (T)value;
581 }
582
583 /**
584 * {@return {@code true} if this scoped value is bound in the current thread}
585 */
586 public boolean isBound() {
587 Object[] objects = scopedValueCache();
588 if (objects != null) {
589 int n = (hash & Cache.SLOT_MASK) * 2;
590 if (objects[n] == this) {
591 return true;
592 }
593 n = ((hash >>> Cache.INDEX_BITS) & Cache.SLOT_MASK) * 2;
594 if (objects[n] == this) {
595 return true;
596 }
597 }
598 var value = findBinding();
599 boolean result = (value != Snapshot.NIL);
600 if (result) Cache.put(this, value);
601 return result;
602 }
603
604 /**
605 * Return the value of the scoped value or NIL if not bound.
606 */
607 private Object findBinding() {
608 Object value = scopedValueBindings().find(this);
609 return value;
610 }
611
612 /**
613 * Returns the value of this scoped value if bound in the current thread, otherwise
614 * returns {@code other}.
615 *
616 * @param other the value to return if not bound, can be {@code null}
617 * @return the value of the scoped value if bound, otherwise {@code other}
618 */
619 public T orElse(T other) {
620 Object obj = findBinding();
621 if (obj != Snapshot.NIL) {
622 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
623 T value = (T) obj;
624 return value;
625 } else {
626 return other;
627 }
628 }
629
630 /**
631 * Returns the value of this scoped value if bound in the current thread, otherwise
632 * throws an exception produced by the exception supplying function.
633 *
634 * @param <X> the type of the exception that may be thrown
635 * @param exceptionSupplier the supplying function that produces the exception to throw
636 * @return the value of the scoped value if bound in the current thread
637 * @throws X if the scoped value is not bound in the current thread
638 */
639 public <X extends Throwable> T orElseThrow(Supplier<? extends X> exceptionSupplier) throws X {
640 Objects.requireNonNull(exceptionSupplier);
641 Object obj = findBinding();
642 if (obj != Snapshot.NIL) {
643 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
644 T value = (T) obj;
645 return value;
646 } else {
647 throw exceptionSupplier.get();
648 }
649 }
650
651 private static Object[] scopedValueCache() {
652 return Thread.scopedValueCache();
653 }
654
655 private static void setScopedValueCache(Object[] cache) {
656 Thread.setScopedValueCache(cache);
657 }
658
659 // Special value to indicate this is a newly-created Thread
660 // Note that his must match the declaration in j.l.Thread.
661 private static final Object NEW_THREAD_BINDINGS = Thread.class;
662
663 private static Snapshot scopedValueBindings() {
664 // Bindings can be in one of four states:
665 //
666 // 1: class Thread: this is a new Thread instance, and no
667 // scoped values have ever been bound in this Thread, and neither
668 // have any scoped value bindings been inherited from a parent.
669 // 2: EmptySnapshot.SINGLETON: This is effectively an empty binding.
670 // 3: A Snapshot instance: this contains one or more scoped value
671 // bindings.
672 // 4: null: there may be some bindings in this Thread, but we don't know
673 // where they are. We must invoke Thread.findScopedValueBindings() to walk
674 // the stack to find them.
675
676 Object bindings = Thread.scopedValueBindings();
677 if (bindings == NEW_THREAD_BINDINGS) {
678 // This must be a new thread
679 return Snapshot.EMPTY_SNAPSHOT;
680 }
681 if (bindings == null) {
682 // Search the stack
683 bindings = Thread.findScopedValueBindings();
684 if (bindings == NEW_THREAD_BINDINGS || bindings == null) {
685 // We've walked the stack without finding anything.
686 bindings = Snapshot.EMPTY_SNAPSHOT;
687 }
688 Thread.setScopedValueBindings(bindings);
689 }
690 assert (bindings != null);
691 return (Snapshot) bindings;
692 }
693
694 private static int nextKey = 0xf0f0_f0f0;
695
696 // A Marsaglia xor-shift generator used to generate hashes. This one has full period, so
697 // it generates 2**32 - 1 hashes before it repeats. We're going to use the lowest n bits
698 // and the next n bits as cache indexes, so we make sure that those indexes map
699 // to different slots in the cache.
700 private static synchronized int generateKey() {
701 int x = nextKey;
702 do {
703 x ^= x >>> 12;
704 x ^= x << 9;
705 x ^= x >>> 23;
706 } while (Cache.primarySlot(x) == Cache.secondarySlot(x));
707 return (nextKey = x);
708 }
709
710 /**
711 * Return a bit mask that may be used to determine if this ScopedValue is
712 * bound in the current context. Each Carrier holds a bit mask which is
713 * the OR of all the bit masks of the bound ScopedValues.
714 * @return the bitmask
715 */
716 int bitmask() {
717 return (1 << Cache.primaryIndex(this)) | (1 << (Cache.secondaryIndex(this) + Cache.TABLE_SIZE));
718 }
719
720 // Return true iff bitmask, considered as a set of bits, contains all
721 // of the bits in targetBits.
722 static boolean containsAll(int bitmask, int targetBits) {
723 return (bitmask & targetBits) == targetBits;
724 }
725
726 // A small fixed-size key-value cache. When a scoped value's get() method
727 // is invoked, we record the result of the lookup in this per-thread cache
728 // for fast access in future.
729 private static final class Cache {
730 static final int INDEX_BITS = 4; // Must be a power of 2
731 static final int TABLE_SIZE = 1 << INDEX_BITS;
732 static final int TABLE_MASK = TABLE_SIZE - 1;
733 static final int PRIMARY_MASK = (1 << TABLE_SIZE) - 1;
734
735 // The number of elements in the cache array, and a bit mask used to
736 // select elements from it.
737 private static final int CACHE_TABLE_SIZE, SLOT_MASK;
738 // The largest cache we allow. Must be a power of 2 and greater than
739 // or equal to 2.
740 private static final int MAX_CACHE_SIZE = 16;
741
742 static {
743 final String propertyName = "java.lang.ScopedValue.cacheSize";
744 var sizeString = GetPropertyAction.privilegedGetProperty(propertyName, "16");
745 var cacheSize = Integer.valueOf(sizeString);
746 if (cacheSize < 2 || cacheSize > MAX_CACHE_SIZE) {
747 cacheSize = MAX_CACHE_SIZE;
748 System.err.println(propertyName + " is out of range: is " + sizeString);
749 }
750 if ((cacheSize & (cacheSize - 1)) != 0) { // a power of 2
751 cacheSize = MAX_CACHE_SIZE;
752 System.err.println(propertyName + " must be an integer power of 2: is " + sizeString);
753 }
754 CACHE_TABLE_SIZE = cacheSize;
755 SLOT_MASK = cacheSize - 1;
756 }
757
758 static int primaryIndex(ScopedValue<?> key) {
759 return key.hash & TABLE_MASK;
760 }
761
762 static int secondaryIndex(ScopedValue<?> key) {
763 return (key.hash >> INDEX_BITS) & TABLE_MASK;
764 }
765
766 private static int primarySlot(ScopedValue<?> key) {
767 return key.hashCode() & SLOT_MASK;
768 }
769
770 private static int secondarySlot(ScopedValue<?> key) {
771 return (key.hash >> INDEX_BITS) & SLOT_MASK;
772 }
773
774 static int primarySlot(int hash) {
775 return hash & SLOT_MASK;
776 }
777
778 static int secondarySlot(int hash) {
779 return (hash >> INDEX_BITS) & SLOT_MASK;
780 }
781
782 static void put(ScopedValue<?> key, Object value) {
783 Object[] theCache = scopedValueCache();
784 if (theCache == null) {
785 theCache = new Object[CACHE_TABLE_SIZE * 2];
786 setScopedValueCache(theCache);
787 }
788 // Update the cache to replace one entry with the value we just looked up.
789 // Each value can be in one of two possible places in the cache.
790 // Pick a victim at (pseudo-)random.
791 int k1 = primarySlot(key);
792 int k2 = secondarySlot(key);
793 var usePrimaryIndex = chooseVictim();
794 int victim = usePrimaryIndex ? k1 : k2;
795 int other = usePrimaryIndex ? k2 : k1;
796 setKeyAndObjectAt(victim, key, value);
797 if (getKey(theCache, other) == key) {
798 setKeyAndObjectAt(other, key, value);
799 }
800 }
801
802 private static void setKeyAndObjectAt(int n, Object key, Object value) {
803 var cache = scopedValueCache();
804 cache[n * 2] = key;
805 cache[n * 2 + 1] = value;
806 }
807
808 private static void setKeyAndObjectAt(Object[] cache, int n, Object key, Object value) {
809 cache[n * 2] = key;
810 cache[n * 2 + 1] = value;
811 }
812
813 private static Object getKey(Object[] objs, int n) {
814 return objs[n * 2];
815 }
816
817 private static void setKey(Object[] objs, int n, Object key) {
818 objs[n * 2] = key;
819 }
820
821 private static final JavaUtilConcurrentTLRAccess THREAD_LOCAL_RANDOM_ACCESS
822 = SharedSecrets.getJavaUtilConcurrentTLRAccess();
823
824 // Return either true or false, at pseudo-random, with a bias towards true.
825 // This chooses either the primary or secondary cache slot, but the
826 // primary slot is approximately twice as likely to be chosen as the
827 // secondary one.
828 private static boolean chooseVictim() {
829 int r = THREAD_LOCAL_RANDOM_ACCESS.nextSecondaryThreadLocalRandomSeed();
830 return (r & 15) >= 5;
831 }
832
833 // Null a set of cache entries, indicated by the 1-bits given
834 static void invalidate(int toClearBits) {
835 toClearBits = (toClearBits >>> TABLE_SIZE) | (toClearBits & PRIMARY_MASK);
836 Object[] objects;
837 if ((objects = scopedValueCache()) != null) {
838 for (int bits = toClearBits; bits != 0; ) {
839 int index = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(bits);
840 setKeyAndObjectAt(objects, index & SLOT_MASK, null, null);
841 bits &= ~1 << index;
842 }
843 }
844 }
845 }
846 }