1 /*
  2  * Copyright (c) 1997, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  4  *
  5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
  7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
  8  *
  9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 13  * accompanied this code).
 14  *
 15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 18  *
 19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 21  * questions.
 22  *
 23  */
 24 
 25 #include "precompiled.hpp"
 26 #include "classfile/javaClasses.hpp"
 27 #include "classfile/symbolTable.hpp"
 28 #include "classfile/systemDictionary.hpp"
 29 #include "classfile/vmClasses.hpp"
 30 #include "classfile/vmSymbols.hpp"
 31 #include "logging/log.hpp"
 32 #include "logging/logTag.hpp"
 33 #include "memory/oopFactory.hpp"
 34 #include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
 35 #include "oops/instanceKlass.hpp"
 36 #include "oops/klass.inline.hpp"
 37 #include "oops/method.hpp"
 38 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
 39 #include "oops/symbol.hpp"
 40 #include "prims/jvm_misc.hpp"
 41 #include "prims/jvmtiExport.hpp"
 42 #include "prims/nativeLookup.hpp"
 43 #include "prims/unsafe.hpp"
 44 #include "prims/scopedMemoryAccess.hpp"
 45 #include "runtime/arguments.hpp"
 46 #include "runtime/handles.inline.hpp"
 47 #include "runtime/interfaceSupport.inline.hpp"
 48 #include "runtime/javaCalls.hpp"
 49 #include "runtime/os.hpp"
 50 #include "runtime/sharedRuntime.hpp"
 51 #include "runtime/signature.hpp"
 52 #include "utilities/macros.hpp"
 53 #include "utilities/utf8.hpp"
 54 #if INCLUDE_JFR
 55 #include "jfr/jfr.hpp"
 56 #endif
 57 
 58 /*
 59 
 60 The JNI specification defines the mapping from a Java native method name to
 61 a C native library implementation function name as follows:
 62 
 63   The mapping produces a native method name by concatenating the following components
 64   derived from a `native` method declaration:
 65 
 66   1. the prefix Java_
 67   2. given the binary name, in internal form, of the class which declares the native method:
 68      the result of escaping the name.
 69   3. an underscore ("_")
 70   4. the escaped method name
 71   5. if the native method declaration is overloaded: two underscores ("__") followed by the
 72    escaped parameter descriptor (JVMS 4.3.3) of the method declaration.
 73 
 74   Escaping leaves every alphanumeric ASCII character (A-Za-z0-9) unchanged, and replaces each
 75   UTF-16 code unit n the table below with the corresponding escape sequence. If the name to be
 76   escaped contains a surrogate pair, then the high-surrogate code unit and the low-surrogate code
 77   unit are escaped separately. The result of escaping is a string consisting only of the ASCII
 78   characters A-Za-z0-9 and underscore.
 79 
 80   ------------------------------                  ------------------------------------
 81   UTF-16 code unit                                Escape sequence
 82   ------------------------------                  ------------------------------------
 83   Forward slash (/, U+002F)                       _
 84   Underscore (_, U+005F)                          _1
 85   Semicolon (;, U+003B)                           _2
 86   Left square bracket ([, U+005B)                 _3
 87   Any UTF-16 code unit \u_WXYZ_ that does not     _0wxyz where w, x, y, and z are the lower-case
 88   represent alphanumeric ASCII (A-Za-z0-9),       forms of the hexadecimal digits W, X, Y, and Z.
 89   forward slash, underscore, semicolon,           (For example, U+ABCD becomes _0abcd.)
 90   or left square bracket
 91   ------------------------------                  ------------------------------------
 92 
 93   Note that escape sequences can safely begin _0, _1, etc, because class and method
 94   names in Java source code never begin with a number. However, that is not the case in
 95   class files that were not generated from Java source code.
 96 
 97   To preserve the 1:1 mapping to a native method name, the VM checks the resulting name as
 98   follows. If the process of escaping any precursor string from the native  method declaration
 99   (class or method name, or argument type) causes a "0", "1", "2", or "3" character
100   from the precursor string to appear unchanged in the result *either* immediately after an
101   underscore *or* at the beginning of the escaped string (where it will follow an underscore
102   in the fully assembled name), then the escaping process is said to have "failed".
103   In such cases, no native library search is performed, and the attempt to link the native
104   method invocation will throw UnsatisfiedLinkError.
105 
106 
107 For example:
108 
109   package/my_class/method
110 
111 and
112 
113   package/my/1class/method
114 
115 both map to
116 
117   Java_package_my_1class_method
118 
119 To address this potential conflict we need only check if the character after
120 / is a digit 0..3, or if the first character after an injected '_' separator
121 is a digit 0..3. If we encounter an invalid identifier we reset the
122 stringStream and return false. Otherwise the stringStream contains the mapped
123 name and we return true.
124 
125 */
126 static bool map_escaped_name_on(stringStream* st, Symbol* name, int begin, int end) {
127   char* bytes = (char*)name->bytes() + begin;
128   char* end_bytes = (char*)name->bytes() + end;
129   bool check_escape_char = true; // initially true as first character here follows '_'
130   while (bytes < end_bytes) {
131     jchar c;
132     bytes = UTF8::next(bytes, &c);
133     if (c <= 0x7f && isalnum(c)) {
134       if (check_escape_char && (c >= '0' && c <= '3')) {
135         // This is a non-Java identifier and we won't escape it to
136         // ensure no name collisions with a Java identifier.
137         if (log_is_enabled(Debug, jni, resolve)) {
138           ResourceMark rm;
139           log_debug(jni, resolve)("[Lookup of native method with non-Java identifier rejected: %s]",
140                                   name->as_C_string());
141         }
142         st->reset();  // restore to "" on error
143         return false;
144       }
145       st->put((char) c);
146       check_escape_char = false;
147     } else {
148       check_escape_char = false;
149       if (c == '_') st->print("_1");
150       else if (c == '/') {
151         st->print("_");
152         // Following a / we must have non-escape character
153         check_escape_char = true;
154       }
155       else if (c == ';') st->print("_2");
156       else if (c == '[') st->print("_3");
157       else               st->print("_%.5x", c);
158     }
159   }
160   return true;
161 }
162 
163 
164 static bool map_escaped_name_on(stringStream* st, Symbol* name) {
165   return map_escaped_name_on(st, name, 0, name->utf8_length());
166 }
167 
168 
169 char* NativeLookup::pure_jni_name(const methodHandle& method) {
170   stringStream st;
171   // Prefix
172   st.print("Java_");
173   // Klass name
174   if (!map_escaped_name_on(&st, method->klass_name())) {
175     return nullptr;
176   }
177   st.print("_");
178   // Method name
179   if (!map_escaped_name_on(&st, method->name())) {
180     return nullptr;
181   }
182   return st.as_string();
183 }
184 
185 char* NativeLookup::long_jni_name(const methodHandle& method) {
186   // Signatures ignore the wrapping parentheses and the trailing return type
187   stringStream st;
188   Symbol* signature = method->signature();
189   st.print("__");
190   // find ')'
191   int end;
192   for (end = 0; end < signature->utf8_length() && signature->char_at(end) != JVM_SIGNATURE_ENDFUNC; end++);
193   // skip first '('
194   if (!map_escaped_name_on(&st, signature, 1, end)) {
195     return nullptr;
196   }
197 
198   return st.as_string();
199 }
200 
201 extern "C" {
202   void JNICALL JVM_RegisterMethodHandleMethods(JNIEnv *env, jclass unsafecls);
203   void JNICALL JVM_RegisterReferencesMethods(JNIEnv *env, jclass unsafecls);
204   void JNICALL JVM_RegisterUpcallHandlerMethods(JNIEnv *env, jclass unsafecls);
205   void JNICALL JVM_RegisterUpcallLinkerMethods(JNIEnv *env, jclass unsafecls);
206   void JNICALL JVM_RegisterNativeEntryPointMethods(JNIEnv *env, jclass unsafecls);
207   void JNICALL JVM_RegisterPerfMethods(JNIEnv *env, jclass perfclass);
208   void JNICALL JVM_RegisterWhiteBoxMethods(JNIEnv *env, jclass wbclass);
209   void JNICALL JVM_RegisterVectorSupportMethods(JNIEnv *env, jclass vsclass);
210 #if INCLUDE_JVMCI
211   jobject  JNICALL JVM_GetJVMCIRuntime(JNIEnv *env, jclass c);
212   void     JNICALL JVM_RegisterJVMCINatives(JNIEnv *env, jclass compilerToVMClass);
213 #endif
214 }
215 
216 #define CC (char*)  /* cast a literal from (const char*) */
217 #define FN_PTR(f) CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(void*, &f)
218 
219 static JNINativeMethod lookup_special_native_methods[] = {
220   { CC"Java_jdk_internal_misc_Unsafe_registerNatives",             nullptr, FN_PTR(JVM_RegisterJDKInternalMiscUnsafeMethods) },
221   { CC"Java_java_lang_invoke_MethodHandleNatives_registerNatives", nullptr, FN_PTR(JVM_RegisterMethodHandleMethods) },
222   { CC"Java_jdk_internal_foreign_abi_UpcallStubs_registerNatives",      nullptr, FN_PTR(JVM_RegisterUpcallHandlerMethods) },
223   { CC"Java_jdk_internal_foreign_abi_UpcallLinker_registerNatives",      nullptr, FN_PTR(JVM_RegisterUpcallLinkerMethods) },
224   { CC"Java_jdk_internal_foreign_abi_NativeEntryPoint_registerNatives",      nullptr, FN_PTR(JVM_RegisterNativeEntryPointMethods) },
225   { CC"Java_jdk_internal_perf_Perf_registerNatives",               nullptr, FN_PTR(JVM_RegisterPerfMethods)         },
226   { CC"Java_sun_hotspot_WhiteBox_registerNatives",                 nullptr, FN_PTR(JVM_RegisterWhiteBoxMethods)     },
227   { CC"Java_jdk_test_whitebox_WhiteBox_registerNatives",           nullptr, FN_PTR(JVM_RegisterWhiteBoxMethods)     },
228   { CC"Java_jdk_internal_vm_vector_VectorSupport_registerNatives", nullptr, FN_PTR(JVM_RegisterVectorSupportMethods)},
229 #if INCLUDE_JVMCI
230   { CC"Java_jdk_vm_ci_runtime_JVMCI_initializeRuntime",            nullptr, FN_PTR(JVM_GetJVMCIRuntime)             },
231   { CC"Java_jdk_vm_ci_hotspot_CompilerToVM_registerNatives",       nullptr, FN_PTR(JVM_RegisterJVMCINatives)        },
232 #endif
233 #if INCLUDE_JFR
234   { CC"Java_jdk_jfr_internal_JVM_registerNatives",                 nullptr, FN_PTR(jfr_register_natives)            },
235 #endif
236   { CC"Java_jdk_internal_misc_ScopedMemoryAccess_registerNatives", nullptr, FN_PTR(JVM_RegisterJDKInternalMiscScopedMemoryAccessMethods) },
237 };
238 
239 static address lookup_special_native(const char* jni_name) {
240   int count = sizeof(lookup_special_native_methods) / sizeof(JNINativeMethod);
241   for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
242     // NB: To ignore the jni prefix and jni postfix strstr is used matching.
243     if (strstr(jni_name, lookup_special_native_methods[i].name) != nullptr) {
244       return CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, lookup_special_native_methods[i].fnPtr);
245     }
246   }
247   return nullptr;
248 }
249 
250 address NativeLookup::lookup_style(const methodHandle& method, char* pure_name, const char* long_name, int args_size, bool os_style, TRAPS) {
251   address entry;
252   const char* jni_name = compute_complete_jni_name(pure_name, long_name, args_size, os_style);
253 
254 
255   // If the loader is null we have a system class, so we attempt a lookup in
256   // the native Java library. This takes care of any bootstrapping problems.
257   // Note: It is critical for bootstrapping that Java_java_lang_ClassLoader_findNative
258   // gets found the first time around - otherwise an infinite loop can occur. This is
259   // another VM/library dependency
260   Handle loader(THREAD, method->method_holder()->class_loader());
261   if (loader.is_null()) {
262     entry = lookup_special_native(jni_name);
263     if (entry == nullptr) {
264        entry = (address) os::dll_lookup(os::native_java_library(), jni_name);
265     }
266     if (entry != nullptr) {
267       return entry;
268     }
269   }
270 
271   // Otherwise call static method findNative in ClassLoader
272   Klass*   klass = vmClasses::ClassLoader_klass();
273   Handle name_arg = java_lang_String::create_from_str(jni_name, CHECK_NULL);
274 
275   JavaValue result(T_LONG);
276   JavaCalls::call_static(&result,
277                          klass,
278                          vmSymbols::findNative_name(),
279                          vmSymbols::classloader_string_long_signature(),
280                          // Arguments
281                          loader,
282                          name_arg,
283                          CHECK_NULL);
284   entry = (address) (intptr_t) result.get_jlong();
285 
286   if (entry == nullptr) {
287     // findNative didn't find it, if there are any agent libraries look in them
288     AgentLibrary* agent;
289     for (agent = Arguments::agents(); agent != nullptr; agent = agent->next()) {
290       entry = (address) os::dll_lookup(agent->os_lib(), jni_name);
291       if (entry != nullptr) {
292         return entry;
293       }
294     }
295   }
296 
297   return entry;
298 }
299 
300 const char* NativeLookup::compute_complete_jni_name(const char* pure_name, const char* long_name, int args_size, bool os_style) {
301   stringStream st;
302   if (os_style) {
303     os::print_jni_name_prefix_on(&st, args_size);
304   }
305 
306   st.print_raw(pure_name);
307   st.print_raw(long_name);
308   if (os_style) {
309     os::print_jni_name_suffix_on(&st, args_size);
310   }
311 
312   return st.as_string();
313 }
314 
315 // Check all the formats of native implementation name to see if there is one
316 // for the specified method.
317 address NativeLookup::lookup_entry(const methodHandle& method, TRAPS) {
318   address entry = nullptr;
319   // Compute pure name
320   char* pure_name = pure_jni_name(method);
321   if (pure_name == nullptr) {
322     // JNI name mapping rejected this method so return
323     // null to indicate UnsatisfiedLinkError should be thrown.
324     return nullptr;
325   }
326 
327   // Compute argument size
328   int args_size = 1                             // JNIEnv
329                 + (method->is_static() ? 1 : 0) // class for static methods
330                 + method->size_of_parameters(); // actual parameters
331 
332   // 1) Try JNI short style
333   entry = lookup_style(method, pure_name, "",        args_size, true,  CHECK_NULL);
334   if (entry != nullptr) return entry;
335 
336   // Compute long name
337   char* long_name = long_jni_name(method);
338   if (long_name == nullptr) {
339     // JNI name mapping rejected this method so return
340     // null to indicate UnsatisfiedLinkError should be thrown.
341     return nullptr;
342   }
343 
344   // 2) Try JNI long style
345   entry = lookup_style(method, pure_name, long_name, args_size, true,  CHECK_NULL);
346   if (entry != nullptr) return entry;
347 
348   // 3) Try JNI short style without os prefix/suffix
349   entry = lookup_style(method, pure_name, "",        args_size, false, CHECK_NULL);
350   if (entry != nullptr) return entry;
351 
352   // 4) Try JNI long style without os prefix/suffix
353   entry = lookup_style(method, pure_name, long_name, args_size, false, CHECK_NULL);
354 
355   return entry; // null indicates not found
356 }
357 
358 // Check if there are any JVM TI prefixes which have been applied to the native method name.
359 // If any are found, remove them before attempting the look up of the
360 // native implementation again.
361 // See SetNativeMethodPrefix in the JVM TI Spec for more details.
362 address NativeLookup::lookup_entry_prefixed(const methodHandle& method, TRAPS) {
363 #if INCLUDE_JVMTI
364   ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
365 
366   int prefix_count;
367   char** prefixes = JvmtiExport::get_all_native_method_prefixes(&prefix_count);
368   char* in_name = method->name()->as_C_string();
369   char* wrapper_name = in_name;
370   // last applied prefix will be first -- go backwards
371   for (int i = prefix_count-1; i >= 0; i--) {
372     char* prefix = prefixes[i];
373     size_t prefix_len = strlen(prefix);
374     if (strncmp(prefix, wrapper_name, prefix_len) == 0) {
375       // has this prefix remove it
376       wrapper_name += prefix_len;
377     }
378   }
379   if (wrapper_name != in_name) {
380     // we have a name for a wrapping method
381     int wrapper_name_len = (int)strlen(wrapper_name);
382     TempNewSymbol wrapper_symbol = SymbolTable::probe(wrapper_name, wrapper_name_len);
383     if (wrapper_symbol != nullptr) {
384       Klass* k = method->method_holder();
385       Method* wrapper_method = k->lookup_method(wrapper_symbol, method->signature());
386       if (wrapper_method != nullptr && !wrapper_method->is_native()) {
387         // we found a wrapper method, use its native entry
388         method->set_is_prefixed_native();
389         return lookup_entry(methodHandle(THREAD, wrapper_method), THREAD);
390       }
391     }
392   }
393 #endif // INCLUDE_JVMTI
394   return nullptr;
395 }
396 
397 address NativeLookup::lookup_base(const methodHandle& method, TRAPS) {
398   address entry = nullptr;
399   ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
400 
401   entry = lookup_entry(method, CHECK_NULL);
402   if (entry != nullptr) return entry;
403 
404   // standard native method resolution has failed.  Check if there are any
405   // JVM TI prefixes which have been applied to the native method name.
406   entry = lookup_entry_prefixed(method, CHECK_NULL);
407   if (entry != nullptr) return entry;
408 
409   // Native function not found, throw UnsatisfiedLinkError
410   stringStream ss;
411   ss.print("'");
412   method->print_external_name(&ss);
413   ss.print("'");
414   THROW_MSG_0(vmSymbols::java_lang_UnsatisfiedLinkError(), ss.as_string());
415 }
416 
417 
418 address NativeLookup::lookup(const methodHandle& method, TRAPS) {
419   if (!method->has_native_function()) {
420     address entry = lookup_base(method, CHECK_NULL);
421     method->set_native_function(entry,
422       Method::native_bind_event_is_interesting);
423     // -verbose:jni printing
424     if (log_is_enabled(Debug, jni, resolve)) {
425       ResourceMark rm(THREAD);
426       log_debug(jni, resolve)("[Dynamic-linking native method %s.%s ... JNI]",
427                               method->method_holder()->external_name(),
428                               method->name()->as_C_string());
429     }
430   }
431   return method->native_function();
432 }