1 /*
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   3  * Copyright (c) 2025, 2026, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   4  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   5  *
   6  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   7  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   8  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
   9  *
  10  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  11  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  12  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  13  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  14  * accompanied this code).
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  16  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
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  18  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  19  *
  20  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  21  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  22  * questions.
  23  *
  24  */
  25 
  26 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahAgeCensus.hpp"
  27 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahClosures.inline.hpp"
  28 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahCollectorPolicy.hpp"
  29 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahForwarding.inline.hpp"
  30 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahFreeSet.hpp"
  31 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahGeneration.hpp"
  32 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahGenerationalControlThread.hpp"
  33 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahGenerationalEvacuationTask.hpp"
  34 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahGenerationalHeap.hpp"
  35 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeap.inline.hpp"
  36 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeapRegion.hpp"
  37 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeapRegionClosures.hpp"
  38 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahInitLogger.hpp"
  39 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahMemoryPool.hpp"
  40 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahMonitoringSupport.hpp"
  41 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahOldGeneration.hpp"
  42 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahPhaseTimings.hpp"
  43 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahRegulatorThread.hpp"
  44 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahScanRemembered.inline.hpp"
  45 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahUtils.hpp"
  46 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahWorkerPolicy.hpp"
  47 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahYoungGeneration.hpp"
  48 #include "logging/log.hpp"
  49 #include "utilities/events.hpp"
  50 
  51 
  52 class ShenandoahGenerationalInitLogger : public ShenandoahInitLogger {
  53 public:
  54   static void print() {
  55     ShenandoahGenerationalInitLogger logger;
  56     logger.print_all();
  57   }
  58 protected:
  59   void print_gc_specific() override {
  60     ShenandoahInitLogger::print_gc_specific();
  61 
  62     ShenandoahGenerationalHeap* heap = ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::heap();
  63     log_info(gc, init)("Young Heuristics: %s", heap->young_generation()->heuristics()->name());
  64     log_info(gc, init)("Old Heuristics: %s", heap->old_generation()->heuristics()->name());
  65   }
  66 };
  67 
  68 size_t ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::calculate_min_plab() {
  69   return PLAB::min_size();
  70 }
  71 
  72 size_t ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::calculate_max_plab() {
  73   return ShenandoahHeapRegion::max_tlab_size_words();
  74 }
  75 
  76 // Returns size in bytes
  77 size_t ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::unsafe_max_tlab_alloc() const {
  78   return MIN2(ShenandoahHeapRegion::max_tlab_size_bytes(), young_generation()->available());
  79 }
  80 
  81 ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::ShenandoahGenerationalHeap(ShenandoahCollectorPolicy* policy) :
  82   ShenandoahHeap(policy),
  83   _age_census(nullptr),
  84   _min_plab_size(calculate_min_plab()),
  85   _max_plab_size(calculate_max_plab()),
  86   _regulator_thread(nullptr),
  87   _young_gen_memory_pool(nullptr),
  88   _old_gen_memory_pool(nullptr) {
  89 }
  90 
  91 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::initialize_generations() {
  92   ShenandoahHeap::initialize_generations();
  93   _young_generation->post_initialize(this);
  94   _old_generation->post_initialize(this);
  95 }
  96 
  97 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::post_initialize() {
  98   ShenandoahHeap::post_initialize();
  99   _age_census = new ShenandoahAgeCensus();
 100 }
 101 
 102 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::post_initialize_heuristics() {
 103   ShenandoahHeap::post_initialize_heuristics();
 104   _young_generation->post_initialize_heuristics();
 105   _old_generation->post_initialize_heuristics();
 106 }
 107 
 108 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::print_init_logger() const {
 109   ShenandoahGenerationalInitLogger logger;
 110   logger.print_all();
 111 }
 112 
 113 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::initialize_heuristics() {
 114   // Initialize global generation and heuristics even in generational mode.
 115   ShenandoahHeap::initialize_heuristics();
 116 
 117   _young_generation = new ShenandoahYoungGeneration(max_workers());
 118   _old_generation = new ShenandoahOldGeneration(max_workers());
 119   _young_generation->initialize_heuristics(mode());
 120   _old_generation->initialize_heuristics(mode());
 121 }
 122 
 123 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::initialize_serviceability() {
 124   assert(mode()->is_generational(), "Only for the generational mode");
 125   _young_gen_memory_pool = new ShenandoahYoungGenMemoryPool(this);
 126   _old_gen_memory_pool = new ShenandoahOldGenMemoryPool(this);
 127   cycle_memory_manager()->add_pool(_young_gen_memory_pool);
 128   cycle_memory_manager()->add_pool(_old_gen_memory_pool);
 129   stw_memory_manager()->add_pool(_young_gen_memory_pool);
 130   stw_memory_manager()->add_pool(_old_gen_memory_pool);
 131 }
 132 
 133 GrowableArray<MemoryPool*> ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::memory_pools() {
 134   assert(mode()->is_generational(), "Only for the generational mode");
 135   GrowableArray<MemoryPool*> memory_pools(2);
 136   memory_pools.append(_young_gen_memory_pool);
 137   memory_pools.append(_old_gen_memory_pool);
 138   return memory_pools;
 139 }
 140 
 141 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::initialize_controller() {
 142   auto control_thread = new ShenandoahGenerationalControlThread();
 143   _control_thread = control_thread;
 144   _regulator_thread = new ShenandoahRegulatorThread(control_thread);
 145 }
 146 
 147 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::gc_threads_do(ThreadClosure* tcl) const {
 148   if (!shenandoah_policy()->is_at_shutdown()) {
 149     ShenandoahHeap::gc_threads_do(tcl);
 150     tcl->do_thread(regulator_thread());
 151   }
 152 }
 153 
 154 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::stop() {
 155   ShenandoahHeap::stop();
 156   regulator_thread()->stop();
 157 }
 158 
 159 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::start_idle_span() {
 160   young_generation()->heuristics()->start_idle_span();
 161 }
 162 
 163 bool ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::requires_barriers(stackChunkOop obj) const {
 164   if (is_idle()) {
 165     return false;
 166   }
 167 
 168   if (is_concurrent_young_mark_in_progress() && is_in_young(obj) && !marking_context()->allocated_after_mark_start(obj)) {
 169     // We are marking young, this object is in young, and it is below the TAMS
 170     return true;
 171   }
 172 
 173   if (is_in_old(obj)) {
 174     // Card marking barriers are required for objects in the old generation
 175     return true;
 176   }
 177 
 178   if (has_forwarded_objects()) {
 179     // Object may have pointers that need to be updated
 180     return true;
 181   }
 182 
 183   return false;
 184 }
 185 
 186 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::evacuate_collection_set(ShenandoahGeneration* generation, bool concurrent) {
 187   ShenandoahRegionIterator regions;
 188   ShenandoahGenerationalEvacuationTask task(this, generation, &regions, concurrent, false /* only promote regions */);
 189   workers()->run_task(&task);
 190 }
 191 
 192 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::promote_regions_in_place(ShenandoahGeneration* generation, bool concurrent) {
 193   ShenandoahRegionIterator regions;
 194   ShenandoahGenerationalEvacuationTask task(this, generation, &regions, concurrent, true /* only promote regions */);
 195   workers()->run_task(&task);
 196 }
 197 
 198 oop ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::evacuate_object(oop p, Thread* thread) {
 199   assert(thread == Thread::current(), "Expected thread parameter to be current thread.");
 200 
 201   ShenandoahHeapRegion* from_region = heap_region_containing(p);
 202   assert(!from_region->is_humongous(), "never evacuate humongous objects");
 203 
 204   // Try to keep the object in the same generation
 205   const ShenandoahAffiliation target_gen = from_region->affiliation();
 206 
 207   if (target_gen == YOUNG_GENERATION) {
 208     markWord mark = p->mark();
 209     if (mark.is_marked()) {
 210       // Already forwarded.
 211       return ShenandoahForwarding::get_forwardee(p);
 212     }
 213 
 214     if (age_census()->is_tenurable(from_region->age() + mark.age())) {
 215       // If the object is tenurable, try to promote it
 216       oop result = try_evacuate_object<YOUNG_GENERATION, OLD_GENERATION>(p, thread, from_region->age());
 217 
 218       // If we failed to promote this aged object, we'll fall through to code below and evacuate to young-gen.
 219       if (result != nullptr) {
 220         return result;
 221       }
 222     }
 223     return try_evacuate_object<YOUNG_GENERATION, YOUNG_GENERATION>(p, thread, from_region->age());
 224   }
 225 
 226   assert(target_gen == OLD_GENERATION, "Expected evacuation to old");
 227   return try_evacuate_object<OLD_GENERATION, OLD_GENERATION>(p, thread, from_region->age());
 228 }
 229 
 230 // try_evacuate_object registers the object and dirties the associated remembered set information when evacuating
 231 // to OLD_GENERATION.
 232 template<ShenandoahAffiliation FROM_GENERATION, ShenandoahAffiliation TO_GENERATION>
 233 oop ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::try_evacuate_object(oop p, Thread* thread, uint from_region_age) {
 234   bool alloc_from_lab = true;
 235   bool has_plab = false;
 236   HeapWord* copy = nullptr;
 237   size_t size = ShenandoahForwarding::size(p);
 238   constexpr bool is_promotion = (TO_GENERATION == OLD_GENERATION) && (FROM_GENERATION == YOUNG_GENERATION);
 239 
 240 #ifdef ASSERT
 241   if (ShenandoahOOMDuringEvacALot &&
 242       (os::random() & 1) == 0) { // Simulate OOM every ~2nd slow-path call
 243     copy = nullptr;
 244   } else {
 245 #endif
 246     if (UseTLAB) {
 247       switch (TO_GENERATION) {
 248         case YOUNG_GENERATION: {
 249           copy = allocate_from_gclab(thread, size);
 250           if ((copy == nullptr) && (size < ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab_size(thread))) {
 251             // GCLAB allocation failed because we are bumping up against the limit on young evacuation reserve.  Try resetting
 252             // the desired GCLAB size and retry GCLAB allocation to avoid cascading of shared memory allocations.
 253             ShenandoahThreadLocalData::set_gclab_size(thread, PLAB::min_size());
 254             copy = allocate_from_gclab(thread, size);
 255             // If we still get nullptr, we'll try a shared allocation below.
 256           }
 257           break;
 258         }
 259         case OLD_GENERATION: {
 260           ShenandoahPLAB* shenandoah_plab = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::shenandoah_plab(thread);
 261           if (shenandoah_plab != nullptr) {
 262             has_plab = true;
 263             copy = shenandoah_plab->allocate(size, is_promotion);
 264             if (copy == nullptr && size < shenandoah_plab->desired_size() && shenandoah_plab->retries_enabled()) {
 265               // PLAB allocation failed because we are bumping up against the limit on old evacuation reserve or because
 266               // the requested object does not fit within the current plab but the plab still has an "abundance" of memory,
 267               // where abundance is defined as >= ShenGenHeap::plab_min_size().  In the former case, we try shrinking the
 268               // desired PLAB size to the minimum and retry PLAB allocation to avoid cascading of shared memory allocations.
 269               // Shrinking the desired PLAB size may allow us to eke out a small PLAB while staying beneath evacuation reserve.
 270               if (shenandoah_plab->plab()->words_remaining() < plab_min_size()) {
 271                 shenandoah_plab->set_desired_size(plab_min_size());
 272                 copy = shenandoah_plab->allocate(size, is_promotion);
 273                 if (copy == nullptr) {
 274                   // If we still get nullptr, we'll try a shared allocation below.
 275                   // However, don't continue to retry until we have success (probably in next GC pass)
 276                   shenandoah_plab->disable_retries();
 277                 }
 278               }
 279             }
 280           }
 281           break;
 282         }
 283         default: {
 284           ShouldNotReachHere();
 285           break;
 286         }
 287       }
 288     }
 289 
 290     if (copy == nullptr) {
 291       // If we failed to allocate in LAB, we'll try a shared allocation.
 292       if (!is_promotion || !has_plab || (size > PLAB::min_size())) {
 293         ShenandoahAllocRequest req = ShenandoahAllocRequest::for_shared_gc(size, TO_GENERATION, is_promotion);
 294         copy = allocate_memory(req);
 295         alloc_from_lab = false;
 296       }
 297       // else, we leave copy equal to nullptr, signaling a promotion failure below if appropriate.
 298       // We choose not to promote objects smaller than size_threshold by way of shared allocations as this is too
 299       // costly.  Instead, we'll simply "evacuate" to young-gen memory (using a GCLAB) and will promote in a future
 300       // evacuation pass.  This condition is denoted by: is_promotion && has_plab && (size <= size_threshhold).
 301     }
 302 #ifdef ASSERT
 303   }
 304 #endif
 305 
 306   if (copy == nullptr) {
 307     if (TO_GENERATION == OLD_GENERATION) {
 308       if (FROM_GENERATION == YOUNG_GENERATION) {
 309         // Signal that promotion failed. Will evacuate this old object somewhere in young gen.
 310         old_generation()->handle_failed_promotion(thread, size);
 311         return nullptr;
 312       } else {
 313         // Remember that evacuation to old gen failed. We'll want to trigger a full gc to recover from this
 314         // after the evacuation threads have finished.
 315         old_generation()->handle_failed_evacuation();
 316       }
 317     }
 318 
 319     control_thread()->handle_alloc_failure_evac(size);
 320 
 321     // Install the self-forwarded bit so other evacuators/LRBs see the
 322     // object as "already handled, do not try to evacuate". The CAS may
 323     // fail if another thread concurrently installed a real forwardee or
 324     // self-forwarded first.
 325     markWord old_mark = p->mark();
 326     if (old_mark.is_forwarded()) {
 327       return ShenandoahForwarding::get_forwardee(p);
 328     }
 329     oop winner = ShenandoahForwarding::try_forward_to_self(p, old_mark);
 330     if (winner == nullptr) {
 331       // We own the self-forwarding. Flag the from-region so the degen/full
 332       // GC entry drain knows to scan it for self_fwd bits to clear.
 333       heap_region_containing(p)->set_has_self_forwards();
 334       return p;
 335     }
 336     return winner;
 337   }
 338 
 339   if (ShenandoahEvacTracking) {
 340     evac_tracker()->begin_evacuation(thread, size * HeapWordSize, FROM_GENERATION, TO_GENERATION);
 341   }
 342 
 343   // Copy the object:
 344   Copy::aligned_disjoint_words(cast_from_oop<HeapWord*>(p), copy, size);
 345   oop copy_val = cast_to_oop(copy);
 346 
 347   // Update the age of the evacuated object
 348   if (TO_GENERATION == YOUNG_GENERATION) {
 349     increase_object_age(copy_val, from_region_age + 1);
 350   }
 351 
 352   // Relativize stack chunks before publishing the copy. After the forwarding CAS,
 353   // mutators can see the copy and thaw it via the fast path if flags == 0. We must
 354   // relativize derived pointers and set gc_mode before that happens. Skip if the
 355   // copy's mark word is already a forwarding pointer (another thread won the race
 356   // and overwrote the original's header before we copied it).
 357   if (!ShenandoahForwarding::is_forwarded(copy_val)) {
 358     ContinuationGCSupport::relativize_stack_chunk(copy_val);
 359   }
 360 
 361   // Try to install the new forwarding pointer.
 362   oop result = ShenandoahForwarding::try_update_forwardee(p, copy_val);
 363   if (result == copy_val) {
 364     // Successfully evacuated. Our copy is now the public one!
 365     if (ShenandoahEvacTracking) {
 366       // Record that the evacuation succeeded
 367       evac_tracker()->end_evacuation(thread, size * HeapWordSize, FROM_GENERATION, TO_GENERATION);
 368     }
 369   }  else {
 370     // Failed to evacuate. We need to deal with the object that is left behind. Since this
 371     // new allocation is certainly after TAMS, it will be considered live in the next cycle.
 372     // But if it happens to contain references to evacuated regions, those references would
 373     // not get updated for this stale copy during this cycle, and we will crash while scanning
 374     // it the next cycle.
 375     if (alloc_from_lab) {
 376       // For LAB allocations, it is enough to rollback the allocation ptr. Either the next
 377       // object will overwrite this stale copy, or the filler object on LAB retirement will
 378       // do this.
 379       switch (TO_GENERATION) {
 380         case YOUNG_GENERATION: {
 381           ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab(thread)->undo_allocation(copy, size);
 382           break;
 383         }
 384         case OLD_GENERATION: {
 385           ShenandoahThreadLocalData::shenandoah_plab(thread)->plab()->undo_allocation(copy, size);
 386           if (is_promotion) {
 387             ShenandoahThreadLocalData::shenandoah_plab(thread)->subtract_from_promoted(size * HeapWordSize);
 388           }
 389           break;
 390         }
 391         default: {
 392           ShouldNotReachHere();
 393           break;
 394         }
 395       }
 396     } else {
 397       // For non-LAB allocations, we have no way to retract the allocation, and
 398       // have to explicitly overwrite the copy with the filler object. With that overwrite,
 399       // we have to keep the fwdptr initialized and pointing to our (stale) copy.
 400       assert(size >= ShenandoahHeap::min_fill_size(), "previously allocated object known to be larger than min_size");
 401       fill_with_object(copy, size);
 402     }
 403   }
 404   shenandoah_assert_correct(nullptr, result);
 405   return result;
 406 }
 407 
 408 template oop ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::try_evacuate_object<YOUNG_GENERATION, YOUNG_GENERATION>(oop p, Thread* thread, uint from_region_age);
 409 template oop ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::try_evacuate_object<YOUNG_GENERATION, OLD_GENERATION>(oop p, Thread* thread, uint from_region_age);
 410 template oop ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::try_evacuate_object<OLD_GENERATION, OLD_GENERATION>(oop p, Thread* thread, uint from_region_age);
 411 
 412 // Call this function at the end of a GC cycle in order to establish proper sizes of young and old reserves,
 413 // setting the old-generation balance so that GC can perform the anticipated evacuations.
 414 //
 415 // Make sure old-generation is large enough, but no larger than is necessary, to hold mixed evacuations
 416 // and promotions, if we anticipate either. Any deficit is provided by the young generation, subject to
 417 // mutator_xfer_limit, and any surplus is transferred to the young generation.  mutator_xfer_limit is
 418 // the maximum we're able to transfer from young to old. The mutator_xfer_limit constrains the transfer
 419 // of memory from young to old.  It does not limit young reserves.
 420 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::compute_old_generation_balance(size_t mutator_xfer_limit,
 421                                                                 size_t old_trashed_regions, size_t young_trashed_regions) {
 422   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 423   // We can limit the old reserve to the size of anticipated promotions:
 424   // max_old_reserve is an upper bound on memory evacuated from old and promoted to old,
 425   // clamped by the old generation space available.
 426   //
 427   // Here's the algebra.
 428   // Let SOEP = ShenandoahOldEvacPercent,
 429   //     OE = old evac,
 430   //     YE = young evac, and
 431   //     TE = total evac = OE + YE
 432   // By definition:
 433   //            SOEP/100 = OE/TE
 434   //                     = OE/(OE+YE)
 435   //  => SOEP/(100-SOEP) = OE/((OE+YE)-OE)      // componendo-dividendo: If a/b = c/d, then a/(b-a) = c/(d-c)
 436   //                     = OE/YE
 437   //  =>              OE = YE*SOEP/(100-SOEP)
 438 
 439   // We have to be careful in the event that SOEP is set to 100 by the user.
 440   assert(ShenandoahOldEvacPercent <= 100, "Error");
 441   const size_t region_size_bytes = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
 442 
 443   ShenandoahOldGeneration* old_gen = old_generation();
 444   size_t old_capacity = old_gen->max_capacity();
 445   size_t old_usage = old_gen->used(); // includes humongous waste
 446   size_t old_currently_available =
 447     ((old_capacity >= old_usage)? old_capacity - old_usage: 0) + old_trashed_regions * region_size_bytes;
 448 
 449   ShenandoahYoungGeneration* young_gen = young_generation();
 450   size_t young_capacity = young_gen->max_capacity();
 451   size_t young_usage = young_gen->used(); // includes humongous waste
 452   size_t young_available = ((young_capacity >= young_usage)? young_capacity - young_usage: 0);
 453   size_t freeset_available = free_set()->available_locked();
 454   if (young_available > freeset_available) {
 455     young_available = freeset_available;
 456   }
 457   young_available += young_trashed_regions * region_size_bytes;
 458 
 459   // The free set will reserve this amount of memory to hold young evacuations (initialized to the ideal reserve)
 460   size_t young_reserve = (young_generation()->max_capacity() * ShenandoahEvacReserve) / 100;
 461 
 462   // If ShenandoahOldEvacPercent equals 100, max_old_reserve is limited only by mutator_xfer_limit and young_reserve
 463   const size_t bound_on_old_reserve =
 464     ((old_currently_available + mutator_xfer_limit + young_reserve) * ShenandoahOldEvacPercent) / 100;
 465   size_t proposed_max_old = ((ShenandoahOldEvacPercent == 100)?
 466                              bound_on_old_reserve:
 467                              MIN2((young_reserve * ShenandoahOldEvacPercent) / (100 - ShenandoahOldEvacPercent),
 468                                   bound_on_old_reserve));
 469   assert(mutator_xfer_limit <= young_available,
 470          "Cannot transfer (%zu) memory that is not available (%zu)", mutator_xfer_limit, young_available);
 471 
 472   if (young_reserve > young_available) {
 473     young_reserve = young_available;
 474   }
 475   // We allow young_reserve to exceed mutator_xfer_limit. Essentially, this means the GC is already behind the pace
 476   // of mutator allocations, and we'll need to trigger the next GC as soon as possible.
 477   if (mutator_xfer_limit > young_reserve) {
 478     mutator_xfer_limit -= young_reserve;
 479   } else {
 480     mutator_xfer_limit = 0;
 481   }
 482 
 483   // Decide how much old space we should reserve for a mixed collection
 484   size_t proposed_reserve_for_mixed = 0;
 485   const size_t old_fragmented_available =
 486     old_currently_available - (old_generation()->free_unaffiliated_regions() + old_trashed_regions) * region_size_bytes;
 487 
 488   if (old_fragmented_available > proposed_max_old) {
 489     // In this case, the old_fragmented_available is greater than the desired amount of evacuation to old.
 490     // We'll use all of this memory to hold results of old evacuation, and we'll give back to the young generation
 491     // any old regions that are not fragmented.
 492     //
 493     // This scenario may happen after we have promoted many regions in place, and each of these regions had non-zero
 494     // unused memory, so there is now an abundance of old-fragmented available memory, even more than the desired
 495     // percentage for old reserve.  We cannot transfer these fragmented regions back to young.  Instead we make the
 496     // best of the situation by using this fragmented memory for both promotions and evacuations.
 497 
 498     proposed_max_old = old_fragmented_available;
 499   }
 500   // Otherwise: old_fragmented_available <= proposed_max_old. Do not shrink proposed_max_old from the original computation.
 501 
 502   // Though we initially set proposed_reserve_for_promo to equal the entirety of old fragmented available, we have the
 503   // opportunity below to shift some of this memory into the proposed_reserve_for_mixed.
 504   size_t proposed_reserve_for_promo = old_fragmented_available;
 505   const size_t max_old_reserve = proposed_max_old;
 506 
 507   const size_t mixed_candidate_live_memory = old_generation()->unprocessed_collection_candidates_live_memory();
 508   const bool doing_mixed = (mixed_candidate_live_memory > 0);
 509   if (doing_mixed) {
 510     // In the ideal, all of the memory reserved for mixed evacuation would be unfragmented, but we don't enforce
 511     // this.  Note that the initial value of  max_evac_need is conservative because we may not evacuate all of the
 512     // remaining mixed evacuation candidates in a single cycle.
 513     const size_t max_evac_need = (size_t) (mixed_candidate_live_memory * ShenandoahOldEvacWaste);
 514     assert(old_currently_available >= old_generation()->free_unaffiliated_regions() * region_size_bytes,
 515            "Unaffiliated available must be less than total available");
 516 
 517     // We prefer to evacuate all of mixed into unfragmented memory, and will expand old in order to do so, unless
 518     // we already have too much fragmented available memory in old.
 519     proposed_reserve_for_mixed = max_evac_need;
 520     if (proposed_reserve_for_mixed + proposed_reserve_for_promo > max_old_reserve) {
 521       // We're trying to reserve more memory than is available.  So we need to shrink our reserves.
 522       size_t excess_reserves = (proposed_reserve_for_mixed + proposed_reserve_for_promo) - max_old_reserve;
 523       // We need to shrink reserves by excess_reserves.  We prefer to shrink by reducing promotion, giving priority to mixed
 524       // evacuation.  If the promotion reserve is larger than the amount we need to shrink by, do all the shrinkage there.
 525       if (proposed_reserve_for_promo > excess_reserves) {
 526         proposed_reserve_for_promo -= excess_reserves;
 527       } else {
 528         // Otherwise, we'll shrink promotion reserve to zero and we'll shrink the mixed-evac reserve by the remaining excess.
 529         excess_reserves -= proposed_reserve_for_promo;
 530         proposed_reserve_for_promo = 0;
 531         proposed_reserve_for_mixed -= excess_reserves;
 532       }
 533     }
 534   }
 535   assert(proposed_reserve_for_mixed + proposed_reserve_for_promo <= max_old_reserve,
 536          "Reserve for mixed (%zu) plus reserve for promotions (%zu) must be less than maximum old reserve (%zu)",
 537          proposed_reserve_for_mixed, proposed_reserve_for_promo, max_old_reserve);
 538 
 539   // Decide how much additional space we should reserve for promotions from young.  We give priority to mixed evacations
 540   // over promotions.
 541   const size_t promo_load = old_generation()->get_promotion_potential();
 542   const bool doing_promotions = promo_load > 0;
 543 
 544   // promo_load represents the combined total of live memory within regions that have reached tenure age.  The true
 545   // promotion potential is larger than this, because individual objects within regions that have not yet reached tenure
 546   // age may be promotable. On the other hand, some of the objects that we intend to promote in the next GC cycle may
 547   // die before they are next marked.  In the future, the promo_load will include the total size of tenurable objects
 548   // residing in regions that have not yet reached tenure age.
 549 
 550   if (doing_promotions) {
 551     // We are always doing promotions, even when old_generation->get_promotion_potential() returns 0.  As currently implemented,
 552     // get_promotion_potential() only knows the total live memory contained within young-generation regions whose age is
 553     // tenurable. It does not know whether that memory will still be live at the end of the next mark cycle, and it doesn't
 554     // know how much memory is contained within objects whose individual ages are tenurable, which reside in regions with
 555     // non-tenurable age.  We use this, as adjusted by ShenandoahPromoEvacWaste, as an approximation of the total amount of
 556     // memory to be promoted.  In the near future, we expect to implement a change that will allow get_promotion_potential()
 557     // to account also for the total memory contained within individual objects that are tenure-ready even when they do
 558     // not reside in aged regions.  This will represent a conservative over approximation of promotable memory because
 559     // some of these objects may die before the next GC cycle executes.
 560 
 561     // Be careful not to ask for too much promotion reserves. We have observed jtreg test failures under which a greedy
 562     // promotion reserve causes a humongous allocation which is awaiting a full GC to fail (specifically
 563     // gc/TestAllocHumongousFragment.java). This happens if too much of the memory reclaimed by the full GC
 564     // is immediately reserved so that it cannot be allocated by the waiting mutator. It's not clear that this
 565     // particular test is representative of the needs of typical GenShen users.  It is really a test of high frequency
 566     // Full GCs under heap fragmentation stress.
 567 
 568     size_t promo_need = (size_t) (promo_load * ShenandoahPromoEvacWaste);
 569     if (promo_need > proposed_reserve_for_promo) {
 570       const size_t available_for_additional_promotions =
 571         max_old_reserve - (proposed_reserve_for_mixed + proposed_reserve_for_promo);
 572       if (proposed_reserve_for_promo + available_for_additional_promotions >= promo_need) {
 573         proposed_reserve_for_promo = promo_need;
 574       } else {
 575         proposed_reserve_for_promo += available_for_additional_promotions;
 576       }
 577     }
 578   }
 579   // else, leave proposed_reserve_for_promo as is.  By default, it is initialized to represent old_fragmented_available.
 580 
 581   // This is the total old we want to reserve (initialized to the ideal reserve)
 582   size_t proposed_old_reserve = proposed_reserve_for_mixed + proposed_reserve_for_promo;
 583 
 584   // We now check if the old generation is running a surplus or a deficit.
 585   size_t old_region_deficit = 0;
 586   size_t old_region_surplus = 0;
 587 
 588   size_t mutator_region_xfer_limit = mutator_xfer_limit / region_size_bytes;
 589   // align the mutator_xfer_limit on region size
 590   mutator_xfer_limit = mutator_region_xfer_limit * region_size_bytes;
 591 
 592   if (old_currently_available >= proposed_old_reserve) {
 593     // We are running a surplus, so the old region surplus can go to young
 594     const size_t old_surplus = old_currently_available - proposed_old_reserve;
 595     old_region_surplus = old_surplus / region_size_bytes;
 596     const size_t unaffiliated_old_regions = old_generation()->free_unaffiliated_regions() + old_trashed_regions;
 597     old_region_surplus = MIN2(old_region_surplus, unaffiliated_old_regions);
 598     old_generation()->set_region_balance(checked_cast<ssize_t>(old_region_surplus));
 599     old_currently_available -= old_region_surplus * region_size_bytes;
 600     young_available += old_region_surplus * region_size_bytes;
 601   } else if (old_currently_available + mutator_xfer_limit >= proposed_old_reserve) {
 602     // We know that old_currently_available < proposed_old_reserve because above test failed. Expand old_currently_available.
 603     // Mutator's xfer limit is sufficient to satisfy our need: transfer all memory from there.
 604     size_t old_deficit = proposed_old_reserve - old_currently_available;
 605     old_region_deficit = (old_deficit + region_size_bytes - 1) / region_size_bytes;
 606     old_generation()->set_region_balance(0 - checked_cast<ssize_t>(old_region_deficit));
 607     old_currently_available += old_region_deficit * region_size_bytes;
 608     young_available -= old_region_deficit * region_size_bytes;
 609   } else {
 610     // We know that (old_currently_available < proposed_old_reserve) and
 611     //   (old_currently_available + mutator_xfer_limit < proposed_old_reserve) because above tests failed.
 612     // We need to shrink proposed_old_reserves.
 613 
 614     // We could potentially shrink young_reserves in order to further expand proposed_old_reserves.  Let's not bother.  The
 615     // important thing is that we keep a total amount of memory in reserve in preparation for the next GC cycle.  At
 616     // the time we choose the next collection set, we'll have an opportunity to shift some of these young reserves
 617     // into old reserves if that makes sense.
 618 
 619     // Start by taking all of mutator_xfer_limit into old_currently_available.
 620     size_t old_region_deficit = mutator_region_xfer_limit;
 621     old_generation()->set_region_balance(0 - checked_cast<ssize_t>(old_region_deficit));
 622     old_currently_available += old_region_deficit * region_size_bytes;
 623     young_available -= old_region_deficit * region_size_bytes;
 624 
 625     assert(old_currently_available < proposed_old_reserve,
 626            "Old currently available (%zu) must be less than old reserve (%zu)", old_currently_available, proposed_old_reserve);
 627 
 628     // There's not enough memory to satisfy our desire.  Scale back our old-gen intentions.  We prefer to satisfy
 629     // the budget_overrun entirely from the promotion reserve, if that is large enough.  Otherwise, we'll satisfy
 630     // the overrun from a combination of promotion and mixed-evacuation reserves.
 631     size_t budget_overrun = proposed_old_reserve - old_currently_available;
 632     if (proposed_reserve_for_promo > budget_overrun) {
 633       proposed_reserve_for_promo -= budget_overrun;
 634       // Dead code:
 635       //  proposed_old_reserve -= budget_overrun;
 636     } else {
 637       budget_overrun -= proposed_reserve_for_promo;
 638       proposed_reserve_for_promo = 0;
 639       proposed_reserve_for_mixed = (proposed_reserve_for_mixed > budget_overrun)? proposed_reserve_for_mixed - budget_overrun: 0;
 640       // Dead code:
 641       //  Note: proposed_reserve_for_promo is 0 and proposed_reserve_for_mixed may equal 0.
 642       //  proposed_old_reserve = proposed_reserve_for_mixed;
 643     }
 644   }
 645 
 646   assert(old_region_deficit == 0 || old_region_surplus == 0,
 647          "Only surplus (%zu) or deficit (%zu), never both", old_region_surplus, old_region_deficit);
 648   assert(young_reserve + proposed_reserve_for_mixed + proposed_reserve_for_promo <= old_currently_available + young_available,
 649          "Cannot reserve more memory than is available: %zu + %zu + %zu <= %zu + %zu",
 650          young_reserve, proposed_reserve_for_mixed, proposed_reserve_for_promo, old_currently_available, young_available);
 651 
 652   // deficit/surplus adjustments to generation sizes will precede rebuild
 653   young_generation()->set_evacuation_reserve(young_reserve);
 654   old_generation()->set_evacuation_reserve(proposed_reserve_for_mixed);
 655   old_generation()->set_promoted_reserve(proposed_reserve_for_promo);
 656 }
 657 
 658 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::coalesce_and_fill_old_regions(bool concurrent) {
 659   class ShenandoahGlobalCoalesceAndFill : public WorkerTask {
 660   private:
 661       ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Phase _phase;
 662       ShenandoahRegionIterator _regions;
 663   public:
 664     explicit ShenandoahGlobalCoalesceAndFill(ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Phase phase) :
 665       WorkerTask("Shenandoah Global Coalesce"),
 666       _phase(phase) {}
 667 
 668     void work(uint worker_id) override {
 669       ShenandoahWorkerTimingsTracker timer(_phase,
 670                                            ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Work,
 671                                            worker_id, true);
 672       ShenandoahHeapRegion* region;
 673       while ((region = _regions.next()) != nullptr) {
 674         // old region is not in the collection set and was not immediately trashed
 675         if (region->is_old() && region->is_active() && !region->is_humongous()) {
 676           // Reset the coalesce and fill boundary because this is a global collect
 677           // and cannot be preempted by young collects. We want to be sure the entire
 678           // region is coalesced here and does not resume from a previously interrupted
 679           // or completed coalescing.
 680           region->begin_preemptible_coalesce_and_fill();
 681           region->oop_coalesce_and_fill(false);
 682         }
 683       }
 684     }
 685   };
 686 
 687   ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Phase phase = concurrent ?
 688           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::conc_coalesce_and_fill :
 689           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_coalesce_and_fill;
 690 
 691   // This is not cancellable
 692   ShenandoahGlobalCoalesceAndFill coalesce(phase);
 693   workers()->run_task(&coalesce);
 694   old_generation()->set_parsable(true);
 695 }
 696 
 697 template<bool CONCURRENT>
 698 class ShenandoahGenerationalUpdateHeapRefsTask : public WorkerTask {
 699 private:
 700   // For update refs, _generation will be young or global. Mixed collections use the young generation.
 701   ShenandoahGeneration* _generation;
 702   ShenandoahGenerationalHeap* _heap;
 703   ShenandoahRegionIterator* _regions;
 704   ShenandoahRegionChunkIterator* _work_chunks;
 705 
 706 public:
 707   ShenandoahGenerationalUpdateHeapRefsTask(ShenandoahGeneration* generation,
 708                                            ShenandoahRegionIterator* regions,
 709                                            ShenandoahRegionChunkIterator* work_chunks) :
 710           WorkerTask("Shenandoah Update References"),
 711           _generation(generation),
 712           _heap(ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::heap()),
 713           _regions(regions),
 714           _work_chunks(work_chunks)
 715   {
 716     const bool old_bitmap_stable = _heap->old_generation()->is_mark_complete();
 717     log_debug(gc, remset)("Update refs, scan remembered set using bitmap: %s", BOOL_TO_STR(old_bitmap_stable));
 718   }
 719 
 720   void work(uint worker_id) override {
 721     if (CONCURRENT) {
 722       ShenandoahWorkerTimingsTracker timer(ShenandoahPhaseTimings::conc_update_refs, ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Work, worker_id, true);
 723       ShenandoahConcurrentWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
 724       SuspendibleThreadSetJoiner stsj;
 725       do_work<ShenandoahConcUpdateRefsClosure>(worker_id);
 726     } else {
 727       ShenandoahWorkerTimingsTracker timer(ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_update_refs, ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Work, worker_id, true);
 728       ShenandoahParallelWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
 729       do_work<ShenandoahNonConcUpdateRefsClosure>(worker_id);
 730     }
 731   }
 732 
 733 private:
 734   template<class T>
 735   void do_work(uint worker_id) {
 736     T cl;
 737 
 738     if (CONCURRENT && (worker_id == 0)) {
 739       // We ask the first worker to replenish the Mutator free set by moving regions previously reserved to hold the
 740       // results of evacuation.  These reserves are no longer necessary because evacuation has completed.
 741       size_t cset_regions = _heap->collection_set()->count();
 742 
 743       // Now that evacuation is done, we can reassign any regions that had been reserved to hold the results of evacuation
 744       // to the mutator free set.  At the end of GC, we will have cset_regions newly evacuated fully empty regions from
 745       // which we will be able to replenish the Collector free set and the OldCollector free set in preparation for the
 746       // next GC cycle.
 747       _heap->free_set()->move_regions_from_collector_to_mutator(cset_regions);
 748     }
 749     // If !CONCURRENT, there's no value in expanding Mutator free set
 750 
 751     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _regions->next();
 752     // We update references for global, mixed, and young collections.
 753     assert(_generation->is_mark_complete(), "Expected complete marking");
 754     ShenandoahMarkingContext* const ctx = _heap->marking_context();
 755     bool is_mixed = _heap->collection_set()->has_old_regions();
 756     while (r != nullptr) {
 757       HeapWord* update_watermark = r->get_update_watermark();
 758       assert(update_watermark >= r->bottom(), "sanity");
 759 
 760       log_debug(gc)("Update refs worker " UINT32_FORMAT ", looking at region %zu", worker_id, r->index());
 761       if (r->is_active() && !r->is_cset()) {
 762         if (r->is_young()) {
 763           _heap->marked_object_oop_iterate(r, &cl, update_watermark);
 764         } else if (r->is_old()) {
 765           if (_generation->is_global()) {
 766 
 767             _heap->marked_object_oop_iterate(r, &cl, update_watermark);
 768           }
 769           // Otherwise, this is an old region in a young or mixed cycle.  Process it during a second phase, below.
 770         } else {
 771           // Because updating of references runs concurrently, it is possible that a FREE inactive region transitions
 772           // to a non-free active region while this loop is executing.  Whenever this happens, the changing of a region's
 773           // active status may propagate at a different speed than the changing of the region's affiliation.
 774 
 775           // When we reach this control point, it is because a race has allowed a region's is_active() status to be seen
 776           // by this thread before the region's affiliation() is seen by this thread.
 777 
 778           // It's ok for this race to occur because the newly transformed region does not have any references to be
 779           // updated.
 780 
 781           assert(r->get_update_watermark() == r->bottom(),
 782                  "%s Region %zu is_active but not recognized as YOUNG or OLD so must be newly transitioned from FREE",
 783                  r->affiliation_name(), r->index());
 784         }
 785       }
 786 
 787       if (_heap->check_cancelled_gc_and_yield(CONCURRENT)) {
 788         return;
 789       }
 790 
 791       r = _regions->next();
 792     }
 793 
 794     if (_generation->is_young()) {
 795       // Since this is generational and not GLOBAL, we have to process the remembered set.  There's no remembered
 796       // set processing if not in generational mode or if GLOBAL mode.
 797 
 798       // After this thread has exhausted its traditional update-refs work, it continues with updating refs within
 799       // remembered set. The remembered set workload is better balanced between threads, so threads that are "behind"
 800       // can catch up with other threads during this phase, allowing all threads to work more effectively in parallel.
 801       update_references_in_remembered_set(worker_id, cl, ctx, is_mixed);
 802     }
 803   }
 804 
 805   template<class T>
 806   void update_references_in_remembered_set(uint worker_id, T &cl, const ShenandoahMarkingContext* ctx, bool is_mixed) {
 807 
 808     struct ShenandoahRegionChunk assignment;
 809     ShenandoahScanRemembered* scanner = _heap->old_generation()->card_scan();
 810 
 811     while (!_heap->check_cancelled_gc_and_yield(CONCURRENT) && _work_chunks->next(&assignment)) {
 812       // Keep grabbing next work chunk to process until finished, or asked to yield
 813       ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = assignment._r;
 814       if (r->is_active() && !r->is_cset() && r->is_old()) {
 815         HeapWord* start_of_range = r->bottom() + assignment._chunk_offset;
 816         HeapWord* end_of_range = r->get_update_watermark();
 817         if (end_of_range > start_of_range + assignment._chunk_size) {
 818           end_of_range = start_of_range + assignment._chunk_size;
 819         }
 820 
 821         if (start_of_range >= end_of_range) {
 822           continue;
 823         }
 824 
 825         // Old region in a young cycle or mixed cycle.
 826         if (is_mixed) {
 827           if (r->is_humongous()) {
 828             // Need to examine both dirty and clean cards during mixed evac.
 829             r->oop_iterate_humongous_slice_all(&cl,start_of_range, assignment._chunk_size);
 830           } else {
 831             // Since this is mixed evacuation, old regions that are candidates for collection have not been coalesced
 832             // and filled.  This will use mark bits to find objects that need to be updated.
 833             update_references_in_old_region(cl, ctx, scanner, r, start_of_range, end_of_range);
 834           }
 835         } else {
 836           // This is a young evacuation
 837           size_t cluster_size = CardTable::card_size_in_words() * ShenandoahCardCluster::CardsPerCluster;
 838           size_t clusters = assignment._chunk_size / cluster_size;
 839           assert(clusters * cluster_size == assignment._chunk_size, "Chunk assignment must align on cluster boundaries");
 840           scanner->process_region_slice(r, assignment._chunk_offset, clusters, end_of_range, &cl, true, worker_id);
 841         }
 842       }
 843     }
 844   }
 845 
 846   template<class T>
 847   void update_references_in_old_region(T &cl, const ShenandoahMarkingContext* ctx, ShenandoahScanRemembered* scanner,
 848                                     const ShenandoahHeapRegion* r, HeapWord* start_of_range,
 849                                     HeapWord* end_of_range) const {
 850     // In case last object in my range spans boundary of my chunk, I may need to scan all the way to top()
 851     ShenandoahObjectToOopBoundedClosure<T> objs(&cl, start_of_range, r->top());
 852 
 853     // Any object that begins in a previous range is part of a different scanning assignment.  Any object that
 854     // starts after end_of_range is also not my responsibility.  (Either allocated during evacuation, so does
 855     // not hold pointers to from-space, or is beyond the range of my assigned work chunk.)
 856 
 857     // Find the first object that begins in my range, if there is one. Note that `p` will be set to `end_of_range`
 858     // when no live object is found in the range.
 859     HeapWord* tams = ctx->top_at_mark_start(r);
 860     HeapWord* p = get_first_object_start_word(ctx, scanner, tams, start_of_range, end_of_range);
 861 
 862     while (p < end_of_range) {
 863       // p is known to point to the beginning of marked object obj
 864       oop obj = cast_to_oop(p);
 865       objs.do_object(obj);
 866       HeapWord* prev_p = p;
 867       p += obj->size();
 868       if (p < tams) {
 869         p = ctx->get_next_marked_addr(p, tams);
 870         // If there are no more marked objects before tams, this returns tams.  Note that tams is
 871         // either >= end_of_range, or tams is the start of an object that is marked.
 872       }
 873       assert(p != prev_p, "Lack of forward progress");
 874     }
 875   }
 876 
 877   HeapWord* get_first_object_start_word(const ShenandoahMarkingContext* ctx, ShenandoahScanRemembered* scanner, HeapWord* tams,
 878                                         HeapWord* start_of_range, HeapWord* end_of_range) const {
 879     HeapWord* p = start_of_range;
 880 
 881     if (p >= tams) {
 882       // We cannot use ctx->is_marked(obj) to test whether an object begins at this address.  Instead,
 883       // we need to use the remembered set crossing map to advance p to the first object that starts
 884       // within the enclosing card.
 885       size_t card_index = scanner->card_index_for_addr(start_of_range);
 886       while (true) {
 887         HeapWord* first_object = scanner->first_object_in_card(card_index);
 888         if (first_object != nullptr) {
 889           p = first_object;
 890           break;
 891         } else if (scanner->addr_for_card_index(card_index + 1) < end_of_range) {
 892           card_index++;
 893         } else {
 894           // Signal that no object was found in range
 895           p = end_of_range;
 896           break;
 897         }
 898       }
 899     } else if (!ctx->is_marked(cast_to_oop(p))) {
 900       p = ctx->get_next_marked_addr(p, tams);
 901       // If there are no more marked objects before tams, this returns tams.
 902       // Note that tams is either >= end_of_range, or tams is the start of an object that is marked.
 903     }
 904     return p;
 905   }
 906 };
 907 
 908 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::update_heap_references(ShenandoahGeneration* generation, bool concurrent) {
 909   assert(!is_full_gc_in_progress(), "Only for concurrent and degenerated GC");
 910   const uint nworkers = workers()->active_workers();
 911   ShenandoahRegionChunkIterator work_list(nworkers);
 912   if (concurrent) {
 913     ShenandoahGenerationalUpdateHeapRefsTask<true> task(generation, &_update_refs_iterator, &work_list);
 914     workers()->run_task(&task);
 915   } else {
 916     ShenandoahGenerationalUpdateHeapRefsTask<false> task(generation, &_update_refs_iterator, &work_list);
 917     workers()->run_task(&task);
 918   }
 919 
 920   if (ShenandoahEnableCardStats) {
 921     // Only do this if we are collecting card stats
 922     ShenandoahScanRemembered* card_scan = old_generation()->card_scan();
 923     assert(card_scan != nullptr, "Card table must exist when card stats are enabled");
 924     card_scan->log_card_stats(nworkers, CARD_STAT_UPDATE_REFS);
 925   }
 926 }
 927 
 928 struct ShenandoahCompositeRegionClosure {
 929   template<typename C1, typename C2>
 930   class Closure : public ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure {
 931   private:
 932     C1 &_c1;
 933     C2 &_c2;
 934 
 935   public:
 936     Closure(C1 &c1, C2 &c2) : ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure(), _c1(c1), _c2(c2) {}
 937 
 938     void heap_region_do(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r) override {
 939       _c1.heap_region_do(r);
 940       _c2.heap_region_do(r);
 941     }
 942 
 943     bool is_thread_safe() override {
 944       return _c1.is_thread_safe() && _c2.is_thread_safe();
 945     }
 946   };
 947 
 948   template<typename C1, typename C2>
 949   static Closure<C1, C2> of(C1 &c1, C2 &c2) {
 950     return Closure<C1, C2>(c1, c2);
 951   }
 952 };
 953 
 954 class ShenandoahUpdateRegionAges : public ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure {
 955 private:
 956   ShenandoahMarkingContext* _ctx;
 957 
 958 public:
 959   explicit ShenandoahUpdateRegionAges(ShenandoahMarkingContext* ctx) : _ctx(ctx) { }
 960 
 961   void heap_region_do(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r) override {
 962     // Maintenance of region age must follow evacuation in order to account for
 963     // evacuation allocations within survivor regions.  We consult region age during
 964     // the subsequent evacuation to determine whether certain objects need to
 965     // be promoted.
 966     if (r->is_young() && r->is_active()) {
 967       HeapWord *tams = _ctx->top_at_mark_start(r);
 968       HeapWord *top = r->top();
 969 
 970       // Allocations move the watermark when top moves.  However, compacting
 971       // objects will sometimes lower top beneath the watermark, after which,
 972       // attempts to read the watermark will assert out (watermark should not be
 973       // higher than top).
 974       if (top > tams) {
 975         // There have been allocations in this region since the start of the cycle.
 976         // Any objects new to this region must not assimilate elevated age.
 977         r->reset_age();
 978       } else {
 979         r->increment_age();
 980       }
 981     }
 982   }
 983 
 984   bool is_thread_safe() override {
 985     return true;
 986   }
 987 };
 988 
 989 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::final_update_refs_update_region_states() {
 990   ShenandoahSynchronizePinnedRegionStates pins;
 991   ShenandoahUpdateRegionAges ages(marking_context());
 992   auto cl = ShenandoahCompositeRegionClosure::of(pins, ages);
 993   parallel_heap_region_iterate(&cl);
 994 }
 995 
 996 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::complete_degenerated_cycle() {
 997   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked_or_safepoint();
 998   if (!old_generation()->is_parsable()) {
 999     ShenandoahGCPhase phase(ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_coalesce_and_fill);
1000     coalesce_and_fill_old_regions(false);
1001   }
1002 
1003   old_generation()->maybe_log_promotion_failure_stats(false);
1004 }
1005 
1006 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::complete_concurrent_cycle() {
1007   if (!old_generation()->is_parsable()) {
1008     // Class unloading may render the card offsets unusable, so we must rebuild them before
1009     // the next remembered set scan. We _could_ let the control thread do this sometime after
1010     // the global cycle has completed and before the next young collection, but under memory
1011     // pressure the control thread may not have the time (that is, because it's running back
1012     // to back GCs). In that scenario, we would have to make the old regions parsable before
1013     // we could start a young collection. This could delay the start of the young cycle and
1014     // throw off the heuristics.
1015     entry_global_coalesce_and_fill();
1016   }
1017 
1018   old_generation()->maybe_log_promotion_failure_stats(true);
1019 }
1020 
1021 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::entry_global_coalesce_and_fill() {
1022   const char* msg = "Coalescing and filling old regions";
1023   ShenandoahConcurrentSubphase gc_phase(msg, ShenandoahPhaseTimings::conc_coalesce_and_fill);
1024 
1025   TraceCollectorStats tcs(monitoring_support()->concurrent_collection_counters());
1026   EventMark em("%s", msg);
1027   ShenandoahWorkerScope scope(workers(),
1028                               ShenandoahWorkerPolicy::calc_workers_for_conc_marking(),
1029                               "concurrent coalesce and fill");
1030 
1031   coalesce_and_fill_old_regions(true);
1032 }
1033 
1034 void ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::update_region_ages(ShenandoahMarkingContext* ctx) {
1035   ShenandoahUpdateRegionAges cl(ctx);
1036   parallel_heap_region_iterate(&cl);
1037 }