1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 2023, 2026, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * Copyright (c) 2013, 2022, Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
   4  * Copyright Amazon.com Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
   5  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   6  *
   7  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   8  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   9  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
  10  *
  11  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  12  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  13  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  14  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  15  * accompanied this code).
  16  *
  17  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  18  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  19  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  20  *
  21  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  22  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  23  * questions.
  24  *
  25  */
  26 
  27 
  28 #include "cds/aotMappedHeapWriter.hpp"
  29 #include "classfile/systemDictionary.hpp"
  30 #include "gc/shared/classUnloadingContext.hpp"
  31 #include "gc/shared/fullGCForwarding.hpp"
  32 #include "gc/shared/gc_globals.hpp"
  33 #include "gc/shared/gcArguments.hpp"
  34 #include "gc/shared/gcTimer.hpp"
  35 #include "gc/shared/gcTraceTime.inline.hpp"
  36 #include "gc/shared/locationPrinter.inline.hpp"
  37 #include "gc/shared/memAllocator.hpp"
  38 #include "gc/shared/plab.hpp"
  39 #include "gc/shared/tlab_globals.hpp"
  40 #include "gc/shenandoah/heuristics/shenandoahOldHeuristics.hpp"
  41 #include "gc/shenandoah/heuristics/shenandoahYoungHeuristics.hpp"
  42 #include "gc/shenandoah/mode/shenandoahGenerationalMode.hpp"
  43 #include "gc/shenandoah/mode/shenandoahPassiveMode.hpp"
  44 #include "gc/shenandoah/mode/shenandoahSATBMode.hpp"
  45 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahAllocator.hpp"
  46 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahAllocRate.inline.hpp"
  47 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahAllocRequest.hpp"
  48 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahBarrierSet.hpp"
  49 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahClosures.inline.hpp"
  50 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahCodeRoots.hpp"
  51 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahCollectionSet.hpp"
  52 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahCollectorPolicy.hpp"
  53 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahConcurrentMark.hpp"
  54 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahControlThread.hpp"
  55 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahFreeSet.hpp"
  56 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahGenerationalEvacuationTask.hpp"
  57 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahGenerationalHeap.hpp"
  58 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahGlobalGeneration.hpp"
  59 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeap.inline.hpp"
  60 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeapRegion.inline.hpp"
  61 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeapRegionClosures.hpp"
  62 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeapRegionSet.hpp"
  63 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahInitLogger.hpp"
  64 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahMarkingContext.inline.hpp"
  65 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahMemoryPool.hpp"
  66 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahMonitoringSupport.hpp"
  67 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahObjArrayAllocator.hpp"
  68 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahOldGeneration.hpp"
  69 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahPadding.hpp"
  70 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahParallelCleaning.inline.hpp"
  71 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahPartitionAllocator.hpp"
  72 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahPhaseTimings.hpp"
  73 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahReferenceProcessor.hpp"
  74 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahRootProcessor.inline.hpp"
  75 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahScanRemembered.inline.hpp"
  76 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahSTWMark.hpp"
  77 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahUncommitThread.hpp"
  78 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahUtils.hpp"
  79 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahVerifier.hpp"
  80 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahVMOperations.hpp"
  81 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahWorkerPolicy.hpp"
  82 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahWorkGroup.hpp"
  83 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahYoungGeneration.hpp"
  84 #include "memory/allocation.hpp"
  85 #include "memory/classLoaderMetaspace.hpp"
  86 #include "memory/memoryReserver.hpp"
  87 #include "memory/metaspaceUtils.hpp"
  88 #include "memory/universe.hpp"
  89 #include "nmt/mallocTracker.hpp"
  90 #include "nmt/memTracker.hpp"
  91 #include "oops/compressedOops.inline.hpp"
  92 #include "prims/jvmtiTagMap.hpp"
  93 #include "runtime/atomic.hpp"
  94 #include "runtime/atomicAccess.hpp"
  95 #include "runtime/globals.hpp"
  96 #include "runtime/interfaceSupport.inline.hpp"
  97 #include "runtime/java.hpp"
  98 #include "runtime/orderAccess.hpp"
  99 #include "runtime/safepointMechanism.hpp"
 100 #include "runtime/stackWatermarkSet.hpp"
 101 #include "runtime/threads.hpp"
 102 #include "runtime/vmThread.hpp"
 103 #include "utilities/events.hpp"
 104 #include "utilities/globalDefinitions.hpp"
 105 #include "utilities/powerOfTwo.hpp"
 106 #if INCLUDE_JFR
 107 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahJfrSupport.hpp"
 108 #endif
 109 
 110 class ShenandoahPretouchHeapTask : public WorkerTask {
 111 private:
 112   ShenandoahRegionIterator _regions;
 113   const size_t _page_size;
 114 public:
 115   ShenandoahPretouchHeapTask(size_t page_size) :
 116     WorkerTask("Shenandoah Pretouch Heap"),
 117     _page_size(page_size) {}
 118 
 119   virtual void work(uint worker_id) {
 120     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _regions.next();
 121     while (r != nullptr) {
 122       if (r->is_committed()) {
 123         os::pretouch_memory(r->bottom(), r->end(), _page_size);
 124       }
 125       r = _regions.next();
 126     }
 127   }
 128 };
 129 
 130 class ShenandoahPretouchBitmapTask : public WorkerTask {
 131 private:
 132   ShenandoahRegionIterator _regions;
 133   char* _bitmap_base;
 134   const size_t _bitmap_size;
 135   const size_t _page_size;
 136 public:
 137   ShenandoahPretouchBitmapTask(char* bitmap_base, size_t bitmap_size, size_t page_size) :
 138     WorkerTask("Shenandoah Pretouch Bitmap"),
 139     _bitmap_base(bitmap_base),
 140     _bitmap_size(bitmap_size),
 141     _page_size(page_size) {}
 142 
 143   virtual void work(uint worker_id) {
 144     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _regions.next();
 145     while (r != nullptr) {
 146       size_t start = r->index()       * ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() / MarkBitMap::heap_map_factor();
 147       size_t end   = (r->index() + 1) * ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() / MarkBitMap::heap_map_factor();
 148       assert (end <= _bitmap_size, "end is sane: %zu < %zu", end, _bitmap_size);
 149 
 150       if (r->is_committed()) {
 151         os::pretouch_memory(_bitmap_base + start, _bitmap_base + end, _page_size);
 152       }
 153 
 154       r = _regions.next();
 155     }
 156   }
 157 };
 158 
 159 static ReservedSpace reserve(size_t size, size_t preferred_page_size) {
 160   // When a page size is given we don't want to mix large
 161   // and normal pages. If the size is not a multiple of the
 162   // page size it will be aligned up to achieve this.
 163   size_t alignment = os::vm_allocation_granularity();
 164   if (preferred_page_size != os::vm_page_size()) {
 165     alignment = MAX2(preferred_page_size, alignment);
 166     size = align_up(size, alignment);
 167   }
 168 
 169   const ReservedSpace reserved = MemoryReserver::reserve(size, alignment, preferred_page_size, mtGC);
 170   if (!reserved.is_reserved()) {
 171     vm_exit_during_initialization("Could not reserve space");
 172   }
 173   return reserved;
 174 }
 175 
 176 jint ShenandoahHeap::initialize() {
 177   //
 178   // Figure out heap sizing
 179   //
 180 
 181   size_t init_byte_size = InitialHeapSize;
 182   size_t min_byte_size  = MinHeapSize;
 183   size_t max_byte_size  = MaxHeapSize;
 184   size_t heap_alignment = HeapAlignment;
 185 
 186   size_t reg_size_bytes = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
 187 
 188   Universe::check_alignment(max_byte_size,  reg_size_bytes, "Shenandoah heap");
 189   Universe::check_alignment(init_byte_size, reg_size_bytes, "Shenandoah heap");
 190 
 191   _num_regions = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_count();
 192   assert(_num_regions == (max_byte_size / reg_size_bytes),
 193          "Regions should cover entire heap exactly: %zu != %zu/%zu",
 194          _num_regions, max_byte_size, reg_size_bytes);
 195 
 196   size_t num_committed_regions = init_byte_size / reg_size_bytes;
 197   num_committed_regions = MIN2(num_committed_regions, _num_regions);
 198   assert(num_committed_regions <= _num_regions, "sanity");
 199   _initial_size = num_committed_regions * reg_size_bytes;
 200 
 201   size_t num_min_regions = min_byte_size / reg_size_bytes;
 202   num_min_regions = MIN2(num_min_regions, _num_regions);
 203   assert(num_min_regions <= _num_regions, "sanity");
 204   _minimum_size = num_min_regions * reg_size_bytes;
 205 
 206   _soft_max_size.store_relaxed(clamp(SoftMaxHeapSize, min_capacity(), max_capacity()));
 207 
 208   _committed.store_relaxed(_initial_size);
 209 
 210   size_t heap_page_size   = UseLargePages ? os::large_page_size() : os::vm_page_size();
 211   size_t bitmap_page_size = UseLargePages ? os::large_page_size() : os::vm_page_size();
 212   size_t region_page_size = UseLargePages ? os::large_page_size() : os::vm_page_size();
 213 
 214   //
 215   // Reserve and commit memory for heap
 216   //
 217 
 218   ReservedHeapSpace heap_rs = Universe::reserve_heap(max_byte_size, heap_alignment);
 219   initialize_reserved_region(heap_rs);
 220   _heap_region = MemRegion((HeapWord*)heap_rs.base(), heap_rs.size() / HeapWordSize);
 221   _heap_region_special = heap_rs.special();
 222 
 223   assert((((size_t) base()) & ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes_mask()) == 0,
 224          "Misaligned heap: " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(base()));
 225   os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size("Heap",
 226                                           max_byte_size, heap_alignment,
 227                                           heap_rs.base(),
 228                                           heap_rs.size(), heap_rs.page_size());
 229 
 230 #if SHENANDOAH_OPTIMIZED_MARKTASK
 231   // The optimized ShenandoahMarkTask takes some bits away from the full object bits.
 232   // Fail if we ever attempt to address more than we can.
 233   if ((uintptr_t)heap_rs.end() >= ShenandoahMarkTask::max_addressable()) {
 234     FormatBuffer<512> buf("Shenandoah reserved [" PTR_FORMAT ", " PTR_FORMAT") for the heap, \n"
 235                           "but max object address is " PTR_FORMAT ". Try to reduce heap size, or try other \n"
 236                           "VM options that allocate heap at lower addresses (HeapBaseMinAddress, AllocateHeapAt, etc).",
 237                 p2i(heap_rs.base()), p2i(heap_rs.end()), ShenandoahMarkTask::max_addressable());
 238     vm_exit_during_initialization("Fatal Error", buf);
 239   }
 240 #endif
 241 
 242   ReservedSpace sh_rs = heap_rs.first_part(max_byte_size);
 243   if (!_heap_region_special) {
 244     os::commit_memory_or_exit(sh_rs.base(), _initial_size, heap_alignment, false,
 245                               "Cannot commit heap memory");
 246   }
 247 
 248   BarrierSet::set_barrier_set(new ShenandoahBarrierSet(this, _heap_region));
 249 
 250   // Now we know the number of regions and heap sizes, initialize the heuristics.
 251   initialize_heuristics();
 252 
 253   // If ShenandoahCardBarrier is enabled but it's not generational mode
 254   // it means we're under passive mode and we have to initialize old gen
 255   // for the purpose of having card table.
 256   if (ShenandoahCardBarrier && !(mode()->is_generational())) {
 257     _old_generation = new ShenandoahOldGeneration(max_workers());
 258   }
 259 
 260   assert(_heap_region.byte_size() == heap_rs.size(), "Need to know reserved size for card table");
 261 
 262   //
 263   // Worker threads must be initialized after the barrier is configured
 264   //
 265   _workers = new ShenandoahWorkerThreads("ShenWorker", _max_workers);
 266   if (_workers == nullptr) {
 267     vm_exit_during_initialization("Failed necessary allocation.");
 268   } else {
 269     _workers->initialize_workers();
 270   }
 271 
 272   if (ParallelGCThreads > 1) {
 273     _safepoint_workers = new ShenandoahWorkerThreads("Safepoint Cleanup Thread", ParallelGCThreads);
 274     _safepoint_workers->initialize_workers();
 275   }
 276 
 277   //
 278   // Reserve and commit memory for bitmap(s)
 279   //
 280 
 281   size_t bitmap_size_orig = ShenandoahMarkBitMap::compute_size(heap_rs.size());
 282   _bitmap_size = align_up(bitmap_size_orig, bitmap_page_size);
 283 
 284   size_t bitmap_bytes_per_region = reg_size_bytes / ShenandoahMarkBitMap::heap_map_factor();
 285 
 286   guarantee(bitmap_bytes_per_region != 0,
 287             "Bitmap bytes per region should not be zero");
 288   guarantee(is_power_of_2(bitmap_bytes_per_region),
 289             "Bitmap bytes per region should be power of two: %zu", bitmap_bytes_per_region);
 290 
 291   if (bitmap_page_size > bitmap_bytes_per_region) {
 292     _bitmap_regions_per_slice = bitmap_page_size / bitmap_bytes_per_region;
 293     _bitmap_bytes_per_slice = bitmap_page_size;
 294   } else {
 295     _bitmap_regions_per_slice = 1;
 296     _bitmap_bytes_per_slice = bitmap_bytes_per_region;
 297   }
 298 
 299   guarantee(_bitmap_regions_per_slice >= 1,
 300             "Should have at least one region per slice: %zu",
 301             _bitmap_regions_per_slice);
 302 
 303   guarantee(((_bitmap_bytes_per_slice) % bitmap_page_size) == 0,
 304             "Bitmap slices should be page-granular: bps = %zu, page size = %zu",
 305             _bitmap_bytes_per_slice, bitmap_page_size);
 306 
 307   ReservedSpace bitmap = reserve(_bitmap_size, bitmap_page_size);
 308   os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size("Mark Bitmap",
 309                                           bitmap_size_orig, bitmap_page_size,
 310                                           bitmap.base(),
 311                                           bitmap.size(), bitmap.page_size());
 312   MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_tag(bitmap, mtGC);
 313   _bitmap_region = MemRegion((HeapWord*) bitmap.base(), bitmap.size() / HeapWordSize);
 314   _bitmap_region_special = bitmap.special();
 315 
 316   size_t bitmap_init_commit = _bitmap_bytes_per_slice *
 317     align_up(num_committed_regions, _bitmap_regions_per_slice) / _bitmap_regions_per_slice;
 318   bitmap_init_commit = MIN2(_bitmap_size, bitmap_init_commit);
 319   if (!_bitmap_region_special) {
 320     os::commit_memory_or_exit((char *) _bitmap_region.start(), bitmap_init_commit, bitmap_page_size, false,
 321                               "Cannot commit bitmap memory");
 322   }
 323 
 324   _marking_context = new ShenandoahMarkingContext(_heap_region, _bitmap_region, _num_regions);
 325 
 326   if (ShenandoahVerify) {
 327     ReservedSpace verify_bitmap = reserve(_bitmap_size, bitmap_page_size);
 328     os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size("Verify Bitmap",
 329                                             bitmap_size_orig, bitmap_page_size,
 330                                             verify_bitmap.base(),
 331                                             verify_bitmap.size(), verify_bitmap.page_size());
 332     if (!verify_bitmap.special()) {
 333       os::commit_memory_or_exit(verify_bitmap.base(), verify_bitmap.size(), bitmap_page_size, false,
 334                                 "Cannot commit verification bitmap memory");
 335     }
 336     MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_tag(verify_bitmap, mtGC);
 337     MemRegion verify_bitmap_region = MemRegion((HeapWord *) verify_bitmap.base(), verify_bitmap.size() / HeapWordSize);
 338     _verification_bit_map.initialize(_heap_region, verify_bitmap_region);
 339     _verifier = new ShenandoahVerifier(this, &_verification_bit_map);
 340   }
 341 
 342   // Reserve aux bitmap for use in object_iterate(). We don't commit it here.
 343   size_t aux_bitmap_page_size = bitmap_page_size;
 344 
 345   ReservedSpace aux_bitmap = reserve(_bitmap_size, aux_bitmap_page_size);
 346   os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size("Aux Bitmap",
 347                                           bitmap_size_orig, aux_bitmap_page_size,
 348                                           aux_bitmap.base(),
 349                                           aux_bitmap.size(), aux_bitmap.page_size());
 350   MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_tag(aux_bitmap, mtGC);
 351   _aux_bitmap_region = MemRegion((HeapWord*) aux_bitmap.base(), aux_bitmap.size() / HeapWordSize);
 352   _aux_bitmap_region_special = aux_bitmap.special();
 353   _aux_bit_map.initialize(_heap_region, _aux_bitmap_region);
 354 
 355   //
 356   // Create regions and region sets
 357   //
 358   size_t region_align = align_up(sizeof(ShenandoahHeapRegion), SHENANDOAH_CACHE_LINE_SIZE);
 359   size_t region_storage_size_orig = region_align * _num_regions;
 360   size_t region_storage_size = align_up(region_storage_size_orig,
 361                                         MAX2(region_page_size, os::vm_allocation_granularity()));
 362 
 363   ReservedSpace region_storage = reserve(region_storage_size, region_page_size);
 364   os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size("Region Storage",
 365                                           region_storage_size_orig, region_page_size,
 366                                           region_storage.base(),
 367                                           region_storage.size(), region_storage.page_size());
 368   MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_tag(region_storage, mtGC);
 369   if (!region_storage.special()) {
 370     os::commit_memory_or_exit(region_storage.base(), region_storage_size, region_page_size, false,
 371                               "Cannot commit region memory");
 372   }
 373 
 374   // Try to fit the collection set bitmap at lower addresses. This optimizes code generation for cset checks.
 375   // Go up until a sensible limit (subject to encoding constraints) and try to reserve the space there.
 376   // If not successful, bite a bullet and allocate at whatever address.
 377   {
 378     const size_t cset_align = MAX2<size_t>(os::vm_page_size(), os::vm_allocation_granularity());
 379     const size_t cset_size = align_up(((size_t) sh_rs.base() + sh_rs.size()) >> ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes_shift(), cset_align);
 380     const size_t cset_page_size = os::vm_page_size();
 381 
 382     uintptr_t min = round_up_power_of_2(cset_align);
 383     uintptr_t max = (1u << 30u);
 384     ReservedSpace cset_rs;
 385 
 386     for (uintptr_t addr = min; addr <= max; addr <<= 1u) {
 387       char* req_addr = (char*)addr;
 388       assert(is_aligned(req_addr, cset_align), "Should be aligned");
 389       cset_rs = MemoryReserver::reserve(req_addr, cset_size, cset_align, cset_page_size, mtGC);
 390       if (cset_rs.is_reserved()) {
 391         assert(cset_rs.base() == req_addr, "Allocated where requested: " PTR_FORMAT ", " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(cset_rs.base()), addr);
 392         _collection_set = new ShenandoahCollectionSet(this, cset_rs, sh_rs.base());
 393         break;
 394       }
 395     }
 396 
 397     if (_collection_set == nullptr) {
 398       cset_rs = MemoryReserver::reserve(cset_size, cset_align, os::vm_page_size(), mtGC);
 399       if (!cset_rs.is_reserved()) {
 400         vm_exit_during_initialization("Cannot reserve memory for collection set");
 401       }
 402 
 403       _collection_set = new ShenandoahCollectionSet(this, cset_rs, sh_rs.base());
 404     }
 405     os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size("Collection Set",
 406                                             cset_size, cset_page_size,
 407                                             cset_rs.base(),
 408                                             cset_rs.size(), cset_rs.page_size());
 409   }
 410 
 411   _regions = NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(ShenandoahHeapRegion*, _num_regions, mtGC);
 412   _affiliations = NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(uint8_t, _num_regions, mtGC);
 413   _biased_affiliations = _affiliations - (p2u(base()) >> ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes_shift());
 414 
 415   {
 416     ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(lock());
 417     for (size_t i = 0; i < _num_regions; i++) {
 418       HeapWord* start = (HeapWord*)sh_rs.base() + ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_words() * i;
 419       bool is_committed = i < num_committed_regions;
 420       void* loc = region_storage.base() + i * region_align;
 421 
 422       ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = new (loc) ShenandoahHeapRegion(start, i, is_committed);
 423       assert(is_aligned(r, SHENANDOAH_CACHE_LINE_SIZE), "Sanity");
 424 
 425       _marking_context->initialize_top_at_mark_start(r);
 426       _regions[i] = r;
 427       assert(!collection_set()->is_in(i), "New region should not be in collection set");
 428 
 429       _affiliations[i] = ShenandoahAffiliation::FREE;
 430     }
 431 
 432     if (mode()->is_generational()) {
 433       size_t young_reserve = (soft_max_capacity() * ShenandoahEvacReserve) / 100;
 434       young_generation()->set_evacuation_reserve(young_reserve);
 435       old_generation()->set_evacuation_reserve((size_t) 0);
 436       old_generation()->set_promoted_reserve((size_t) 0);
 437     }
 438 
 439     _free_set = new ShenandoahFreeSet(this, _num_regions);
 440     _allocator = new ShenandoahAllocator(_free_set);
 441     initialize_generations();
 442 
 443     // We are initializing free set.  We ignore cset region tallies.
 444     size_t young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, first_old, last_old, num_old;
 445     _free_set->prepare_to_rebuild(young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, first_old, last_old, num_old);
 446     if (mode()->is_generational()) {
 447       ShenandoahGenerationalHeap* gen_heap = ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::heap();
 448       // We cannot call
 449       //  gen_heap->young_generation()->heuristics()->bytes_of_allocation_runway_before_gc_trigger(young_cset_regions)
 450       // until after the heap is fully initialized.  So we make up a safe value here.
 451       size_t allocation_runway = InitialHeapSize / 2;
 452       // We're initializing the heap.  All regions within young are initially empty.
 453       size_t max_transfer = allocation_runway;
 454       gen_heap->compute_old_generation_balance(max_transfer, old_trashed_regions, young_trashed_regions);
 455     }
 456     _free_set->finish_rebuild(young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, num_old);
 457   }
 458 
 459   if (AlwaysPreTouch) {
 460     // For NUMA, it is important to pre-touch the storage under bitmaps with worker threads,
 461     // before initialize() below zeroes it with initializing thread. For any given region,
 462     // we touch the region and the corresponding bitmaps from the same thread.
 463     ShenandoahPushWorkerScope scope(workers(), _max_workers, false);
 464 
 465     _pretouch_heap_page_size = heap_page_size;
 466     _pretouch_bitmap_page_size = bitmap_page_size;
 467 
 468     // OS memory managers may want to coalesce back-to-back pages. Make their jobs
 469     // simpler by pre-touching continuous spaces (heap and bitmap) separately.
 470 
 471     ShenandoahPretouchBitmapTask bcl(bitmap.base(), _bitmap_size, _pretouch_bitmap_page_size);
 472     _workers->run_task(&bcl);
 473 
 474     ShenandoahPretouchHeapTask hcl(_pretouch_heap_page_size);
 475     _workers->run_task(&hcl);
 476   }
 477 
 478   //
 479   // Initialize the rest of GC subsystems
 480   //
 481 
 482   _liveness_cache = NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(ShenandoahLiveData*, _max_workers, mtGC);
 483   for (uint worker = 0; worker < _max_workers; worker++) {
 484     _liveness_cache[worker] = NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(ShenandoahLiveData, _num_regions, mtGC);
 485     Copy::fill_to_bytes(_liveness_cache[worker], _num_regions * sizeof(ShenandoahLiveData));
 486   }
 487 
 488   // There should probably be Shenandoah-specific options for these,
 489   // just as there are G1-specific options.
 490   {
 491     ShenandoahSATBMarkQueueSet& satbqs = ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set();
 492     satbqs.set_process_completed_buffers_threshold(20); // G1SATBProcessCompletedThreshold
 493     satbqs.set_buffer_enqueue_threshold_percentage(60); // G1SATBBufferEnqueueingThresholdPercent
 494   }
 495 
 496   _monitoring_support = new ShenandoahMonitoringSupport(this);
 497   _phase_timings = new ShenandoahPhaseTimings(max_workers());
 498   ShenandoahCodeRoots::initialize();
 499 
 500   // Initialization of controller makes use of variables established by initialize_heuristics.
 501   initialize_controller();
 502 
 503   // Certain initialization of heuristics must be deferred until after controller is initialized.
 504   post_initialize_heuristics();
 505   start_idle_span();
 506   if (ShenandoahUncommit) {
 507     _uncommit_thread = new ShenandoahUncommitThread(this);
 508   }
 509   print_init_logger();
 510   FullGCForwarding::initialize(_heap_region);
 511   return JNI_OK;
 512 }
 513 
 514 void ShenandoahHeap::initialize_controller() {
 515   _control_thread = new ShenandoahControlThread();
 516 }
 517 
 518 void ShenandoahHeap::print_init_logger() const {
 519   ShenandoahInitLogger::print();
 520 }
 521 
 522 void ShenandoahHeap::initialize_mode() {
 523   if (ShenandoahGCMode != nullptr) {
 524     if (strcmp(ShenandoahGCMode, "satb") == 0) {
 525       _gc_mode = new ShenandoahSATBMode();
 526     } else if (strcmp(ShenandoahGCMode, "passive") == 0) {
 527       _gc_mode = new ShenandoahPassiveMode();
 528     } else if (strcmp(ShenandoahGCMode, "generational") == 0) {
 529       _gc_mode = new ShenandoahGenerationalMode();
 530     } else {
 531       vm_exit_during_initialization("Unknown -XX:ShenandoahGCMode option");
 532     }
 533   } else {
 534     vm_exit_during_initialization("Unknown -XX:ShenandoahGCMode option (null)");
 535   }
 536   _gc_mode->initialize_flags();
 537   if (_gc_mode->is_diagnostic() && !UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions) {
 538     vm_exit_during_initialization(
 539             err_msg("GC mode \"%s\" is diagnostic, and must be enabled via -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.",
 540                     _gc_mode->name()));
 541   }
 542   if (_gc_mode->is_experimental() && !UnlockExperimentalVMOptions) {
 543     vm_exit_during_initialization(
 544             err_msg("GC mode \"%s\" is experimental, and must be enabled via -XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions.",
 545                     _gc_mode->name()));
 546   }
 547 }
 548 
 549 void ShenandoahHeap::initialize_heuristics() {
 550   _global_generation = new ShenandoahGlobalGeneration(mode()->is_generational(), max_workers());
 551   _global_generation->initialize_heuristics(mode());
 552 }
 553 
 554 #ifdef _MSC_VER
 555 #pragma warning( push )
 556 #pragma warning( disable:4355 ) // 'this' : used in base member initializer list
 557 #endif
 558 
 559 ShenandoahHeap::ShenandoahHeap(ShenandoahCollectorPolicy* policy) :
 560   CollectedHeap(),
 561   _active_generation(nullptr),
 562   _initial_size(0),
 563   _committed(0),
 564   _alloc_rate_decay(&_alloc_rate),
 565   _max_workers(MAX3(ConcGCThreads, ParallelGCThreads, 1U)),
 566   _workers(nullptr),
 567   _safepoint_workers(nullptr),
 568   _heap_region_special(false),
 569   _num_regions(0),
 570   _regions(nullptr),
 571   _affiliations(nullptr),
 572   _biased_affiliations(nullptr),
 573   _gc_state_changed(false),
 574   _gc_no_progress_count(0),
 575   _cancel_requested_time(0),
 576   _update_refs_iterator(this),
 577   _global_generation(nullptr),
 578   _control_thread(nullptr),
 579   _uncommit_thread(nullptr),
 580   _young_generation(nullptr),
 581   _old_generation(nullptr),
 582   _shenandoah_policy(policy),
 583   _gc_mode(nullptr),
 584   _free_set(nullptr),
 585   _allocator(nullptr),
 586   _verifier(nullptr),
 587   _phase_timings(nullptr),
 588   _monitoring_support(nullptr),
 589   _memory_pool(nullptr),
 590   _stw_memory_manager("Shenandoah Pauses"),
 591   _cycle_memory_manager("Shenandoah Cycles"),
 592   _gc_timer(new ConcurrentGCTimer()),
 593   _log_min_obj_alignment_in_bytes(LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes),
 594   _marking_context(nullptr),
 595   _bitmap_size(0),
 596   _bitmap_regions_per_slice(0),
 597   _bitmap_bytes_per_slice(0),
 598   _bitmap_region_special(false),
 599   _aux_bitmap_region_special(false),
 600   _liveness_cache(nullptr),
 601   _collection_set(nullptr),
 602   _evac_tracker(new ShenandoahEvacuationTracker()),
 603   _injected_pin_count(0)
 604 {
 605   // Initialize GC mode early, many subsequent initialization procedures depend on it
 606   initialize_mode();
 607   _cancelled_gc.set(GCCause::_no_gc);
 608 }
 609 
 610 #ifdef _MSC_VER
 611 #pragma warning( pop )
 612 #endif
 613 
 614 void ShenandoahHeap::print_heap_on(outputStream* st) const {
 615   const bool is_generational = mode()->is_generational();
 616   const char* front_spacing = "";
 617   if (is_generational) {
 618     st->print_cr("Generational Shenandoah Heap");
 619     st->print_cr(" Young:");
 620     st->print_cr("  " PROPERFMT " max, " PROPERFMT " used", PROPERFMTARGS(young_generation()->max_capacity()), PROPERFMTARGS(young_generation()->used()));
 621     st->print_cr(" Old:");
 622     st->print_cr("  " PROPERFMT " max, " PROPERFMT " used", PROPERFMTARGS(old_generation()->max_capacity()), PROPERFMTARGS(old_generation()->used()));
 623     st->print_cr(" Entire heap:");
 624     st->print_cr("  " PROPERFMT " soft max, " PROPERFMT " committed",
 625                 PROPERFMTARGS(soft_max_capacity()), PROPERFMTARGS(committed()));
 626     front_spacing = " ";
 627   } else {
 628     st->print_cr("Shenandoah Heap");
 629     st->print_cr("  " PROPERFMT " max, " PROPERFMT " soft max, " PROPERFMT " committed, " PROPERFMT " used",
 630       PROPERFMTARGS(max_capacity()),
 631       PROPERFMTARGS(soft_max_capacity()),
 632       PROPERFMTARGS(committed()),
 633       PROPERFMTARGS(used())
 634     );
 635   }
 636   st->print_cr("%s %zu x " PROPERFMT " regions",
 637           front_spacing,
 638           num_regions(),
 639           PROPERFMTARGS(ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes()));
 640 
 641   st->print("Status: ");
 642   if (has_forwarded_objects())                 st->print("has forwarded objects, ");
 643   if (!is_generational) {
 644     if (is_concurrent_mark_in_progress())      st->print("marking,");
 645   } else {
 646     if (is_concurrent_old_mark_in_progress())    st->print("old marking, ");
 647     if (is_concurrent_young_mark_in_progress())  st->print("young marking, ");
 648   }
 649   if (is_evacuation_in_progress())             st->print("evacuating, ");
 650   if (is_update_refs_in_progress())            st->print("updating refs, ");
 651   if (is_degenerated_gc_in_progress())         st->print("degenerated gc, ");
 652   if (is_full_gc_in_progress())                st->print("full gc, ");
 653   if (is_full_gc_move_in_progress())           st->print("full gc move, ");
 654   if (is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress())   st->print("concurrent weak roots, ");
 655   if (is_concurrent_strong_root_in_progress() &&
 656       !is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress())  st->print("concurrent strong roots, ");
 657 
 658   if (cancelled_gc()) {
 659     st->print("cancelled");
 660   } else {
 661     st->print("not cancelled");
 662   }
 663   st->cr();
 664 
 665   st->print_cr("Reserved region:");
 666   st->print_cr(" - [" PTR_FORMAT ", " PTR_FORMAT ") ",
 667                p2i(reserved_region().start()),
 668                p2i(reserved_region().end()));
 669 
 670   ShenandoahCollectionSet* cset = collection_set();
 671   st->print_cr("Collection set:");
 672   if (cset != nullptr) {
 673     st->print_cr(" - map (vanilla): " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(cset->map_address()));
 674     st->print_cr(" - map (biased):  " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(cset->biased_map_address()));
 675   } else {
 676     st->print_cr(" (null)");
 677   }
 678 
 679   st->cr();
 680 
 681   if (Verbose) {
 682     st->cr();
 683     print_heap_regions_on(st);
 684   }
 685 }
 686 
 687 void ShenandoahHeap::print_gc_on(outputStream* st) const {
 688   print_heap_regions_on(st);
 689 }
 690 
 691 class ShenandoahInitWorkerGCLABClosure : public ThreadClosure {
 692 public:
 693   void do_thread(Thread* thread) {
 694     assert(thread != nullptr, "Sanity");
 695     ShenandoahThreadLocalData::initialize_gclab(thread);
 696   }
 697 };
 698 
 699 void ShenandoahHeap::initialize_generations() {
 700   _global_generation->post_initialize(this);
 701 }
 702 
 703 // We do not call this explicitly  It is called by Hotspot infrastructure.
 704 void ShenandoahHeap::post_initialize() {
 705   CollectedHeap::post_initialize();
 706 
 707   check_soft_max_changed();
 708 
 709   // Schedule periodic task to report on gc thread CPU utilization
 710   _mmu_tracker.initialize();
 711 
 712   // Periodically decay allocation rate to compensate for not being updated when allocation rate
 713   // is low. Heuristics are evaluated unconditionally from a dedicated thread so it will continue
 714   // to see the last (possibly stale) allocation rate if the allocation rate is low.
 715   _alloc_rate_decay.enroll();
 716 
 717   MutexLocker ml(Threads_lock);
 718 
 719   ShenandoahInitWorkerGCLABClosure init_gclabs;
 720   _workers->threads_do(&init_gclabs);
 721 
 722   // gclab can not be initialized early during VM startup, as it can not determinate its max_size.
 723   // Now, we will let WorkerThreads to initialize gclab when new worker is created.
 724   _workers->set_initialize_gclab();
 725 
 726   // Note that the safepoint workers may require gclabs if the threads are used to create a heap dump
 727   // during a concurrent evacuation phase.
 728   if (_safepoint_workers != nullptr) {
 729     _safepoint_workers->threads_do(&init_gclabs);
 730     _safepoint_workers->set_initialize_gclab();
 731   }
 732 
 733   JFR_ONLY(ShenandoahJFRSupport::register_jfr_type_serializers();)
 734 }
 735 
 736 void ShenandoahHeap::post_initialize_heuristics() {
 737   _global_generation->post_initialize_heuristics();
 738 }
 739 
 740 ShenandoahHeuristics* ShenandoahHeap::heuristics() {
 741   return _global_generation->heuristics();
 742 }
 743 
 744 size_t ShenandoahHeap::used() const {
 745   return global_generation()->used();
 746 }
 747 
 748 size_t ShenandoahHeap::committed() const {
 749   return _committed.load_relaxed();
 750 }
 751 
 752 void ShenandoahHeap::increase_committed(size_t bytes) {
 753   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked_or_safepoint();
 754   _committed.fetch_then_add(bytes, memory_order_relaxed);
 755 }
 756 
 757 void ShenandoahHeap::decrease_committed(size_t bytes) {
 758   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked_or_safepoint();
 759   _committed.fetch_then_sub(bytes, memory_order_relaxed);
 760 }
 761 
 762 size_t ShenandoahHeap::capacity() const {
 763   return committed();
 764 }
 765 
 766 size_t ShenandoahHeap::max_capacity() const {
 767   return _num_regions * ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
 768 }
 769 
 770 size_t ShenandoahHeap::soft_max_capacity() const {
 771   size_t v = _soft_max_size.load_relaxed();
 772   assert(min_capacity() <= v && v <= max_capacity(),
 773          "Should be in bounds: %zu <= %zu <= %zu",
 774          min_capacity(), v, max_capacity());
 775   return v;
 776 }
 777 
 778 void ShenandoahHeap::set_soft_max_capacity(size_t v) {
 779   assert(min_capacity() <= v && v <= max_capacity(),
 780          "Should be in bounds: %zu <= %zu <= %zu",
 781          min_capacity(), v, max_capacity());
 782   _soft_max_size.store_relaxed(v);
 783   heuristics()->compute_headroom_adjustment();
 784 }
 785 
 786 size_t ShenandoahHeap::min_capacity() const {
 787   return _minimum_size;
 788 }
 789 
 790 size_t ShenandoahHeap::initial_capacity() const {
 791   return _initial_size;
 792 }
 793 
 794 bool ShenandoahHeap::is_in(const void* p) const {
 795   if (!is_in_reserved(p)) {
 796     return false;
 797   }
 798 
 799   if (is_full_gc_move_in_progress()) {
 800     // Full GC move is running, we do not have a consistent region
 801     // information yet. But we know the pointer is in heap.
 802     return true;
 803   }
 804 
 805   // Now check if we point to a live section in active region.
 806   const ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = heap_region_containing(p);
 807   if (p >= r->top()) {
 808     return false;
 809   }
 810 
 811   if (r->is_active()) {
 812     return true;
 813   }
 814 
 815   // The region is trash, but won't be recycled until after concurrent weak
 816   // roots. We also don't allow mutators to allocate from trash regions
 817   // during weak roots. Concurrent class unloading may access unmarked oops
 818   // in trash regions.
 819   return r->is_trash() && is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress();
 820 }
 821 
 822 void ShenandoahHeap::notify_soft_max_changed() {
 823   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
 824     _uncommit_thread->notify_soft_max_changed();
 825   }
 826 }
 827 
 828 void ShenandoahHeap::notify_explicit_gc_requested() {
 829   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
 830     _uncommit_thread->notify_explicit_gc_requested();
 831   }
 832 }
 833 
 834 bool ShenandoahHeap::check_soft_max_changed() {
 835   size_t new_soft_max = AtomicAccess::load(&SoftMaxHeapSize);
 836   size_t old_soft_max = soft_max_capacity();
 837   if (new_soft_max != old_soft_max) {
 838     new_soft_max = clamp(new_soft_max, min_capacity(), max_capacity());
 839     if (new_soft_max != old_soft_max) {
 840       log_info(gc)("Soft Max Heap Size: %zu%s -> %zu%s",
 841                    byte_size_in_proper_unit(old_soft_max), proper_unit_for_byte_size(old_soft_max),
 842                    byte_size_in_proper_unit(new_soft_max), proper_unit_for_byte_size(new_soft_max)
 843       );
 844       set_soft_max_capacity(new_soft_max);
 845       return true;
 846     }
 847   }
 848   return false;
 849 }
 850 
 851 void ShenandoahHeap::notify_heap_changed() {
 852   // Update monitoring counters when we took a new region. This amortizes the
 853   // update costs on slow path.
 854   monitoring_support()->notify_heap_changed();
 855   _heap_changed.try_set();
 856 }
 857 
 858 void ShenandoahHeap::start_idle_span() {
 859   heuristics()->start_idle_span();
 860 }
 861 
 862 void ShenandoahHeap::set_forced_counters_update(bool value) {
 863   monitoring_support()->set_forced_counters_update(value);
 864 }
 865 
 866 void ShenandoahHeap::handle_force_counters_update() {
 867   monitoring_support()->handle_force_counters_update();
 868 }
 869 
 870 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::allocate_from_gclab_slow(Thread* thread, size_t size) {
 871   // New object should fit the GCLAB size
 872   size_t min_size = MAX2(size, PLAB::min_size());
 873 
 874   // Figure out size of new GCLAB, looking back at heuristics. Expand aggressively.
 875   size_t new_size = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab_size(thread) * 2;
 876 
 877   new_size = MIN2(new_size, PLAB::max_size());
 878   new_size = MAX2(new_size, PLAB::min_size());
 879 
 880   // Record new heuristic value even if we take any shortcut. This captures
 881   // the case when moderately-sized objects always take a shortcut. At some point,
 882   // heuristics should catch up with them.
 883   log_debug(gc, free)("Set new GCLAB size: %zu", new_size);
 884   ShenandoahThreadLocalData::set_gclab_size(thread, new_size);
 885 
 886   if (new_size < size) {
 887     // New size still does not fit the object. Fall back to shared allocation.
 888     // This avoids retiring perfectly good GCLABs, when we encounter a large object.
 889     log_debug(gc, free)("New gclab size (%zu) is too small for %zu", new_size, size);
 890     return nullptr;
 891   }
 892 
 893   // Retire current GCLAB, and allocate a new one.
 894   PLAB* gclab = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab(thread);
 895   gclab->retire();
 896 
 897   size_t actual_size = 0;
 898   HeapWord* gclab_buf = allocate_new_gclab(min_size, new_size, &actual_size);
 899   if (gclab_buf == nullptr) {
 900     return nullptr;
 901   }
 902 
 903   assert (size <= actual_size, "allocation should fit");
 904 
 905   // ...and clear or zap just allocated TLAB, if needed.
 906   if (ZeroTLAB) {
 907     Copy::zero_to_words(gclab_buf, actual_size);
 908   } else if (ZapTLAB) {
 909     // Skip mangling the space corresponding to the object header to
 910     // ensure that the returned space is not considered parsable by
 911     // any concurrent GC thread.
 912     size_t hdr_size = oopDesc::header_size();
 913     Copy::fill_to_words(gclab_buf + hdr_size, actual_size - hdr_size, badHeapWordVal);
 914   }
 915   gclab->set_buf(gclab_buf, actual_size);
 916   return gclab->allocate(size);
 917 }
 918 
 919 // Called from stubs in JIT code or interpreter
 920 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::allocate_new_tlab(size_t min_size,
 921                                             size_t requested_size,
 922                                             size_t* actual_size) {
 923   ShenandoahAllocRequest req = ShenandoahAllocRequest::for_tlab(min_size, requested_size);
 924   HeapWord* res = allocate_memory(req);
 925   if (res != nullptr) {
 926     *actual_size = req.actual_size();
 927   } else {
 928     *actual_size = 0;
 929   }
 930   return res;
 931 }
 932 
 933 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::allocate_new_gclab(size_t min_size,
 934                                              size_t word_size,
 935                                              size_t* actual_size) {
 936   ShenandoahAllocRequest req = ShenandoahAllocRequest::for_gclab(min_size, word_size);
 937   HeapWord* res = allocate_memory(req);
 938   if (res != nullptr) {
 939     *actual_size = req.actual_size();
 940   } else {
 941     *actual_size = 0;
 942   }
 943   return res;
 944 }
 945 
 946 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::allocate_memory(ShenandoahAllocRequest& req) {
 947   bool in_new_region = false;
 948   HeapWord* result = nullptr;
 949 
 950   if (req.is_mutator_alloc()) {
 951 
 952     if (!ShenandoahAllocFailureALot || !should_inject_alloc_failure()) {
 953       result = allocate_memory_work(req, in_new_region);
 954     }
 955 
 956     // Check that gc overhead is not exceeded.
 957     //
 958     // Shenandoah will grind along for quite a while allocating one
 959     // object at a time using shared (non-tlab) allocations. This check
 960     // is testing that the GC overhead limit has not been exceeded.
 961     // This will notify the collector to start a cycle, but will raise
 962     // an OOME to the mutator if the last Full GCs have not made progress.
 963     // gc_no_progress_count is incremented following each degen or full GC that fails to achieve is_good_progress().
 964     if (result == nullptr && !req.is_lab_alloc() && get_gc_no_progress_count() > ShenandoahNoProgressThreshold) {
 965       control_thread()->handle_alloc_failure(req, false);
 966       req.set_actual_size(0);
 967       return nullptr;
 968     }
 969 
 970     if (result == nullptr) {
 971       // Block until control thread reacted, then retry allocation.
 972       //
 973       // It might happen that one of the threads requesting allocation would unblock
 974       // way later after GC happened, only to fail the second allocation, because
 975       // other threads have already depleted the free storage. In this case, a better
 976       // strategy is to try again, until at least one full GC has completed.
 977       //
 978       // Stop retrying and return nullptr to cause OOMError exception if our allocation failed even after:
 979       //   a) We experienced a GC that had good progress, or
 980       //   b) We experienced at least one Full GC (whether or not it had good progress)
 981 
 982       const size_t original_count = shenandoah_policy()->full_gc_count();
 983       while (result == nullptr && should_retry_allocation(original_count)) {
 984         control_thread()->handle_alloc_failure(req, true);
 985         result = allocate_memory_work(req, in_new_region);
 986       }
 987       if (result != nullptr) {
 988         // If our allocation request has been satisfied after it initially failed, we count this as good gc progress
 989         notify_gc_progress();
 990       }
 991       if (log_develop_is_enabled(Debug, gc, alloc)) {
 992         ResourceMark rm;
 993         log_debug(gc, alloc)("Thread: %s, Result: " PTR_FORMAT ", Request: %s, Size: %zu"
 994                              ", Original: %zu, Latest: %zu",
 995                              Thread::current()->name(), p2i(result), req.type_string(), req.size(),
 996                              original_count, get_gc_no_progress_count());
 997       }
 998     }
 999   } else {
1000     assert(req.is_gc_alloc(), "Can only accept GC allocs here");
1001     result = allocate_memory_work(req, in_new_region);
1002     // Do not call handle_alloc_failure() here, because we cannot block.
1003     // The allocation failure would be handled by the LRB slowpath with handle_alloc_failure_evac().
1004   }
1005 
1006   if (in_new_region) {
1007     notify_heap_changed();
1008   }
1009 
1010   if (result == nullptr) {
1011     req.set_actual_size(0);
1012   }
1013 
1014   if (result != nullptr) {
1015     size_t requested = req.size();
1016     size_t actual = req.actual_size();
1017 
1018     assert (req.is_lab_alloc() || (requested == actual),
1019             "Only LAB allocations are elastic: %s, requested = %zu, actual = %zu",
1020             req.type_string(), requested, actual);
1021   }
1022 
1023   return result;
1024 }
1025 
1026 inline bool ShenandoahHeap::should_retry_allocation(size_t original_full_gc_count) const {
1027   return shenandoah_policy()->full_gc_count() == original_full_gc_count
1028       && !shenandoah_policy()->is_at_shutdown();
1029 }
1030 
1031 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::allocate_memory_work(ShenandoahAllocRequest& req, bool& in_new_region) {
1032   // Reserve the promotion budget up front so it is enforced atomically without the heap lock.
1033   // If the reserve is exhausted, deny the promotion rather than overshoot it; the reservation
1034   // is refunded below if the allocation itself fails.
1035   if (req.is_promotion() && !old_generation()->try_expend_promoted(req.size() << LogHeapWordSize)) {
1036     return nullptr;
1037   }
1038 
1039   HeapWord* result = _allocator->allocate(req, in_new_region);
1040 
1041   if (result != nullptr) {
1042     if (req.is_mutator_alloc()) {
1043       _alloc_rate.allocated((req.actual_size() + req.waste()) * HeapWordSize);
1044     }
1045 
1046     if (req.is_old()) {
1047       if (req.is_lab_alloc()) {
1048         old_generation()->configure_plab_for_current_thread(req);
1049       } else if (req.is_promotion()) {
1050         log_debug(gc, plab)("Expend shared promotion of %zu bytes", req.actual_size() * HeapWordSize);
1051       }
1052     }
1053   } else if (req.is_promotion()) {
1054     // Allocation failed, so refund the promotion budget reserved above.
1055     old_generation()->unexpend_promoted(req.size() << LogHeapWordSize);
1056   }
1057   return result;
1058 }
1059 
1060 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::mem_allocate(size_t size) {
1061   ShenandoahAllocRequest req = ShenandoahAllocRequest::for_shared(size);
1062   return allocate_memory(req);
1063 }
1064 
1065 oop ShenandoahHeap::array_allocate(Klass* klass, size_t size, int length, bool do_zero, TRAPS) {
1066   ShenandoahObjArrayAllocator allocator(klass, size, length, do_zero, THREAD);
1067   return allocator.allocate();
1068 }
1069 
1070 MetaWord* ShenandoahHeap::satisfy_failed_metadata_allocation(ClassLoaderData* loader_data,
1071                                                              size_t size,
1072                                                              Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) {
1073   MetaWord* result;
1074 
1075   // Inform metaspace OOM to GC heuristics if class unloading is possible.
1076   ShenandoahHeuristics* h = global_generation()->heuristics();
1077   if (h->can_unload_classes()) {
1078     h->record_metaspace_oom();
1079   }
1080 
1081   // Expand and retry allocation
1082   result = loader_data->metaspace_non_null()->expand_and_allocate(size, mdtype);
1083   if (result != nullptr) {
1084     return result;
1085   }
1086 
1087   // Start full GC
1088   collect(GCCause::_metadata_GC_clear_soft_refs);
1089 
1090   // Retry allocation
1091   result = loader_data->metaspace_non_null()->allocate(size, mdtype);
1092   if (result != nullptr) {
1093     return result;
1094   }
1095 
1096   // Expand and retry allocation
1097   result = loader_data->metaspace_non_null()->expand_and_allocate(size, mdtype);
1098   if (result != nullptr) {
1099     return result;
1100   }
1101 
1102   // Out of memory
1103   return nullptr;
1104 }
1105 
1106 class ShenandoahConcurrentEvacuateRegionObjectClosure : public ObjectClosure {
1107 private:
1108   ShenandoahHeap* const _heap;
1109   Thread* const _thread;
1110 public:
1111   ShenandoahConcurrentEvacuateRegionObjectClosure(ShenandoahHeap* heap) :
1112     _heap(heap), _thread(Thread::current()) {}
1113 
1114   void do_object(oop p) {
1115     shenandoah_assert_marked(nullptr, p);
1116     if (!p->is_forwarded()) {
1117       _heap->evacuate_object(p, _thread);
1118     }
1119   }
1120 };
1121 
1122 class ShenandoahEvacuationTask : public WorkerTask {
1123 private:
1124   ShenandoahHeap* const _sh;
1125   ShenandoahCollectionSet* const _cs;
1126   bool _concurrent;
1127 public:
1128   ShenandoahEvacuationTask(ShenandoahHeap* sh,
1129                            ShenandoahCollectionSet* cs,
1130                            bool concurrent) :
1131     WorkerTask("Shenandoah Evacuation"),
1132     _sh(sh),
1133     _cs(cs),
1134     _concurrent(concurrent)
1135   {}
1136 
1137   void work(uint worker_id) {
1138     if (_concurrent) {
1139       ShenandoahWorkerTimingsTracker timer(ShenandoahPhaseTimings::conc_evac, ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Work, worker_id, true);
1140       ShenandoahConcurrentWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
1141       SuspendibleThreadSetJoiner stsj;
1142       do_work();
1143     } else {
1144       ShenandoahWorkerTimingsTracker timer(ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_evac, ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Work, worker_id, true);
1145       ShenandoahParallelWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
1146       do_work();
1147     }
1148   }
1149 
1150 private:
1151   void do_work() {
1152     ShenandoahConcurrentEvacuateRegionObjectClosure cl(_sh);
1153     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r;
1154     while ((r =_cs->claim_next()) != nullptr) {
1155       assert(r->has_live(), "Region %zu should have been reclaimed early", r->index());
1156       _sh->marked_object_iterate(r, &cl);
1157 
1158       if (_sh->check_cancelled_gc_and_yield(_concurrent)) {
1159         break;
1160       }
1161     }
1162   }
1163 };
1164 
1165 class ShenandoahRetireGCLABClosure : public ThreadClosure {
1166 private:
1167   bool const _resize;
1168 public:
1169   explicit ShenandoahRetireGCLABClosure(bool resize) : _resize(resize) {}
1170   void do_thread(Thread* thread) override {
1171     PLAB* gclab = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab(thread);
1172     assert(gclab != nullptr, "GCLAB should be initialized for %s", thread->name());
1173     gclab->retire();
1174     if (_resize && ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab_size(thread) > 0) {
1175       ShenandoahThreadLocalData::set_gclab_size(thread, 0);
1176     }
1177 
1178     if (ShenandoahHeap::heap()->mode()->is_generational()) {
1179       ShenandoahPLAB* shenandoah_plab = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::shenandoah_plab(thread);
1180       assert(shenandoah_plab != nullptr, "PLAB should be initialized for %s", thread->name());
1181 
1182       // There are two reasons to retire all plabs between old-gen evacuation passes.
1183       //  1. We need to make the plab memory parsable by remembered-set scanning.
1184       //  2. We need to establish a trustworthy UpdateWaterMark value within each old-gen heap region
1185       shenandoah_plab->retire();
1186 
1187       // Re-enable promotions for the next evacuation phase.
1188       shenandoah_plab->enable_promotions();
1189 
1190       // Reset the fill size for next evacuation phase.
1191       if (_resize && shenandoah_plab->desired_size() > 0) {
1192         shenandoah_plab->set_desired_size(0);
1193       }
1194     }
1195   }
1196 };
1197 
1198 class ShenandoahGCStatePropagatorHandshakeClosure : public HandshakeClosure {
1199 public:
1200   explicit ShenandoahGCStatePropagatorHandshakeClosure(char gc_state) :
1201     HandshakeClosure("Shenandoah GC State Change"),
1202     _gc_state(gc_state) {}
1203 
1204   void do_thread(Thread* thread) override {
1205     ShenandoahThreadLocalData::set_gc_state(thread, _gc_state);
1206   }
1207 private:
1208   char _gc_state;
1209 };
1210 
1211 class ShenandoahPrepareForUpdateRefsHandshakeClosure : public HandshakeClosure {
1212 public:
1213   explicit ShenandoahPrepareForUpdateRefsHandshakeClosure(char gc_state) :
1214     HandshakeClosure("Shenandoah Prepare for Update Refs"),
1215     _retire(ResizeTLAB), _propagator(gc_state) {}
1216 
1217   void do_thread(Thread* thread) override {
1218     _propagator.do_thread(thread);
1219     if (ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab(thread) != nullptr) {
1220       _retire.do_thread(thread);
1221     }
1222   }
1223 private:
1224   ShenandoahRetireGCLABClosure _retire;
1225   ShenandoahGCStatePropagatorHandshakeClosure _propagator;
1226 };
1227 
1228 void ShenandoahHeap::evacuate_collection_set(ShenandoahGeneration* generation, bool concurrent) {
1229   assert(generation->is_global(), "Only global generation expected here");
1230   ShenandoahEvacuationTask task(this, _collection_set, concurrent);
1231   workers()->run_task(&task);
1232 }
1233 
1234 void ShenandoahHeap::concurrent_prepare_for_update_refs() {
1235   {
1236     // Java threads take this lock while they are being attached and added to the list of threads.
1237     // If another thread holds this lock before we update the gc state, it will receive a stale
1238     // gc state, but they will have been added to the list of java threads and so will be corrected
1239     // by the following handshake.
1240     MutexLocker lock(Threads_lock);
1241 
1242     // A cancellation at this point means the degenerated cycle must resume from update-refs.
1243     set_gc_state_concurrent(EVACUATION, false);
1244     set_gc_state_concurrent(UPDATE_REFS, true);
1245   }
1246 
1247   // This will propagate the gc state and retire gclabs and plabs for threads that require it.
1248   ShenandoahPrepareForUpdateRefsHandshakeClosure prepare_for_update_refs(_gc_state.raw_value());
1249 
1250   // The handshake won't touch worker threads (or control thread, or VM thread), so do those separately.
1251   Threads::non_java_threads_do(&prepare_for_update_refs);
1252 
1253   // Now retire gclabs and plabs and propagate gc_state for mutator threads
1254   Handshake::execute(&prepare_for_update_refs);
1255 
1256   _update_refs_iterator.reset();
1257 }
1258 
1259 void ShenandoahHeap::concurrent_final_roots() {
1260   {
1261     MutexLocker lock(Threads_lock);
1262 
1263 #ifdef ASSERT
1264     for (JavaThreadIteratorWithHandle jtiwh; JavaThread* jt = jtiwh.next();) {
1265       StackWatermark* sw = StackWatermarkSet::get(jt, StackWatermarkKind::gc);
1266       assert(sw == nullptr || sw->processing_completed(),
1267              "Cannot turn off weak roots before stack watermark processing is complete");
1268     }
1269 #endif
1270 
1271     set_gc_state_concurrent(WEAK_ROOTS, false);
1272   }
1273 
1274   ShenandoahGCStatePropagatorHandshakeClosure propagator(_gc_state.raw_value());
1275   Threads::non_java_threads_do(&propagator);
1276   Handshake::execute(&propagator);
1277 }
1278 
1279 oop ShenandoahHeap::evacuate_object(oop p, Thread* thread) {
1280   assert(thread == Thread::current(), "Expected thread parameter to be current thread.");
1281 
1282   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = heap_region_containing(p);
1283   assert(!r->is_humongous(), "never evacuate humongous objects");
1284 
1285   ShenandoahAffiliation target_gen = r->affiliation();
1286   return try_evacuate_object(p, thread, r, target_gen);
1287 }
1288 
1289 oop ShenandoahHeap::try_evacuate_object(oop p, Thread* thread, ShenandoahHeapRegion* from_region,
1290                                                ShenandoahAffiliation target_gen) {
1291   assert(target_gen == YOUNG_GENERATION, "Only expect evacuations to young in this mode");
1292   assert(from_region->is_young(), "Only expect evacuations from young in this mode");
1293   bool alloc_from_lab = true;
1294   HeapWord* copy = nullptr;
1295   size_t size = ShenandoahForwarding::size(p);
1296 
1297 #ifdef ASSERT
1298   if (ShenandoahOOMDuringEvacALot &&
1299       (os::random() & 1) == 0) { // Simulate OOM every ~2nd slow-path call
1300     copy = nullptr;
1301   } else {
1302 #endif
1303     if (UseTLAB) {
1304       copy = allocate_from_gclab(thread, size);
1305     }
1306     if (copy == nullptr) {
1307       // If we failed to allocate in LAB, we'll try a shared allocation.
1308       ShenandoahAllocRequest req = ShenandoahAllocRequest::for_shared_gc(size, target_gen);
1309       copy = allocate_memory(req);
1310       alloc_from_lab = false;
1311     }
1312 #ifdef ASSERT
1313   }
1314 #endif
1315 
1316   if (copy == nullptr) {
1317     control_thread()->handle_alloc_failure_evac(size);
1318 
1319     // Install the self-forwarded bit on p so other evacuators/LRBs see
1320     // the object as "already handled, do not try to evacuate". The CAS
1321     // may fail if another thread concurrently installed a real forwardee
1322     // (they succeeded where we failed) or self-forwarded first.
1323     markWord old_mark = p->mark();
1324     if (old_mark.is_forwarded()) {
1325       return ShenandoahForwarding::get_forwardee(p);
1326     }
1327     oop winner = ShenandoahForwarding::try_forward_to_self(p, old_mark);
1328     if (winner == nullptr) {
1329       // We own the self-forwarding. Flag the region so the degen/full GC
1330       // entry drain knows to scan it for self_fwd bits to clear.
1331       from_region->set_has_self_forwards();
1332       return p;
1333     }
1334     return winner;
1335   }
1336 
1337   if (ShenandoahEvacTracking) {
1338     evac_tracker()->begin_evacuation(thread, size * HeapWordSize, from_region->affiliation(), target_gen);
1339   }
1340 
1341   // Copy the object:
1342   Copy::aligned_disjoint_words(cast_from_oop<HeapWord*>(p), copy, size);
1343 
1344   oop copy_val = cast_to_oop(copy);
1345 
1346   // Relativize stack chunks before publishing the copy. After the forwarding CAS,
1347   // mutators can see the copy and thaw it via the fast path if flags == 0. We must
1348   // relativize derived pointers and set gc_mode before that happens. Skip if the
1349   // copy's mark word is already a forwarding pointer (another thread won the race
1350   // and overwrote the original's header before we copied it).
1351   if (!ShenandoahForwarding::is_forwarded(copy_val)) {
1352     ContinuationGCSupport::relativize_stack_chunk(copy_val);
1353   }
1354 
1355   // Try to install the new forwarding pointer.
1356   oop result = ShenandoahForwarding::try_update_forwardee(p, copy_val);
1357   if (result == copy_val) {
1358     // Successfully evacuated. Our copy is now the public one!
1359     shenandoah_assert_correct(nullptr, copy_val);
1360     if (ShenandoahEvacTracking) {
1361       evac_tracker()->end_evacuation(thread, size * HeapWordSize, from_region->affiliation(), target_gen);
1362     }
1363     return copy_val;
1364   }  else {
1365     // Failed to evacuate. We need to deal with the object that is left behind. Since this
1366     // new allocation is certainly after TAMS, it will be considered live in the next cycle.
1367     // But if it happens to contain references to evacuated regions, those references would
1368     // not get updated for this stale copy during this cycle, and we will crash while scanning
1369     // it the next cycle.
1370     if (alloc_from_lab) {
1371       // For LAB allocations, it is enough to rollback the allocation ptr. Either the next
1372       // object will overwrite this stale copy, or the filler object on LAB retirement will
1373       // do this.
1374       ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab(thread)->undo_allocation(copy, size);
1375     } else {
1376       // For non-LAB allocations, we have no way to retract the allocation, and
1377       // have to explicitly overwrite the copy with the filler object. With that overwrite,
1378       // we have to keep the fwdptr initialized and pointing to our (stale) copy.
1379       assert(size >= ShenandoahHeap::min_fill_size(), "previously allocated object known to be larger than min_size");
1380       fill_with_object(copy, size);
1381       shenandoah_assert_correct(nullptr, copy_val);
1382       // For non-LAB allocations, the object has already been registered
1383     }
1384     shenandoah_assert_correct(nullptr, result);
1385     return result;
1386   }
1387 }
1388 
1389 // Clear the self_fwd bit on a live cset object, if set. Runs at a safepoint,
1390 // so a plain store is sufficient — no concurrent writers to the mark word.
1391 class ShenandoahUnSelfForwardObjectClosure : public ObjectClosure {
1392 public:
1393   void do_object(oop obj) override {
1394     markWord m = obj->mark();
1395     if (m.is_self_forwarded()) {
1396       obj->set_mark(m.unset_self_forwarded());
1397     }
1398   }
1399 };
1400 
1401 // Parallel task over flagged cset regions. Iterates the live objects via the
1402 // mark bitmap (skipping evacuated and never-marked memory), clears self_fwd
1403 // bits, and resets the region flag once done.
1404 class ShenandoahUnSelfForwardTask : public WorkerTask {
1405 private:
1406   ShenandoahHeap*          const _heap;
1407   ShenandoahCollectionSet* const _cs;
1408 
1409 public:
1410   ShenandoahUnSelfForwardTask(ShenandoahHeap* heap, ShenandoahCollectionSet* cs) :
1411     WorkerTask("Shenandoah Un-Self-Forward"),
1412     _heap(heap),
1413     _cs(cs) {}
1414 
1415   void work(uint worker_id) override {
1416     ShenandoahParallelWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
1417     ShenandoahUnSelfForwardObjectClosure cl;
1418     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r;
1419     while ((r = _cs->claim_next()) != nullptr) {
1420       if (r->has_self_forwards()) {
1421         _heap->marked_object_iterate(r, &cl);
1422         r->clear_has_self_forwards();
1423       }
1424     }
1425   }
1426 };
1427 
1428 void ShenandoahHeap::un_self_forward_cset_regions() {
1429   assert(ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "must be at safepoint");
1430   ShenandoahCollectionSet* cs = collection_set();
1431   if (cs == nullptr || cs->is_empty()) {
1432     return;
1433   }
1434   cs->clear_current_index();
1435   ShenandoahUnSelfForwardTask task(this, cs);
1436   workers()->run_task(&task);
1437   DEBUG_ONLY(assert_no_self_forwards());
1438 }
1439 
1440 #ifdef ASSERT
1441 void ShenandoahHeap::assert_no_self_forwards() const {
1442   assert(ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "must be at safepoint");
1443   ShenandoahCollectionSet* cs = collection_set();
1444   if (cs == nullptr) return;
1445   cs->clear_current_index();
1446   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r;
1447   while ((r = cs->next()) != nullptr) {
1448     assert(!r->has_self_forwards(), "region still flagged after drain");
1449   }
1450   cs->clear_current_index();
1451 }
1452 #endif
1453 
1454 void ShenandoahHeap::trash_cset_regions() {
1455   ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(lock());
1456 
1457   ShenandoahCollectionSet* set = collection_set();
1458   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r;
1459   set->clear_current_index();
1460   while ((r = set->next()) != nullptr) {
1461     r->make_trash();
1462   }
1463   collection_set()->clear();
1464 }
1465 
1466 void ShenandoahHeap::print_heap_regions_on(outputStream* st) const {
1467   st->print_cr("Heap Regions:");
1468   st->print_cr("Region state: EU=empty-uncommitted, EC=empty-committed, R=regular, H=humongous start, HP=pinned humongous start");
1469   st->print_cr("              HC=humongous continuation, CS=collection set, TR=trash, P=pinned, CSP=pinned collection set");
1470   st->print_cr("A=age, BTE=bottom/top/end, TAMS=top-at-mark-start, UWM=update watermark, U=used");
1471   st->print_cr("T=TLAB allocs, G=GCLAB allocs, S=shared allocs, L=live data");
1472   st->print_cr("CP=critical pins");
1473 
1474   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_regions(); i++) {
1475     get_region(i)->print_on(st);
1476   }
1477 }
1478 
1479 void ShenandoahHeap::process_gc_stats() const {
1480   // Commit worker statistics to cycle data
1481   phase_timings()->flush_par_workers_to_cycle();
1482 
1483   // Print GC stats for current cycle
1484   LogTarget(Info, gc, stats) lt;
1485   if (lt.is_enabled()) {
1486     ResourceMark rm;
1487     LogStream ls(lt);
1488     phase_timings()->print_cycle_on(&ls);
1489     if (ShenandoahEvacTracking) {
1490       ShenandoahCycleStats  evac_stats = evac_tracker()->flush_cycle_to_global();
1491       evac_tracker()->print_evacuations_on(&ls, &evac_stats.workers,
1492                                                &evac_stats.mutators);
1493     }
1494   }
1495 
1496   // Commit statistics to globals
1497   phase_timings()->flush_cycle_to_global();
1498 }
1499 
1500 size_t ShenandoahHeap::trash_humongous_region_at(ShenandoahHeapRegion* start) const {
1501   assert(start->is_humongous_start(), "reclaim regions starting with the first one");
1502   assert(!start->has_live(), "liveness must be zero");
1503 
1504   // Do not try to get the size of this humongous object. STW collections will
1505   // have already unloaded classes, so an unmarked object may have a bad klass pointer.
1506   ShenandoahHeapRegion* region = start;
1507   size_t index = region->index();
1508   do {
1509     assert(region->is_humongous(), "Expect correct humongous start or continuation");
1510     assert(!region->is_cset(), "Humongous region should not be in collection set");
1511     region->make_trash_immediate();
1512     region = get_region(++index);
1513   } while (region != nullptr && region->is_humongous_continuation());
1514 
1515   // Return number of regions trashed
1516   return index - start->index();
1517 }
1518 
1519 class ShenandoahCheckCleanGCLABClosure : public ThreadClosure {
1520 public:
1521   ShenandoahCheckCleanGCLABClosure() {}
1522   void do_thread(Thread* thread) {
1523     PLAB* gclab = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab(thread);
1524     assert(gclab != nullptr, "GCLAB should be initialized for %s", thread->name());
1525     assert(gclab->words_remaining() == 0, "GCLAB should not need retirement");
1526 
1527     if (ShenandoahHeap::heap()->mode()->is_generational()) {
1528       ShenandoahPLAB* shenandoah_plab = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::shenandoah_plab(thread);
1529       assert(shenandoah_plab != nullptr, "PLAB should be initialized for %s", thread->name());
1530       assert(shenandoah_plab->plab()->words_remaining() == 0, "PLAB should not need retirement");
1531     }
1532   }
1533 };
1534 
1535 void ShenandoahHeap::labs_make_parsable() {
1536   assert(UseTLAB, "Only call with UseTLAB");
1537 
1538   ShenandoahRetireGCLABClosure cl(false);
1539 
1540   for (JavaThreadIteratorWithHandle jtiwh; JavaThread *t = jtiwh.next(); ) {
1541     ThreadLocalAllocBuffer& tlab = t->tlab();
1542     tlab.make_parsable();
1543     if (ZeroTLAB) {
1544       t->retire_tlab();
1545     }
1546     cl.do_thread(t);
1547   }
1548 
1549   workers()->threads_do(&cl);
1550 
1551   if (safepoint_workers() != nullptr) {
1552     safepoint_workers()->threads_do(&cl);
1553   }
1554 }
1555 
1556 void ShenandoahHeap::tlabs_retire(bool resize) {
1557   assert(UseTLAB, "Only call with UseTLAB");
1558   assert(!resize || ResizeTLAB, "Only call for resize when ResizeTLAB is enabled");
1559 
1560   ThreadLocalAllocStats stats;
1561 
1562   for (JavaThreadIteratorWithHandle jtiwh; JavaThread *t = jtiwh.next(); ) {
1563     t->retire_tlab(&stats);
1564     if (resize) {
1565       t->tlab().resize();
1566     }
1567   }
1568 
1569   stats.publish();
1570 
1571 #ifdef ASSERT
1572   ShenandoahCheckCleanGCLABClosure cl;
1573   for (JavaThreadIteratorWithHandle jtiwh; JavaThread *t = jtiwh.next(); ) {
1574     cl.do_thread(t);
1575   }
1576   workers()->threads_do(&cl);
1577 #endif
1578 }
1579 
1580 void ShenandoahHeap::gclabs_retire(bool resize) {
1581   assert(UseTLAB, "Only call with UseTLAB");
1582   assert(!resize || ResizeTLAB, "Only call for resize when ResizeTLAB is enabled");
1583 
1584   ShenandoahRetireGCLABClosure cl(resize);
1585   for (JavaThreadIteratorWithHandle jtiwh; JavaThread *t = jtiwh.next(); ) {
1586     cl.do_thread(t);
1587   }
1588 
1589   workers()->threads_do(&cl);
1590 
1591   if (safepoint_workers() != nullptr) {
1592     safepoint_workers()->threads_do(&cl);
1593   }
1594 }
1595 
1596 // Returns size in bytes
1597 size_t ShenandoahHeap::unsafe_max_tlab_alloc() const {
1598   // Return the max allowed size, and let the allocation path
1599   // figure out the safe size for current allocation.
1600   return ShenandoahHeapRegion::max_tlab_size_bytes();
1601 }
1602 
1603 size_t ShenandoahHeap::max_tlab_size() const {
1604   // Returns size in words
1605   return ShenandoahHeapRegion::max_tlab_size_words();
1606 }
1607 
1608 void ShenandoahHeap::collect_as_vm_thread(GCCause::Cause cause) {
1609   // These requests are ignored because we can't easily have Shenandoah jump into
1610   // a synchronous (degenerated or full) cycle while it is in the middle of a concurrent
1611   // cycle. We _could_ cancel the concurrent cycle and then try to run a cycle directly
1612   // on the VM thread, but this would confuse the control thread mightily and doesn't
1613   // seem worth the trouble. Instead, we will have the caller thread run (and wait for) a
1614   // concurrent cycle in the prologue of the heap inspect/dump operation (see VM_HeapDumper::doit_prologue).
1615   // This is how other concurrent collectors in the JVM handle this scenario as well.
1616   assert(Thread::current()->is_VM_thread(), "Should be the VM thread");
1617   guarantee(cause == GCCause::_heap_dump || cause == GCCause::_heap_inspection, "Invalid cause");
1618 }
1619 
1620 void ShenandoahHeap::collect(GCCause::Cause cause) {
1621   control_thread()->request_gc(cause);
1622 }
1623 
1624 void ShenandoahHeap::do_full_collection(bool clear_all_soft_refs) {
1625   // This method is only called by `CollectedHeap::collect_as_vm_thread`, which we have
1626   // overridden to do nothing. See the comment there for an explanation of how heap inspections
1627   // work for Shenandoah.
1628   ShouldNotReachHere();
1629 }
1630 
1631 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::block_start(const void* addr) const {
1632   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = heap_region_containing(addr);
1633   if (r != nullptr) {
1634     return r->block_start(addr);
1635   }
1636   return nullptr;
1637 }
1638 
1639 bool ShenandoahHeap::block_is_obj(const HeapWord* addr) const {
1640   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = heap_region_containing(addr);
1641   return r->block_is_obj(addr);
1642 }
1643 
1644 bool ShenandoahHeap::print_location(outputStream* st, void* addr) const {
1645   return BlockLocationPrinter<ShenandoahHeap>::print_location(st, addr);
1646 }
1647 
1648 void ShenandoahHeap::prepare_for_verify() {
1649   if (SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint() && UseTLAB) {
1650     labs_make_parsable();
1651   }
1652 }
1653 
1654 void ShenandoahHeap::gc_threads_do(ThreadClosure* tcl) const {
1655   if (_shenandoah_policy->is_at_shutdown()) {
1656     return;
1657   }
1658 
1659   if (_control_thread != nullptr) {
1660     tcl->do_thread(_control_thread);
1661   }
1662 
1663   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
1664     tcl->do_thread(_uncommit_thread);
1665   }
1666 
1667   workers()->threads_do(tcl);
1668   if (_safepoint_workers != nullptr) {
1669     _safepoint_workers->threads_do(tcl);
1670   }
1671 }
1672 
1673 void ShenandoahHeap::print_tracing_info() const {
1674   LogTarget(Info, gc, stats) lt;
1675   if (lt.is_enabled()) {
1676     ResourceMark rm;
1677     LogStream ls(lt);
1678 
1679     if (ShenandoahEvacTracking) {
1680       evac_tracker()->print_global_on(&ls);
1681       ls.cr();
1682       ls.cr();
1683     }
1684 
1685     phase_timings()->print_global_on(&ls);
1686 
1687     ls.cr();
1688     ls.cr();
1689 
1690     shenandoah_policy()->print_gc_stats(&ls);
1691 
1692     ls.cr();
1693     ls.cr();
1694   }
1695 }
1696 
1697 // Active generation may only be set by the VM thread at a safepoint.
1698 void ShenandoahHeap::set_active_generation(ShenandoahGeneration* generation) {
1699   assert(Thread::current()->is_VM_thread(), "Only the VM Thread");
1700   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Only at a safepoint!");
1701   _active_generation = generation;
1702 }
1703 
1704 void ShenandoahHeap::on_cycle_start(GCCause::Cause cause, ShenandoahGeneration* generation,
1705                                     bool is_degenerated, bool is_out_of_cycle) {
1706   shenandoah_policy()->record_collection_cause(cause);
1707 
1708   const GCCause::Cause current = gc_cause();
1709   assert(current == GCCause::_no_gc, "Over-writing cause: %s, with: %s",
1710          GCCause::to_string(current), GCCause::to_string(cause));
1711 
1712   set_gc_cause(cause);
1713 
1714   if (is_degenerated) {
1715     generation->heuristics()->record_degenerated_cycle_start(is_out_of_cycle);
1716   } else {
1717     generation->heuristics()->record_cycle_start();
1718   }
1719 }
1720 
1721 void ShenandoahHeap::on_cycle_end(ShenandoahGeneration* generation) {
1722   assert(gc_cause() != GCCause::_no_gc, "cause wasn't set");
1723 
1724   generation->heuristics()->record_cycle_end();
1725   if (mode()->is_generational() && generation->is_global()) {
1726     // If we just completed a GLOBAL GC, claim credit for completion of young-gen and old-gen GC as well
1727     young_generation()->heuristics()->record_cycle_end();
1728     old_generation()->heuristics()->record_cycle_end();
1729   }
1730 
1731   set_gc_cause(GCCause::_no_gc);
1732 }
1733 
1734 void ShenandoahHeap::verify(VerifyOption vo) {
1735   if (ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint()) {
1736     if (ShenandoahVerify) {
1737       verifier()->verify_generic(active_generation(), vo);
1738     } else {
1739       // TODO: Consider allocating verification bitmaps on demand,
1740       // and turn this on unconditionally.
1741     }
1742   }
1743 }
1744 size_t ShenandoahHeap::tlab_capacity() const {
1745   return _free_set->capacity_not_holding_lock();
1746 }
1747 
1748 class ObjectIterateScanRootClosure : public BasicOopIterateClosure {
1749 private:
1750   MarkBitMap* _bitmap;
1751   ShenandoahScanObjectStack* _oop_stack;
1752 
1753   template <class T>
1754   void do_oop_work(T* p) {
1755     T o = RawAccess<>::oop_load(p);
1756     if (!CompressedOops::is_null(o)) {
1757       oop obj = CompressedOops::decode_not_null(o);
1758       obj = ShenandoahBarrierSet::barrier_set()->load_reference_barrier(ON_PHANTOM_OOP_REF, obj, (T*)nullptr);
1759       if (obj == nullptr) {
1760         // Dead oop, cannot touch it.
1761         return;
1762       }
1763 
1764       assert(oopDesc::is_oop(obj), "must be a valid oop");
1765       if (!_bitmap->is_marked(obj)) {
1766         _bitmap->mark(obj);
1767         _oop_stack->push(obj);
1768       }
1769     }
1770   }
1771 public:
1772   ObjectIterateScanRootClosure(MarkBitMap* bitmap, ShenandoahScanObjectStack* oop_stack) :
1773     _bitmap(bitmap), _oop_stack(oop_stack) {}
1774   void do_oop(oop* p)       { do_oop_work(p); }
1775   void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { do_oop_work(p); }
1776 };
1777 
1778 /*
1779  * This is public API, used in preparation of object_iterate().
1780  * Since we don't do linear scan of heap in object_iterate() (see comment below), we don't
1781  * need to make the heap parsable. For Shenandoah-internal linear heap scans that we can
1782  * control, we call SH::tlabs_retire, SH::gclabs_retire.
1783  */
1784 void ShenandoahHeap::ensure_parsability(bool retire_tlabs) {
1785   // No-op.
1786 }
1787 
1788 /*
1789  * Iterates objects in the heap. This is public API, used for, e.g., heap dumping.
1790  *
1791  * We cannot safely iterate objects by doing a linear scan at random points in time. Linear
1792  * scanning needs to deal with dead objects, which may have dead Klass* pointers (e.g.
1793  * calling oopDesc::size() would crash) or dangling reference fields (crashes) etc. Linear
1794  * scanning therefore depends on having a valid marking bitmap to support it. However, we only
1795  * have a valid marking bitmap after successful marking. In particular, we *don't* have a valid
1796  * marking bitmap during marking, after aborted marking or during/after cleanup (when we just
1797  * wiped the bitmap in preparation for next marking).
1798  *
1799  * For all those reasons, we implement object iteration as a single marking traversal, reporting
1800  * objects as we mark+traverse through the heap, starting from GC roots. JVMTI IterateThroughHeap
1801  * is allowed to report dead objects, but is not required to do so.
1802  */
1803 void ShenandoahHeap::object_iterate(ObjectClosure* cl) {
1804   // Reset bitmap
1805   if (!prepare_aux_bitmap_for_iteration())
1806     return;
1807 
1808   ShenandoahScanObjectStack oop_stack;
1809   ObjectIterateScanRootClosure oops(&_aux_bit_map, &oop_stack);
1810   // Seed the stack with root scan
1811   scan_roots_for_iteration(&oop_stack, &oops);
1812 
1813   // Work through the oop stack to traverse heap
1814   while (! oop_stack.is_empty()) {
1815     oop obj = oop_stack.pop();
1816     assert(oopDesc::is_oop(obj), "must be a valid oop");
1817     cl->do_object(obj);
1818     obj->oop_iterate(&oops);
1819   }
1820 
1821   assert(oop_stack.is_empty(), "should be empty");
1822   // Reclaim bitmap
1823   reclaim_aux_bitmap_for_iteration();
1824 }
1825 
1826 bool ShenandoahHeap::prepare_aux_bitmap_for_iteration() {
1827   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "safe iteration is only available during safepoints");
1828   if (!_aux_bitmap_region_special) {
1829     bool success = os::commit_memory((char *) _aux_bitmap_region.start(), _aux_bitmap_region.byte_size(), false);
1830     if (!success) {
1831       log_warning(gc)("Auxiliary marking bitmap commit failed: " PTR_FORMAT " (%zu bytes)",
1832                       p2i(_aux_bitmap_region.start()), _aux_bitmap_region.byte_size());
1833       return false;
1834     }
1835   }
1836   _aux_bit_map.clear();
1837   return true;
1838 }
1839 
1840 void ShenandoahHeap::scan_roots_for_iteration(ShenandoahScanObjectStack* oop_stack, ObjectIterateScanRootClosure* oops) {
1841   // Process GC roots according to current GC cycle
1842   // This populates the work stack with initial objects
1843   // It is important to relinquish the associated locks before diving
1844   // into heap dumper
1845   uint n_workers = safepoint_workers() != nullptr ? safepoint_workers()->active_workers() : 1;
1846   ShenandoahHeapIterationRootScanner rp(n_workers);
1847   rp.roots_do(oops);
1848 }
1849 
1850 void ShenandoahHeap::reclaim_aux_bitmap_for_iteration() {
1851   if (!_aux_bitmap_region_special) {
1852     os::uncommit_memory((char*)_aux_bitmap_region.start(), _aux_bitmap_region.byte_size());
1853   }
1854 }
1855 
1856 // Closure for parallelly iterate objects
1857 class ShenandoahObjectIterateParScanClosure : public BasicOopIterateClosure {
1858 private:
1859   MarkBitMap* _bitmap;
1860   ShenandoahObjToScanQueue* _queue;
1861 
1862   template <class T>
1863   void do_oop_work(T* p) {
1864     T o = RawAccess<>::oop_load(p);
1865     if (!CompressedOops::is_null(o)) {
1866       oop obj = CompressedOops::decode_not_null(o);
1867       obj = ShenandoahBarrierSet::barrier_set()->load_reference_barrier(ON_PHANTOM_OOP_REF, obj, (T*)nullptr);
1868       if (obj == nullptr) {
1869         // Dead oop, cannot touch it.
1870         return;
1871       }
1872       assert(oopDesc::is_oop(obj), "Must be a valid oop");
1873       if (_bitmap->par_mark(obj)) {
1874         _queue->push(ShenandoahMarkTask(obj));
1875       }
1876     }
1877   }
1878 public:
1879   ShenandoahObjectIterateParScanClosure(MarkBitMap* bitmap, ShenandoahObjToScanQueue* q) :
1880     _bitmap(bitmap), _queue(q) {}
1881   void do_oop(oop* p)       { do_oop_work(p); }
1882   void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { do_oop_work(p); }
1883 };
1884 
1885 // Object iterator for parallel heap iteraion.
1886 // The root scanning phase happenes in construction as a preparation of
1887 // parallel marking queues.
1888 // Every worker processes it's own marking queue. work-stealing is used
1889 // to balance workload.
1890 class ShenandoahParallelObjectIterator : public ParallelObjectIteratorImpl {
1891 private:
1892   uint                         _num_workers;
1893   bool                         _init_ready;
1894   MarkBitMap*                  _aux_bit_map;
1895   ShenandoahHeap*              _heap;
1896   ShenandoahScanObjectStack    _roots_stack; // global roots stack
1897   ShenandoahObjToScanQueueSet* _task_queues;
1898 public:
1899   ShenandoahParallelObjectIterator(uint num_workers, MarkBitMap* bitmap) :
1900         _num_workers(num_workers),
1901         _init_ready(false),
1902         _aux_bit_map(bitmap),
1903         _heap(ShenandoahHeap::heap()) {
1904     // Initialize bitmap
1905     _init_ready = _heap->prepare_aux_bitmap_for_iteration();
1906     if (!_init_ready) {
1907       return;
1908     }
1909 
1910     ObjectIterateScanRootClosure oops(_aux_bit_map, &_roots_stack);
1911     _heap->scan_roots_for_iteration(&_roots_stack, &oops);
1912 
1913     _init_ready = prepare_worker_queues();
1914   }
1915 
1916   ~ShenandoahParallelObjectIterator() {
1917     // Reclaim bitmap
1918     _heap->reclaim_aux_bitmap_for_iteration();
1919     // Reclaim queue for workers
1920     if (_task_queues!= nullptr) {
1921       for (uint i = 0; i < _num_workers; ++i) {
1922         ShenandoahObjToScanQueue* q = _task_queues->queue(i);
1923         if (q != nullptr) {
1924           delete q;
1925           _task_queues->register_queue(i, nullptr);
1926         }
1927       }
1928       delete _task_queues;
1929       _task_queues = nullptr;
1930     }
1931   }
1932 
1933   virtual void object_iterate(ObjectClosure* cl, uint worker_id) {
1934     if (_init_ready) {
1935       object_iterate_parallel(cl, worker_id, _task_queues);
1936     }
1937   }
1938 
1939 private:
1940   // Divide global root_stack into worker queues
1941   bool prepare_worker_queues() {
1942     _task_queues = new ShenandoahObjToScanQueueSet((int) _num_workers);
1943     // Initialize queues for every workers
1944     for (uint i = 0; i < _num_workers; ++i) {
1945       ShenandoahObjToScanQueue* task_queue = new ShenandoahObjToScanQueue();
1946       _task_queues->register_queue(i, task_queue);
1947     }
1948     // Divide roots among the workers. Assume that object referencing distribution
1949     // is related with root kind, use round-robin to make every worker have same chance
1950     // to process every kind of roots
1951     size_t roots_num = _roots_stack.size();
1952     if (roots_num == 0) {
1953       // No work to do
1954       return false;
1955     }
1956 
1957     for (uint j = 0; j < roots_num; j++) {
1958       uint stack_id = j % _num_workers;
1959       oop obj = _roots_stack.pop();
1960       _task_queues->queue(stack_id)->push(ShenandoahMarkTask(obj));
1961     }
1962     return true;
1963   }
1964 
1965   void object_iterate_parallel(ObjectClosure* cl,
1966                                uint worker_id,
1967                                ShenandoahObjToScanQueueSet* queue_set) {
1968     assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "safe iteration is only available during safepoints");
1969     assert(queue_set != nullptr, "task queue must not be null");
1970 
1971     ShenandoahObjToScanQueue* q = queue_set->queue(worker_id);
1972     assert(q != nullptr, "object iterate queue must not be null");
1973 
1974     ShenandoahMarkTask t;
1975     ShenandoahObjectIterateParScanClosure oops(_aux_bit_map, q);
1976 
1977     // Work through the queue to traverse heap.
1978     // Steal when there is no task in queue.
1979     while (q->pop(t) || queue_set->steal(worker_id, t)) {
1980       oop obj = t.obj();
1981       assert(oopDesc::is_oop(obj), "must be a valid oop");
1982       cl->do_object(obj);
1983       obj->oop_iterate(&oops);
1984     }
1985     assert(q->is_empty(), "should be empty");
1986   }
1987 };
1988 
1989 ParallelObjectIteratorImpl* ShenandoahHeap::parallel_object_iterator(uint workers) {
1990   return new ShenandoahParallelObjectIterator(workers, &_aux_bit_map);
1991 }
1992 
1993 // Keep alive an object that was loaded with AS_NO_KEEPALIVE.
1994 void ShenandoahHeap::keep_alive(oop obj) {
1995   ShenandoahBarrierSet::barrier_set()->keepalive_barrier(ON_STRONG_OOP_REF, (oop*)nullptr, obj, ShenandoahBarrierSet::FILTER_MARKED);
1996 }
1997 
1998 void ShenandoahHeap::heap_region_iterate(ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* blk) const {
1999   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_regions(); i++) {
2000     ShenandoahHeapRegion* current = get_region(i);
2001     blk->heap_region_do(current);
2002   }
2003 }
2004 
2005 class ShenandoahHeapRegionIteratorTask : public WorkerTask {
2006 private:
2007   ShenandoahRegionIterator _regions;
2008   ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* _closure;
2009 
2010 public:
2011   ShenandoahHeapRegionIteratorTask(ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* closure)
2012     : WorkerTask("Shenandoah Heap Region Iterator")
2013     , _closure(closure) {}
2014 
2015   void work(uint worker_id) override {
2016     ShenandoahParallelWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
2017     ShenandoahHeapRegion* region = _regions.next();
2018     while (region != nullptr) {
2019       _closure->heap_region_do(region);
2020       region = _regions.next();
2021     }
2022   }
2023 };
2024 
2025 class ShenandoahParallelHeapRegionTask : public WorkerTask {
2026 private:
2027   ShenandoahHeap* const _heap;
2028   ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* const _blk;
2029   size_t const _stride;
2030 
2031   shenandoah_padding(0);
2032   Atomic<size_t> _index;
2033   shenandoah_padding(1);
2034 
2035 public:
2036   ShenandoahParallelHeapRegionTask(ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* blk, size_t stride) :
2037           WorkerTask("Shenandoah Parallel Region Operation"),
2038           _heap(ShenandoahHeap::heap()), _blk(blk), _stride(stride), _index(0) {}
2039 
2040   void work(uint worker_id) {
2041     ShenandoahParallelWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
2042     size_t stride = _stride;
2043 
2044     size_t max = _heap->num_regions();
2045     while (_index.load_relaxed() < max) {
2046       size_t cur = _index.fetch_then_add(stride, memory_order_relaxed);
2047       size_t start = cur;
2048       size_t end = MIN2(cur + stride, max);
2049       if (start >= max) break;
2050 
2051       for (size_t i = cur; i < end; i++) {
2052         ShenandoahHeapRegion* current = _heap->get_region(i);
2053         _blk->heap_region_do(current);
2054       }
2055     }
2056   }
2057 };
2058 
2059 void ShenandoahHeap::parallel_heap_region_iterate(ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* blk) const {
2060   assert(blk->is_thread_safe(), "Only thread-safe closures here");
2061   const uint active_workers = workers()->active_workers();
2062   const size_t n_regions = num_regions();
2063   size_t stride = blk->parallel_region_stride();
2064   if (stride == 0 && active_workers > 1) {
2065     // Automatically derive the stride to balance the work between threads
2066     // evenly. Do not try to split work if below the reasonable threshold.
2067     constexpr size_t threshold = 4096;
2068     stride = n_regions <= threshold ?
2069             threshold :
2070             (n_regions + active_workers - 1) / active_workers;
2071   }
2072 
2073   if (n_regions > stride && active_workers > 1) {
2074     ShenandoahParallelHeapRegionTask task(blk, stride);
2075     workers()->run_task(&task);
2076   } else {
2077     heap_region_iterate(blk);
2078   }
2079 }
2080 
2081 void ShenandoahHeap::heap_region_iterator(ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* closure) const {
2082   ShenandoahHeapRegionIteratorTask task(closure);
2083   workers()->run_task(&task);
2084 }
2085 
2086 class ShenandoahRendezvousHandshakeClosure : public HandshakeClosure {
2087 public:
2088   inline ShenandoahRendezvousHandshakeClosure(const char* name) : HandshakeClosure(name) {}
2089   inline void do_thread(Thread* thread) {}
2090 };
2091 
2092 void ShenandoahHeap::rendezvous_threads(const char* name) {
2093   ShenandoahRendezvousHandshakeClosure cl(name);
2094   Handshake::execute(&cl);
2095 }
2096 
2097 void ShenandoahHeap::recycle_trash() {
2098   free_set()->recycle_trash();
2099 }
2100 
2101 void ShenandoahHeap::do_class_unloading() {
2102   _unloader.unload();
2103   if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2104     old_generation()->set_parsable(false);
2105   }
2106 }
2107 
2108 void ShenandoahHeap::stw_weak_refs(ShenandoahGeneration* generation, bool full_gc) {
2109   // Weak refs processing
2110   ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Phase phase = full_gc ? ShenandoahPhaseTimings::full_gc_weakrefs
2111                                                 : ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_weakrefs;
2112   ShenandoahTimingsTracker t(phase);
2113   ShenandoahGCWorkerPhase worker_phase(phase);
2114   generation->ref_processor()->process_references(phase, workers(), false /* concurrent */);
2115 }
2116 
2117 void ShenandoahHeap::prepare_update_heap_references() {
2118   assert(ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "must be at safepoint");
2119 
2120   // Evacuation is over, no GCLABs are needed anymore. GCLABs are under URWM, so we need to
2121   // make them parsable for update code to work correctly. Plus, we can compute new sizes
2122   // for future GCLABs here.
2123   if (UseTLAB) {
2124     ShenandoahGCPhase phase(ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_init_update_refs_manage_gclabs);
2125     gclabs_retire(ResizeTLAB);
2126   }
2127 
2128   _update_refs_iterator.reset();
2129 }
2130 
2131 void ShenandoahHeap::propagate_gc_state_to_all_threads() {
2132   assert(ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "Must be at Shenandoah safepoint");
2133   if (_gc_state_changed) {
2134     // If we are only marking old, we do not need to process young pointers
2135     ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set().set_filter_out_young(
2136       is_concurrent_old_mark_in_progress() && !is_concurrent_young_mark_in_progress()
2137     );
2138     ShenandoahGCStatePropagatorHandshakeClosure propagator(_gc_state.raw_value());
2139     Threads::threads_do(&propagator);
2140     _gc_state_changed = false;
2141   }
2142 }
2143 
2144 void ShenandoahHeap::set_gc_state_at_safepoint(uint mask, bool value) {
2145   assert(ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "Must be at Shenandoah safepoint");
2146   _gc_state.set_cond(mask, value);
2147   _gc_state_changed = true;
2148 }
2149 
2150 void ShenandoahHeap::set_gc_state_concurrent(uint mask, bool value) {
2151   // Holding the thread lock here assures that any thread created after we change the gc
2152   // state will have the correct state. It also prevents attaching threads from seeing
2153   // an inconsistent state. See ShenandoahBarrierSet::on_thread_attach for reference. Established
2154   // threads will use their thread local copy of the gc state (changed by a handshake, or on a
2155   // safepoint).
2156   assert(Threads_lock->is_locked(), "Must hold thread lock for concurrent gc state change");
2157   _gc_state.set_cond(mask, value);
2158 }
2159 
2160 void ShenandoahHeap::set_concurrent_young_mark_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2161   uint mask;
2162   assert(!has_forwarded_objects(), "Young marking is not concurrent with evacuation");
2163   if (!in_progress && is_concurrent_old_mark_in_progress()) {
2164     assert(mode()->is_generational(), "Only generational GC has old marking");
2165     assert(_gc_state.is_set(MARKING), "concurrent_old_marking_in_progress implies MARKING");
2166     // If old-marking is in progress when we turn off YOUNG_MARKING, leave MARKING (and OLD_MARKING) on
2167     mask = YOUNG_MARKING;
2168   } else {
2169     mask = MARKING | YOUNG_MARKING;
2170   }
2171   set_gc_state_at_safepoint(mask, in_progress);
2172   manage_satb_barrier(in_progress);
2173 }
2174 
2175 void ShenandoahHeap::set_concurrent_old_mark_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2176 #ifdef ASSERT
2177   // has_forwarded_objects() iff UPDATE_REFS or EVACUATION
2178   bool has_forwarded = has_forwarded_objects();
2179   bool updating_or_evacuating = _gc_state.is_set(UPDATE_REFS | EVACUATION);
2180   bool evacuating = _gc_state.is_set(EVACUATION);
2181   assert ((has_forwarded == updating_or_evacuating) || (evacuating && !has_forwarded && collection_set()->is_empty()),
2182           "Updating or evacuating iff has forwarded objects, or if evacuation phase is promoting in place without forwarding");
2183 #endif
2184   if (!in_progress && is_concurrent_young_mark_in_progress()) {
2185     // If young-marking is in progress when we turn off OLD_MARKING, leave MARKING (and YOUNG_MARKING) on
2186     assert(_gc_state.is_set(MARKING), "concurrent_young_marking_in_progress implies MARKING");
2187     set_gc_state_at_safepoint(OLD_MARKING, in_progress);
2188   } else {
2189     set_gc_state_at_safepoint(MARKING | OLD_MARKING, in_progress);
2190   }
2191   manage_satb_barrier(in_progress);
2192 }
2193 
2194 bool ShenandoahHeap::is_prepare_for_old_mark_in_progress() const {
2195   return old_generation()->is_preparing_for_mark();
2196 }
2197 
2198 void ShenandoahHeap::manage_satb_barrier(bool active) {
2199   if (is_concurrent_mark_in_progress()) {
2200     // Ignore request to deactivate barrier while concurrent mark is in progress.
2201     // Do not attempt to re-activate the barrier if it is already active.
2202     if (active && !ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set().is_active()) {
2203       ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set().set_active_all_threads(active, !active);
2204     }
2205   } else {
2206     // No concurrent marking is in progress so honor request to deactivate,
2207     // but only if the barrier is already active.
2208     if (!active && ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set().is_active()) {
2209       ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set().set_active_all_threads(active, !active);
2210     }
2211   }
2212 }
2213 
2214 void ShenandoahHeap::set_evacuation_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2215   assert(ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "Only call this at safepoint");
2216   set_gc_state_at_safepoint(EVACUATION, in_progress);
2217 }
2218 
2219 void ShenandoahHeap::set_concurrent_strong_root_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2220   if (in_progress) {
2221     _concurrent_strong_root_in_progress.set();
2222   } else {
2223     _concurrent_strong_root_in_progress.unset();
2224   }
2225 }
2226 
2227 void ShenandoahHeap::set_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress(bool cond) {
2228   set_gc_state_at_safepoint(WEAK_ROOTS, cond);
2229 }
2230 
2231 GCTracer* ShenandoahHeap::tracer() {
2232   return shenandoah_policy()->tracer();
2233 }
2234 
2235 size_t ShenandoahHeap::tlab_used() const {
2236   return _free_set->used_not_holding_lock();
2237 }
2238 
2239 bool ShenandoahHeap::try_cancel_gc(GCCause::Cause cause) {
2240   while (true) {
2241     const GCCause::Cause prev = _cancelled_gc.get();
2242     if (prev != GCCause::_no_gc && prev != GCCause::_shenandoah_concurrent_gc && cause != GCCause::_shenandoah_stop_vm) {
2243       // Only when the gc has not been cancelled, or it has been cancelled to interrupt an old marking cycle
2244       // do we allow the new cancellation request to happen. We make an exception for stopping the VM.
2245       return false;
2246     }
2247 
2248     if (_cancelled_gc.cmpxchg(cause, prev) == prev) {
2249       return true;
2250     }
2251   }
2252 }
2253 
2254 void ShenandoahHeap::cancel_concurrent_mark() {
2255   if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2256     young_generation()->cancel_marking();
2257     old_generation()->cancel_marking();
2258   }
2259 
2260   global_generation()->cancel_marking();
2261 
2262   ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set().abandon_partial_marking();
2263 }
2264 
2265 bool ShenandoahHeap::cancel_gc(GCCause::Cause cause) {
2266   if (try_cancel_gc(cause)) {
2267     FormatBuffer<> msg("Cancelling GC: %s", GCCause::to_string(cause));
2268     log_info(gc,thread)("%s", msg.buffer());
2269     Events::log(Thread::current(), "%s", msg.buffer());
2270     _cancel_requested_time = os::elapsedTime();
2271     return true;
2272   }
2273   return false;
2274 }
2275 
2276 uint ShenandoahHeap::max_workers() {
2277   return _max_workers;
2278 }
2279 
2280 void ShenandoahHeap::stop() {
2281   // The shutdown sequence should be able to terminate when GC is running.
2282 
2283   // Step 0. Notify policy to disable event recording and prevent visiting gc threads during shutdown
2284   _shenandoah_policy->record_shutdown();
2285 
2286   // Step 1. Stop reporting on gc thread cpu utilization
2287   mmu_tracker()->stop();
2288 
2289   // Step 2. Stop decaying allocation rate.
2290   _alloc_rate_decay.disenroll();
2291 
2292   // Step 3. Wait until GC worker exits normally (this will cancel any ongoing GC).
2293   control_thread()->stop();
2294 
2295   // Step 4. Shutdown uncommit thread.
2296   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
2297     _uncommit_thread->stop();
2298   }
2299 }
2300 
2301 void ShenandoahHeap::stw_unload_classes(bool full_gc) {
2302   if (!unload_classes()) return;
2303   ClassUnloadingContext ctx(_workers->active_workers(),
2304                             true /* unregister_nmethods_during_purge */,
2305                             false /* lock_nmethod_free_separately */);
2306 
2307   // Unload classes and purge SystemDictionary.
2308   {
2309     ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Phase phase = full_gc ?
2310                                           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::full_gc_purge_class_unload :
2311                                           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_purge_class_unload;
2312     ShenandoahIsAliveSelector is_alive;
2313     {
2314       CodeCache::UnlinkingScope scope(is_alive.is_alive_closure());
2315       ShenandoahGCPhase gc_phase(phase);
2316       ShenandoahGCWorkerPhase worker_phase(phase);
2317       bool unloading_occurred = SystemDictionary::do_unloading(gc_timer());
2318 
2319       ShenandoahClassUnloadingTask unlink_task(phase, unloading_occurred);
2320       _workers->run_task(&unlink_task);
2321     }
2322     // Release unloaded nmethods's memory.
2323     ClassUnloadingContext::context()->purge_and_free_nmethods();
2324   }
2325 
2326   {
2327     ShenandoahGCPhase phase(full_gc ?
2328                             ShenandoahPhaseTimings::full_gc_purge_cldg :
2329                             ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_purge_cldg);
2330     ClassLoaderDataGraph::purge(true /* at_safepoint */);
2331   }
2332   // Resize and verify metaspace
2333   MetaspaceGC::compute_new_size();
2334 
2335   if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2336     old_generation()->set_parsable(false);
2337   }
2338 
2339   DEBUG_ONLY(MetaspaceUtils::verify();)
2340 }
2341 
2342 // Weak roots are either pre-evacuated (final mark) or updated (final update refs),
2343 // so they should not have forwarded oops.
2344 // However, we do need to "null" dead oops in the roots, if can not be done
2345 // in concurrent cycles.
2346 void ShenandoahHeap::stw_process_weak_roots(bool full_gc) {
2347   uint num_workers = _workers->active_workers();
2348   ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Phase timing_phase = full_gc ?
2349                                                ShenandoahPhaseTimings::full_gc_purge_weak_par :
2350                                                ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_purge_weak_par;
2351   ShenandoahGCPhase phase(timing_phase);
2352   ShenandoahGCWorkerPhase worker_phase(timing_phase);
2353   // Cleanup weak roots
2354   if (has_forwarded_objects()) {
2355     ShenandoahForwardedIsAliveClosure is_alive;
2356     ShenandoahNonConcUpdateRefsClosure keep_alive;
2357     ShenandoahParallelWeakRootsCleaningTask<ShenandoahForwardedIsAliveClosure, ShenandoahNonConcUpdateRefsClosure>
2358       cleaning_task(timing_phase, &is_alive, &keep_alive, num_workers);
2359     _workers->run_task(&cleaning_task);
2360   } else {
2361     ShenandoahIsAliveClosure is_alive;
2362 #ifdef ASSERT
2363     ShenandoahAssertNotForwardedClosure verify_cl;
2364     ShenandoahParallelWeakRootsCleaningTask<ShenandoahIsAliveClosure, ShenandoahAssertNotForwardedClosure>
2365       cleaning_task(timing_phase, &is_alive, &verify_cl, num_workers);
2366 #else
2367     ShenandoahParallelWeakRootsCleaningTask<ShenandoahIsAliveClosure, DoNothingClosure>
2368       cleaning_task(timing_phase, &is_alive, &do_nothing_cl, num_workers);
2369 #endif
2370     _workers->run_task(&cleaning_task);
2371   }
2372 }
2373 
2374 void ShenandoahHeap::parallel_cleaning(ShenandoahGeneration* generation, bool full_gc) {
2375   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be at a safepoint");
2376   assert(is_stw_gc_in_progress(), "Only for Degenerated and Full GC");
2377   ShenandoahGCPhase phase(full_gc ?
2378                           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::full_gc_purge :
2379                           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_purge);
2380   stw_weak_refs(generation, full_gc);
2381   stw_process_weak_roots(full_gc);
2382   stw_unload_classes(full_gc);
2383 }
2384 
2385 void ShenandoahHeap::set_has_forwarded_objects(bool cond) {
2386   set_gc_state_at_safepoint(HAS_FORWARDED, cond);
2387 }
2388 
2389 void ShenandoahHeap::set_unload_classes(bool uc) {
2390   _unload_classes.set_cond(uc);
2391 }
2392 
2393 bool ShenandoahHeap::unload_classes() const {
2394   return _unload_classes.is_set();
2395 }
2396 
2397 address ShenandoahHeap::in_cset_fast_test_addr() {
2398   ShenandoahHeap* heap = ShenandoahHeap::heap();
2399   assert(heap->collection_set() != nullptr, "Sanity");
2400   return (address) heap->collection_set()->biased_map_address();
2401 }
2402 
2403 void ShenandoahHeap::set_degenerated_gc_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2404   _degenerated_gc_in_progress.set_cond(in_progress);
2405 }
2406 
2407 void ShenandoahHeap::set_full_gc_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2408   _full_gc_in_progress.set_cond(in_progress);
2409 }
2410 
2411 void ShenandoahHeap::set_full_gc_move_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2412   assert (is_full_gc_in_progress(), "should be");
2413   _full_gc_move_in_progress.set_cond(in_progress);
2414 }
2415 
2416 void ShenandoahHeap::set_update_refs_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2417   set_gc_state_at_safepoint(UPDATE_REFS, in_progress);
2418 }
2419 
2420 void ShenandoahHeap::register_nmethod(nmethod* nm) {
2421   ShenandoahCodeRoots::register_nmethod(nm);
2422 }
2423 
2424 void ShenandoahHeap::unregister_nmethod(nmethod* nm) {
2425   ShenandoahCodeRoots::unregister_nmethod(nm);
2426 }
2427 
2428 void ShenandoahHeap::pin_object(JavaThread* thr, oop o) {
2429   assert(thr == JavaThread::current(), "Sanity");
2430   size_t reg_idx_pin = heap_region_index_containing(o);
2431   size_t reg_idx_cached = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::pin_cache_region(thr);
2432   size_t count = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::pin_cache_count(thr);
2433   if (reg_idx_pin == reg_idx_cached) {
2434     ShenandoahThreadLocalData::pin_cache_set_count(thr, count + 1);
2435   } else {
2436     if (count != 0) {
2437       get_region(reg_idx_cached)->record_pin(count);
2438     }
2439     ShenandoahThreadLocalData::pin_cache_set_region(thr, reg_idx_pin);
2440     ShenandoahThreadLocalData::pin_cache_set_count(thr, 1);
2441   }
2442 }
2443 
2444 void ShenandoahHeap::unpin_object(JavaThread* thr, oop o) {
2445   assert(thr == JavaThread::current(), "Sanity");
2446   size_t reg_idx_pin = heap_region_index_containing(o);
2447   size_t reg_idx_cached = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::pin_cache_region(thr);
2448   if (reg_idx_pin == reg_idx_cached) {
2449     size_t count = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::pin_cache_count(thr);
2450     ShenandoahThreadLocalData::pin_cache_set_count(thr, count - 1);
2451   } else {
2452     get_region(reg_idx_pin)->record_unpin();
2453   }
2454 }
2455 
2456 void ShenandoahHeap::flush_region_pin_cache(JavaThread* thr) {
2457   size_t count = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::pin_cache_count(thr);
2458   if (count != 0) {
2459     size_t reg_idx_cached = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::pin_cache_region(thr);
2460     get_region(reg_idx_cached)->record_pin(count);
2461     ShenandoahThreadLocalData::pin_cache_set_count(thr, 0);
2462   }
2463 }
2464 
2465 void ShenandoahHeap::flush_region_pin_cache() {
2466   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be at a safepoint");
2467   for (JavaThreadIteratorWithHandle jtiwh; JavaThread *t = jtiwh.next(); ) {
2468     flush_region_pin_cache(t);
2469   }
2470 }
2471 
2472 void ShenandoahHeap::sync_pinned_region_status() {
2473   flush_region_pin_cache();
2474   ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(lock());
2475 
2476   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_regions(); i++) {
2477     ShenandoahHeapRegion *r = get_region(i);
2478     if (r->is_active()) {
2479       if (r->is_pinned()) {
2480         if (r->pin_count() == 0) {
2481           r->make_unpinned();
2482         }
2483       } else {
2484         if (r->pin_count() > 0) {
2485           r->make_pinned();
2486         }
2487       }
2488     }
2489   }
2490 
2491   assert_pinned_region_status();
2492 }
2493 
2494 #ifdef ASSERT
2495 void ShenandoahHeap::assert_pinned_region_status() const {
2496   assert_pinned_region_status(global_generation());
2497 }
2498 
2499 void ShenandoahHeap::assert_pinned_region_status(ShenandoahGeneration* generation) const {
2500   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_regions(); i++) {
2501     if (!generation->contains(region_affiliation(i))) {
2502       // Skip regions outside this generation
2503       continue;
2504     }
2505 
2506     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = get_region(i);
2507     assert((r->is_pinned() && r->pin_count() > 0) || (!r->is_pinned() && r->pin_count() == 0),
2508            "Region %zu pinning status is inconsistent", i);
2509   }
2510 }
2511 #endif
2512 
2513 ConcurrentGCTimer* ShenandoahHeap::gc_timer() const {
2514   return _gc_timer;
2515 }
2516 
2517 void ShenandoahHeap::prepare_concurrent_roots() {
2518   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be at a safepoint");
2519   assert(!is_stw_gc_in_progress(), "Only concurrent GC");
2520   set_concurrent_strong_root_in_progress(!collection_set()->is_empty());
2521   set_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress(true);
2522   if (unload_classes()) {
2523     _unloader.prepare();
2524   }
2525 }
2526 
2527 void ShenandoahHeap::finish_concurrent_roots() {
2528   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be at a safepoint");
2529   assert(!is_stw_gc_in_progress(), "Only concurrent GC");
2530   if (unload_classes()) {
2531     _unloader.finish();
2532   }
2533 }
2534 
2535 #ifdef ASSERT
2536 void ShenandoahHeap::assert_gc_workers(uint nworkers) {
2537   assert(nworkers > 0 && nworkers <= max_workers(), "Sanity");
2538 
2539   if (ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint()) {
2540     // Use ParallelGCThreads inside safepoints
2541     assert(nworkers == ParallelGCThreads, "Use ParallelGCThreads (%u) within safepoint, not %u",
2542            ParallelGCThreads, nworkers);
2543   } else {
2544     // Use ConcGCThreads outside safepoints
2545     assert(nworkers == ConcGCThreads, "Use ConcGCThreads (%u) outside safepoints, %u",
2546            ConcGCThreads, nworkers);
2547   }
2548 }
2549 #endif
2550 
2551 ShenandoahVerifier* ShenandoahHeap::verifier() {
2552   guarantee(ShenandoahVerify, "Should be enabled");
2553   assert (_verifier != nullptr, "sanity");
2554   return _verifier;
2555 }
2556 
2557 template<bool CONCURRENT>
2558 class ShenandoahUpdateHeapRefsTask : public WorkerTask {
2559 private:
2560   ShenandoahHeap* _heap;
2561   ShenandoahRegionIterator* _regions;
2562 public:
2563   explicit ShenandoahUpdateHeapRefsTask(ShenandoahRegionIterator* regions) :
2564     WorkerTask("Shenandoah Update References"),
2565     _heap(ShenandoahHeap::heap()),
2566     _regions(regions) {
2567   }
2568 
2569   void work(uint worker_id) {
2570     if (CONCURRENT) {
2571       ShenandoahWorkerTimingsTracker timer(ShenandoahPhaseTimings::conc_update_refs, ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Work, worker_id, true);
2572       ShenandoahConcurrentWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
2573       SuspendibleThreadSetJoiner stsj;
2574       do_work<ShenandoahConcUpdateRefsClosure>(worker_id);
2575     } else {
2576       ShenandoahWorkerTimingsTracker timer(ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_update_refs, ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Work, worker_id, true);
2577       ShenandoahParallelWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
2578       do_work<ShenandoahNonConcUpdateRefsClosure>(worker_id);
2579     }
2580   }
2581 
2582 private:
2583   template<class T>
2584   void do_work(uint worker_id) {
2585     if (CONCURRENT && (worker_id == 0)) {
2586       // We ask the first worker to replenish the Mutator free set by moving regions previously reserved to hold the
2587       // results of evacuation.  These reserves are no longer necessary because evacuation has completed.
2588       size_t cset_regions = _heap->collection_set()->count();
2589 
2590       // Now that evacuation is done, we can reassign any regions that had been reserved to hold the results of evacuation
2591       // to the mutator free set.  At the end of GC, we will have cset_regions newly evacuated fully empty regions from
2592       // which we will be able to replenish the Collector free set and the OldCollector free set in preparation for the
2593       // next GC cycle.
2594       _heap->free_set()->move_regions_from_collector_to_mutator(cset_regions);
2595     }
2596     // If !CONCURRENT, there's no value in expanding Mutator free set
2597     T cl;
2598     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _regions->next();
2599     while (r != nullptr) {
2600       HeapWord* update_watermark = r->get_update_watermark();
2601       assert (update_watermark >= r->bottom(), "sanity");
2602       if (r->is_active() && !r->is_cset()) {
2603         _heap->marked_object_oop_iterate(r, &cl, update_watermark);
2604       }
2605       if (_heap->check_cancelled_gc_and_yield(CONCURRENT)) {
2606         return;
2607       }
2608       r = _regions->next();
2609     }
2610   }
2611 };
2612 
2613 void ShenandoahHeap::update_heap_references(ShenandoahGeneration* generation, bool concurrent) {
2614   assert(generation->is_global(), "Should only get global generation here");
2615   assert(!is_full_gc_in_progress(), "Only for concurrent and degenerated GC");
2616 
2617   if (concurrent) {
2618     ShenandoahUpdateHeapRefsTask<true> task(&_update_refs_iterator);
2619     workers()->run_task(&task);
2620   } else {
2621     ShenandoahUpdateHeapRefsTask<false> task(&_update_refs_iterator);
2622     workers()->run_task(&task);
2623   }
2624 }
2625 
2626 void ShenandoahHeap::update_heap_region_states(bool concurrent) {
2627   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be at a safepoint");
2628   assert(!is_full_gc_in_progress(), "Only for concurrent and degenerated GC");
2629 
2630   {
2631     ShenandoahGCPhase phase(concurrent ?
2632                             ShenandoahPhaseTimings::final_update_refs_update_region_states :
2633                             ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_final_update_refs_update_region_states);
2634 
2635     final_update_refs_update_region_states();
2636 
2637     assert_pinned_region_status();
2638   }
2639 
2640   {
2641     ShenandoahGCPhase phase(concurrent ?
2642                             ShenandoahPhaseTimings::final_update_refs_trash_cset :
2643                             ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_final_update_refs_trash_cset);
2644     trash_cset_regions();
2645   }
2646 }
2647 
2648 void ShenandoahHeap::final_update_refs_update_region_states() {
2649   ShenandoahSynchronizePinnedRegionStates cl;
2650   parallel_heap_region_iterate(&cl);
2651 }
2652 
2653 void ShenandoahHeap::rebuild_free_set_within_phase() {
2654   ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(lock());
2655   size_t young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, first_old_region, last_old_region, old_region_count;
2656   _free_set->prepare_to_rebuild(young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, first_old_region, last_old_region, old_region_count);
2657   // If there are no old regions, first_old_region will be greater than last_old_region
2658   assert((first_old_region > last_old_region) ||
2659          ((last_old_region + 1 - first_old_region >= old_region_count) &&
2660           get_region(first_old_region)->is_old() && get_region(last_old_region)->is_old()),
2661          "sanity: old_region_count: %zu, first_old_region: %zu, last_old_region: %zu",
2662          old_region_count, first_old_region, last_old_region);
2663 
2664   if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2665 #ifdef ASSERT
2666     if (ShenandoahVerify) {
2667       verifier()->verify_before_rebuilding_free_set();
2668     }
2669 #endif
2670 
2671     // The computation of bytes_of_allocation_runway_before_gc_trigger is quite conservative so consider all of this
2672     // available for transfer to old. Note that transfer of humongous regions does not impact available.
2673     ShenandoahGenerationalHeap* gen_heap = ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::heap();
2674     size_t allocation_runway =
2675       gen_heap->young_generation()->heuristics()->bytes_of_allocation_runway_before_gc_trigger(young_trashed_regions);
2676     size_t max_transfer = MIN2(allocation_runway,
2677                                (gen_heap->young_generation()->free_unaffiliated_regions() + young_trashed_regions) *
2678                                ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes());
2679     gen_heap->compute_old_generation_balance(max_transfer, old_trashed_regions, young_trashed_regions);
2680   }
2681   // Rebuild free set based on adjusted generation sizes.
2682   _free_set->finish_rebuild(young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, old_region_count);
2683 
2684   if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2685     ShenandoahGenerationalHeap* gen_heap = ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::heap();
2686     ShenandoahOldGeneration* old_gen = gen_heap->old_generation();
2687     old_gen->heuristics()->evaluate_triggers(first_old_region, last_old_region, old_region_count, num_regions());
2688   }
2689 }
2690 
2691 void ShenandoahHeap::rebuild_free_set(bool concurrent) {
2692   ShenandoahGCPhase phase(concurrent ?
2693                           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::final_update_refs_rebuild_freeset :
2694                           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_final_update_refs_rebuild_freeset);
2695   rebuild_free_set_within_phase();
2696 }
2697 
2698 bool ShenandoahHeap::is_bitmap_slice_committed(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r, bool skip_self) {
2699   size_t slice = r->index() / _bitmap_regions_per_slice;
2700 
2701   size_t regions_from = _bitmap_regions_per_slice * slice;
2702   size_t regions_to   = MIN2(num_regions(), _bitmap_regions_per_slice * (slice + 1));
2703   for (size_t g = regions_from; g < regions_to; g++) {
2704     assert (g / _bitmap_regions_per_slice == slice, "same slice");
2705     if (skip_self && g == r->index()) continue;
2706     if (get_region(g)->is_committed()) {
2707       return true;
2708     }
2709   }
2710   return false;
2711 }
2712 
2713 void ShenandoahHeap::commit_bitmap_slice(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r) {
2714   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2715   assert(!is_bitmap_region_special(), "Not for special memory");
2716 
2717   if (is_bitmap_slice_committed(r, true)) {
2718     // Some other region from the group is already committed, meaning the bitmap
2719     // slice is already committed, we exit right away.
2720     return;
2721   }
2722 
2723   // Commit the bitmap slice:
2724   size_t slice = r->index() / _bitmap_regions_per_slice;
2725   size_t off = _bitmap_bytes_per_slice * slice;
2726   size_t len = _bitmap_bytes_per_slice;
2727   char* start = (char*) _bitmap_region.start() + off;
2728 
2729   os::commit_memory_or_exit(start, len, false, "Unable to commit bitmap slice");
2730 
2731   if (AlwaysPreTouch) {
2732     os::pretouch_memory(start, start + len, _pretouch_bitmap_page_size);
2733   }
2734 }
2735 
2736 void ShenandoahHeap::uncommit_bitmap_slice(ShenandoahHeapRegion *r) {
2737   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2738   assert(!is_bitmap_region_special(), "Not for special memory");
2739 
2740   if (is_bitmap_slice_committed(r, true)) {
2741     // Some other region from the group is still committed, meaning the bitmap
2742     // slice should stay committed, exit right away.
2743     return;
2744   }
2745 
2746   // Uncommit the bitmap slice:
2747   size_t slice = r->index() / _bitmap_regions_per_slice;
2748   size_t off = _bitmap_bytes_per_slice * slice;
2749   size_t len = _bitmap_bytes_per_slice;
2750 
2751   char* addr = (char*) _bitmap_region.start() + off;
2752   os::uncommit_memory(addr, len);
2753 }
2754 
2755 void ShenandoahHeap::forbid_uncommit() {
2756   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
2757     _uncommit_thread->forbid_uncommit();
2758   }
2759 }
2760 
2761 void ShenandoahHeap::allow_uncommit() {
2762   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
2763     _uncommit_thread->allow_uncommit();
2764   }
2765 }
2766 
2767 #ifdef ASSERT
2768 bool ShenandoahHeap::is_uncommit_in_progress() {
2769   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
2770     return _uncommit_thread->is_uncommit_in_progress();
2771   }
2772   return false;
2773 }
2774 #endif
2775 
2776 void ShenandoahHeap::safepoint_synchronize_begin() {
2777   StackWatermarkSet::safepoint_synchronize_begin();
2778   SuspendibleThreadSet::synchronize();
2779 }
2780 
2781 void ShenandoahHeap::safepoint_synchronize_end() {
2782   SuspendibleThreadSet::desynchronize();
2783 }
2784 
2785 void ShenandoahHeap::try_inject_alloc_failure() {
2786   if (ShenandoahAllocFailureALot && !cancelled_gc() && ((os::random() % 1000) > 950)) {
2787     _inject_alloc_failure.set();
2788     os::naked_short_sleep(1);
2789     if (cancelled_gc()) {
2790       log_info(gc)("Allocation failure was successfully injected");
2791     }
2792   }
2793 }
2794 
2795 bool ShenandoahHeap::should_inject_alloc_failure() {
2796   return _inject_alloc_failure.is_set() && _inject_alloc_failure.try_unset();
2797 }
2798 
2799 void ShenandoahHeap::try_inject_pin() {
2800   assert(!ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "try_inject_pin() must be called outside a safepoint.");
2801   assert(active_generation() != nullptr, "Active generation must be set before we inject pins.");
2802   assert(is_concurrent_mark_in_progress() || active_generation()->is_mark_complete(),
2803          "try_inject_pin() requires marking is in progress or has completed.");
2804   if (ShenandoahPinRegionRate && !cancelled_gc() && ((uintx)(os::random() % 1000) < ShenandoahPinRegionRate) &&
2805       _injected_pin_count < MAX_INJECTED_PINS) {
2806     const size_t idx = os::random() % num_regions();
2807     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = get_region(idx);
2808     if ((r->is_regular() || r->is_humongous_start()) && r->has_live()) {
2809       r->record_pin();
2810       _injected_pin_indices[_injected_pin_count] = idx;
2811       _injected_pin_count++;
2812     }
2813   }
2814 }
2815 
2816 void ShenandoahHeap::release_injected_pins() {
2817   if (_injected_pin_count == 0) {
2818     return;
2819   }
2820 
2821   assert(_injected_pin_count <= MAX_INJECTED_PINS,
2822          "Injected pin count: %u exceeds max: %u.", _injected_pin_count, MAX_INJECTED_PINS);
2823   for (uint i = 0; i < _injected_pin_count; i++) {
2824     const size_t idx = _injected_pin_indices[i];
2825     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = get_region(idx);
2826     assert(r->pin_count() > 0, "Region %zu in tracker must contain a pin.", idx);
2827     r->record_unpin();
2828   }
2829   _injected_pin_count = 0;
2830 }
2831 
2832 void ShenandoahHeap::initialize_serviceability() {
2833   _memory_pool = new ShenandoahMemoryPool(this);
2834   _cycle_memory_manager.add_pool(_memory_pool);
2835   _stw_memory_manager.add_pool(_memory_pool);
2836 }
2837 
2838 GrowableArray<GCMemoryManager*> ShenandoahHeap::memory_managers() {
2839   GrowableArray<GCMemoryManager*> memory_managers(2);
2840   memory_managers.append(&_cycle_memory_manager);
2841   memory_managers.append(&_stw_memory_manager);
2842   return memory_managers;
2843 }
2844 
2845 GrowableArray<MemoryPool*> ShenandoahHeap::memory_pools() {
2846   GrowableArray<MemoryPool*> memory_pools(1);
2847   memory_pools.append(_memory_pool);
2848   return memory_pools;
2849 }
2850 
2851 MemoryUsage ShenandoahHeap::memory_usage() {
2852   return shenandoah_memory_usage(_initial_size, used(), committed(), max_capacity());
2853 }
2854 
2855 ShenandoahRegionIterator::ShenandoahRegionIterator() :
2856   _heap(ShenandoahHeap::heap()),
2857   _index(0) {}
2858 
2859 ShenandoahRegionIterator::ShenandoahRegionIterator(ShenandoahHeap* heap) :
2860   _heap(heap),
2861   _index(0) {}
2862 
2863 void ShenandoahRegionIterator::reset() {
2864   _index.store_relaxed(0);
2865 }
2866 
2867 bool ShenandoahRegionIterator::has_next() const {
2868   return _index.load_relaxed() < _heap->num_regions();
2869 }
2870 
2871 ShenandoahLiveData* ShenandoahHeap::get_liveness_cache(uint worker_id) {
2872 #ifdef ASSERT
2873   assert(_liveness_cache != nullptr, "sanity");
2874   assert(worker_id < _max_workers, "sanity");
2875   for (uint i = 0; i < num_regions(); i++) {
2876     assert(_liveness_cache[worker_id][i] == 0, "liveness cache should be empty");
2877   }
2878 #endif
2879   return _liveness_cache[worker_id];
2880 }
2881 
2882 void ShenandoahHeap::flush_liveness_cache(uint worker_id) {
2883   assert(worker_id < _max_workers, "sanity");
2884   assert(_liveness_cache != nullptr, "sanity");
2885   ShenandoahLiveData* ld = _liveness_cache[worker_id];
2886   for (uint i = 0; i < num_regions(); i++) {
2887     ShenandoahLiveData live = ld[i];
2888     if (live > 0) {
2889       ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = get_region(i);
2890       r->increase_live_data_gc_words(live);
2891       ld[i] = 0;
2892     }
2893   }
2894 }
2895 
2896 bool ShenandoahHeap::requires_barriers(stackChunkOop obj) const {
2897   if (is_idle()) return false;
2898 
2899   // Objects allocated after marking start are implicitly alive, don't need any barriers during
2900   // marking phase.
2901   if (is_concurrent_mark_in_progress() &&
2902      !marking_context()->allocated_after_mark_start(obj)) {
2903     return true;
2904   }
2905 
2906   // Can not guarantee obj is deeply good.
2907   if (has_forwarded_objects()) {
2908     return true;
2909   }
2910 
2911   return false;
2912 }
2913 
2914 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::allocate_loaded_archive_space(size_t size) {
2915 #if INCLUDE_CDS_JAVA_HEAP
2916   // CDS wants a raw continuous memory range to load a bunch of objects itself.
2917   // This is an unusual request, since all requested regions should be regular, not humongous.
2918   //
2919   // CDS would guarantee no objects straddle multiple regions, as long as regions are as large
2920   // as MIN_GC_REGION_ALIGNMENT.
2921   guarantee(ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() >= AOTMappedHeapWriter::MIN_GC_REGION_ALIGNMENT, "Must be");
2922 
2923   ShenandoahAllocRequest req = ShenandoahAllocRequest::for_cds(size);
2924   return allocate_memory(req);
2925 #else
2926   assert(false, "Archive heap loader should not be available, should not be here");
2927   return nullptr;
2928 #endif // INCLUDE_CDS_JAVA_HEAP
2929 }
2930 
2931 void ShenandoahHeap::complete_loaded_archive_space(MemRegion archive_space) {
2932   // Nothing to do here, except checking that heap looks fine.
2933 #ifdef ASSERT
2934   HeapWord* start = archive_space.start();
2935   HeapWord* end = archive_space.end();
2936 
2937   // No unclaimed space between the objects.
2938   // Objects are properly allocated in correct regions.
2939   HeapWord* cur = start;
2940   while (cur < end) {
2941     oop oop = cast_to_oop(cur);
2942     shenandoah_assert_in_correct_region(nullptr, oop);
2943     cur += oop->size();
2944   }
2945 
2946   // No unclaimed tail at the end of archive space.
2947   assert(cur == end,
2948          "Archive space should be fully used: " PTR_FORMAT " " PTR_FORMAT,
2949          p2i(cur), p2i(end));
2950 
2951   // All regions in contiguous space have good state.
2952   size_t begin_reg_idx = heap_region_index_containing(start);
2953   size_t end_reg_idx   = heap_region_index_containing(end);
2954 
2955   for (size_t idx = begin_reg_idx; idx <= end_reg_idx; idx++) {
2956     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = get_region(idx);
2957     assert(r->is_regular(), "Must be regular");
2958     assert(r->is_young(), "Must be young");
2959     assert(idx == end_reg_idx || r->top() == r->end(),
2960            "All regions except the last one should be full: " PTR_FORMAT " " PTR_FORMAT,
2961            p2i(r->top()), p2i(r->end()));
2962     assert(idx != begin_reg_idx || r->bottom() == start,
2963            "Archive space start should be at the bottom of first region: " PTR_FORMAT " " PTR_FORMAT,
2964            p2i(r->bottom()), p2i(start));
2965     assert(idx != end_reg_idx || r->top() == end,
2966            "Archive space end should be at the top of last region: " PTR_FORMAT " " PTR_FORMAT,
2967            p2i(r->top()), p2i(end));
2968   }
2969 
2970 #endif
2971 }
2972 
2973 ShenandoahGeneration* ShenandoahHeap::generation_for(ShenandoahAffiliation affiliation) const {
2974   if (!mode()->is_generational()) {
2975     return global_generation();
2976   } else if (affiliation == YOUNG_GENERATION) {
2977     return young_generation();
2978   } else if (affiliation == OLD_GENERATION) {
2979     return old_generation();
2980   }
2981 
2982   ShouldNotReachHere();
2983   return nullptr;
2984 }
2985 
2986 void ShenandoahHeap::log_heap_status(const char* msg) const {
2987   if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2988     young_generation()->log_status(msg);
2989     old_generation()->log_status(msg);
2990   } else {
2991     global_generation()->log_status(msg);
2992   }
2993 }
2994 
2995 ShenandoahHeapLocker::ShenandoahHeapLocker(ShenandoahHeapLock* lock, bool allow_block_for_safepoint) : _lock(lock) {
2996 #ifdef ASSERT
2997   ShenandoahFreeSet* free_set = ShenandoahHeap::heap()->free_set();
2998   // free_set is nullptr only at pre-initialized state
2999   assert(free_set == nullptr || !free_set->rebuild_lock()->owned_by_self(), "Dead lock, can't acquire heap lock while holding free-set rebuild lock");
3000   assert(_lock != nullptr, "Must not");
3001 #endif
3002   _lock->lock(allow_block_for_safepoint);
3003 }