1 /*
  2  * Copyright (c) 2016, 2021, Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
  3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  4  *
  5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
  7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
  8  *
  9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 13  * accompanied this code).
 14  *
 15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 18  *
 19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 21  * questions.
 22  *
 23  */
 24 
 25 #include "precompiled.hpp"
 26 #include "gc/shared/tlab_globals.hpp"
 27 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahFreeSet.hpp"
 28 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeap.inline.hpp"
 29 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeapRegionSet.hpp"
 30 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahMarkingContext.inline.hpp"
 31 #include "logging/logStream.hpp"
 32 #include "memory/resourceArea.hpp"
 33 #include "runtime/orderAccess.hpp"
 34 
 35 ShenandoahFreeSet::ShenandoahFreeSet(ShenandoahHeap* heap, size_t max_regions) :
 36   _heap(heap),
 37   _mutator_free_bitmap(max_regions, mtGC),
 38   _collector_free_bitmap(max_regions, mtGC),
 39   _max(max_regions)
 40 {
 41   clear_internal();
 42 }
 43 
 44 void ShenandoahFreeSet::increase_used(size_t num_bytes) {
 45   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
 46   _used += num_bytes;
 47 
 48   assert(_used <= _capacity, "must not use more than we have: used: " SIZE_FORMAT
 49          ", capacity: " SIZE_FORMAT ", num_bytes: " SIZE_FORMAT, _used, _capacity, num_bytes);
 50 }
 51 
 52 bool ShenandoahFreeSet::is_mutator_free(size_t idx) const {
 53   assert (idx < _max, "index is sane: " SIZE_FORMAT " < " SIZE_FORMAT " (left: " SIZE_FORMAT ", right: " SIZE_FORMAT ")",
 54           idx, _max, _mutator_leftmost, _mutator_rightmost);
 55   return _mutator_free_bitmap.at(idx);
 56 }
 57 
 58 bool ShenandoahFreeSet::is_collector_free(size_t idx) const {
 59   assert (idx < _max, "index is sane: " SIZE_FORMAT " < " SIZE_FORMAT " (left: " SIZE_FORMAT ", right: " SIZE_FORMAT ")",
 60           idx, _max, _collector_leftmost, _collector_rightmost);
 61   return _collector_free_bitmap.at(idx);
 62 }
 63 
 64 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::allocate_single(ShenandoahAllocRequest& req, bool& in_new_region) {
 65   // Scan the bitmap looking for a first fit.
 66   //
 67   // Leftmost and rightmost bounds provide enough caching to walk bitmap efficiently. Normally,
 68   // we would find the region to allocate at right away.
 69   //
 70   // Allocations are biased: new application allocs go to beginning of the heap, and GC allocs
 71   // go to the end. This makes application allocation faster, because we would clear lots
 72   // of regions from the beginning most of the time.
 73   //
 74   // Free set maintains mutator and collector views, and normally they allocate in their views only,
 75   // unless we special cases for stealing and mixed allocations.
 76 
 77   switch (req.type()) {
 78     case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_tlab:
 79     case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_shared: {
 80 
 81       // Try to allocate in the mutator view
 82       for (size_t idx = _mutator_leftmost; idx <= _mutator_rightmost; idx++) {
 83         if (is_mutator_free(idx)) {
 84           HeapWord* result = try_allocate_in(_heap->get_region(idx), req, in_new_region);
 85           if (result != nullptr) {
 86             return result;
 87           }
 88         }
 89       }
 90 
 91       // There is no recovery. Mutator does not touch collector view at all.
 92       break;
 93     }
 94     case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_gclab:
 95     case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_shared_gc: {
 96       // size_t is unsigned, need to dodge underflow when _leftmost = 0
 97 
 98       // Fast-path: try to allocate in the collector view first
 99       for (size_t c = _collector_rightmost + 1; c > _collector_leftmost; c--) {
100         size_t idx = c - 1;
101         if (is_collector_free(idx)) {
102           HeapWord* result = try_allocate_in(_heap->get_region(idx), req, in_new_region);
103           if (result != nullptr) {
104             return result;
105           }
106         }
107       }
108 
109       // No dice. Can we borrow space from mutator view?
110       if (!ShenandoahEvacReserveOverflow) {
111         return nullptr;
112       }
113 
114       // Try to steal the empty region from the mutator view
115       for (size_t c = _mutator_rightmost + 1; c > _mutator_leftmost; c--) {
116         size_t idx = c - 1;
117         if (is_mutator_free(idx)) {
118           ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(idx);
119           if (can_allocate_from(r)) {
120             flip_to_gc(r);
121             HeapWord *result = try_allocate_in(r, req, in_new_region);
122             if (result != nullptr) {
123               return result;
124             }
125           }
126         }
127       }
128 
129       // No dice. Do not try to mix mutator and GC allocations, because
130       // URWM moves due to GC allocations would expose unparsable mutator
131       // allocations.
132 
133       break;
134     }
135     default:
136       ShouldNotReachHere();
137   }
138 
139   return nullptr;
140 }
141 
142 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::try_allocate_in(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r, ShenandoahAllocRequest& req, bool& in_new_region) {
143   assert (!has_no_alloc_capacity(r), "Performance: should avoid full regions on this path: " SIZE_FORMAT, r->index());
144 
145   if (_heap->is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress() &&
146       r->is_trash()) {
147     return nullptr;
148   }
149 
150   try_recycle_trashed(r);
151 
152   in_new_region = r->is_empty();
153 
154   HeapWord* result = nullptr;
155   size_t size = req.size();
156 
157   if (req.is_lab_alloc()) {
158     size_t free = align_down(r->free() >> LogHeapWordSize, MinObjAlignment);
159     if (size > free) {
160       size = free;
161     }
162     if (size >= req.min_size()) {
163       result = r->allocate(size, req.type());
164       assert (result != nullptr, "Allocation must succeed: free " SIZE_FORMAT ", actual " SIZE_FORMAT, free, size);
165     }
166   } else {
167     result = r->allocate(size, req.type());
168   }
169 
170   if (result != nullptr) {
171     // Allocation successful, bump stats:
172     if (req.is_mutator_alloc()) {
173       increase_used(size * HeapWordSize);
174     }
175 
176     // Record actual allocation size
177     req.set_actual_size(size);
178 
179     if (req.is_gc_alloc()) {
180       r->set_update_watermark(r->top());
181     }
182   }
183 
184   if (result == nullptr || has_no_alloc_capacity(r)) {
185     // Region cannot afford this or future allocations. Retire it.
186     //
187     // While this seems a bit harsh, especially in the case when this large allocation does not
188     // fit, but the next small one would, we are risking to inflate scan times when lots of
189     // almost-full regions precede the fully-empty region where we want allocate the entire TLAB.
190     // TODO: Record first fully-empty region, and use that for large allocations
191 
192     // Record the remainder as allocation waste
193     if (req.is_mutator_alloc()) {
194       size_t waste = r->free();
195       if (waste > 0) {
196         increase_used(waste);
197         _heap->notify_mutator_alloc_words(waste >> LogHeapWordSize, true);
198       }
199     }
200 
201     size_t num = r->index();
202     _collector_free_bitmap.clear_bit(num);
203     _mutator_free_bitmap.clear_bit(num);
204     // Touched the bounds? Need to update:
205     if (touches_bounds(num)) {
206       adjust_bounds();
207     }
208     assert_bounds();
209   }
210   return result;
211 }
212 
213 bool ShenandoahFreeSet::touches_bounds(size_t num) const {
214   return num == _collector_leftmost || num == _collector_rightmost || num == _mutator_leftmost || num == _mutator_rightmost;
215 }
216 
217 void ShenandoahFreeSet::recompute_bounds() {
218   // Reset to the most pessimistic case:
219   _mutator_rightmost = _max - 1;
220   _mutator_leftmost = 0;
221   _collector_rightmost = _max - 1;
222   _collector_leftmost = 0;
223 
224   // ...and adjust from there
225   adjust_bounds();
226 }
227 
228 void ShenandoahFreeSet::adjust_bounds() {
229   // Rewind both mutator bounds until the next bit.
230   while (_mutator_leftmost < _max && !is_mutator_free(_mutator_leftmost)) {
231     _mutator_leftmost++;
232   }
233   while (_mutator_rightmost > 0 && !is_mutator_free(_mutator_rightmost)) {
234     _mutator_rightmost--;
235   }
236   // Rewind both collector bounds until the next bit.
237   while (_collector_leftmost < _max && !is_collector_free(_collector_leftmost)) {
238     _collector_leftmost++;
239   }
240   while (_collector_rightmost > 0 && !is_collector_free(_collector_rightmost)) {
241     _collector_rightmost--;
242   }
243 }
244 
245 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::allocate_contiguous(ShenandoahAllocRequest& req) {
246   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
247 
248   size_t words_size = req.size();
249   size_t num = ShenandoahHeapRegion::required_regions(words_size * HeapWordSize);
250 
251   // No regions left to satisfy allocation, bye.
252   if (num > mutator_count()) {
253     return nullptr;
254   }
255 
256   // Find the continuous interval of $num regions, starting from $beg and ending in $end,
257   // inclusive. Contiguous allocations are biased to the beginning.
258 
259   size_t beg = _mutator_leftmost;
260   size_t end = beg;
261 
262   while (true) {
263     if (end >= _max) {
264       // Hit the end, goodbye
265       return nullptr;
266     }
267 
268     // If regions are not adjacent, then current [beg; end] is useless, and we may fast-forward.
269     // If region is not completely free, the current [beg; end] is useless, and we may fast-forward.
270     if (!is_mutator_free(end) || !can_allocate_from(_heap->get_region(end))) {
271       end++;
272       beg = end;
273       continue;
274     }
275 
276     if ((end - beg + 1) == num) {
277       // found the match
278       break;
279     }
280 
281     end++;
282   }
283 
284   size_t remainder = words_size & ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_words_mask();
285 
286   // Initialize regions:
287   for (size_t i = beg; i <= end; i++) {
288     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(i);
289     try_recycle_trashed(r);
290 
291     assert(i == beg || _heap->get_region(i - 1)->index() + 1 == r->index(), "Should be contiguous");
292     assert(r->is_empty(), "Should be empty");
293 
294     if (i == beg) {
295       r->make_humongous_start();
296     } else {
297       r->make_humongous_cont();
298     }
299 
300     // Trailing region may be non-full, record the remainder there
301     size_t used_words;
302     if ((i == end) && (remainder != 0)) {
303       used_words = remainder;
304     } else {
305       used_words = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_words();
306     }
307 
308     r->set_top(r->bottom() + used_words);
309 
310     _mutator_free_bitmap.clear_bit(r->index());
311   }
312 
313   // While individual regions report their true use, all humongous regions are
314   // marked used in the free set.
315   increase_used(ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() * num);
316 
317   if (remainder != 0) {
318     // Record this remainder as allocation waste
319     _heap->notify_mutator_alloc_words(ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_words() - remainder, true);
320   }
321 
322   // Allocated at left/rightmost? Move the bounds appropriately.
323   if (beg == _mutator_leftmost || end == _mutator_rightmost) {
324     adjust_bounds();
325   }
326   assert_bounds();
327 
328   req.set_actual_size(words_size);
329   return _heap->get_region(beg)->bottom();
330 }
331 
332 bool ShenandoahFreeSet::can_allocate_from(ShenandoahHeapRegion *r) {
333   return r->is_empty() || (r->is_trash() && !_heap->is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress());
334 }
335 
336 size_t ShenandoahFreeSet::alloc_capacity(ShenandoahHeapRegion *r) {
337   if (r->is_trash()) {
338     // This would be recycled on allocation path
339     return ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
340   } else {
341     return r->free();
342   }
343 }
344 
345 bool ShenandoahFreeSet::has_no_alloc_capacity(ShenandoahHeapRegion *r) {
346   return alloc_capacity(r) == 0;
347 }
348 
349 void ShenandoahFreeSet::try_recycle_trashed(ShenandoahHeapRegion *r) {
350   if (r->is_trash()) {
351     _heap->decrease_used(r->used());
352     r->recycle();
353   }
354 }
355 
356 void ShenandoahFreeSet::recycle_trash() {
357   // lock is not reentrable, check we don't have it
358   shenandoah_assert_not_heaplocked();
359 
360   for (size_t i = 0; i < _heap->num_regions(); i++) {
361     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(i);
362     if (r->is_trash()) {
363       ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(_heap->lock());
364       try_recycle_trashed(r);
365     }
366     SpinPause(); // allow allocators to take the lock
367   }
368 }
369 
370 void ShenandoahFreeSet::flip_to_gc(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r) {
371   size_t idx = r->index();
372 
373   assert(_mutator_free_bitmap.at(idx), "Should be in mutator view");
374   assert(can_allocate_from(r), "Should not be allocated");
375 
376   _mutator_free_bitmap.clear_bit(idx);
377   _collector_free_bitmap.set_bit(idx);
378   _collector_leftmost = MIN2(idx, _collector_leftmost);
379   _collector_rightmost = MAX2(idx, _collector_rightmost);
380 
381   _capacity -= alloc_capacity(r);
382 
383   if (touches_bounds(idx)) {
384     adjust_bounds();
385   }
386   assert_bounds();
387 }
388 
389 void ShenandoahFreeSet::clear() {
390   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
391   clear_internal();
392 }
393 
394 void ShenandoahFreeSet::clear_internal() {
395   _mutator_free_bitmap.clear();
396   _collector_free_bitmap.clear();
397   _mutator_leftmost = _max;
398   _mutator_rightmost = 0;
399   _collector_leftmost = _max;
400   _collector_rightmost = 0;
401   _capacity = 0;
402   _used = 0;
403 }
404 
405 void ShenandoahFreeSet::rebuild() {
406   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
407   clear();
408 
409   for (size_t idx = 0; idx < _heap->num_regions(); idx++) {
410     ShenandoahHeapRegion* region = _heap->get_region(idx);
411     if (region->is_alloc_allowed() || region->is_trash()) {
412       assert(!region->is_cset(), "Shouldn't be adding those to the free set");
413 
414       // Do not add regions that would surely fail allocation
415       if (has_no_alloc_capacity(region)) continue;
416 
417       _capacity += alloc_capacity(region);
418       assert(_used <= _capacity, "must not use more than we have");
419 
420       assert(!is_mutator_free(idx), "We are about to add it, it shouldn't be there already");
421       _mutator_free_bitmap.set_bit(idx);
422     }
423   }
424 
425   // Evac reserve: reserve trailing space for evacuations
426   size_t to_reserve = _heap->max_capacity() / 100 * ShenandoahEvacReserve;
427   size_t reserved = 0;
428 
429   for (size_t idx = _heap->num_regions() - 1; idx > 0; idx--) {
430     if (reserved >= to_reserve) break;
431 
432     ShenandoahHeapRegion* region = _heap->get_region(idx);
433     if (_mutator_free_bitmap.at(idx) && can_allocate_from(region)) {
434       _mutator_free_bitmap.clear_bit(idx);
435       _collector_free_bitmap.set_bit(idx);
436       size_t ac = alloc_capacity(region);
437       _capacity -= ac;
438       reserved += ac;
439     }
440   }
441 
442   recompute_bounds();
443   assert_bounds();
444 }
445 
446 void ShenandoahFreeSet::log_status() {
447   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
448 
449   LogTarget(Info, gc, ergo) lt;
450   if (lt.is_enabled()) {
451     ResourceMark rm;
452     LogStream ls(lt);
453 
454     {
455       size_t last_idx = 0;
456       size_t max = 0;
457       size_t max_contig = 0;
458       size_t empty_contig = 0;
459 
460       size_t total_used = 0;
461       size_t total_free = 0;
462       size_t total_free_ext = 0;
463 
464       for (size_t idx = _mutator_leftmost; idx <= _mutator_rightmost; idx++) {
465         if (is_mutator_free(idx)) {
466           ShenandoahHeapRegion *r = _heap->get_region(idx);
467           size_t free = alloc_capacity(r);
468 
469           max = MAX2(max, free);
470 
471           if (r->is_empty()) {
472             total_free_ext += free;
473             if (last_idx + 1 == idx) {
474               empty_contig++;
475             } else {
476               empty_contig = 1;
477             }
478           } else {
479             empty_contig = 0;
480           }
481 
482           total_used += r->used();
483           total_free += free;
484 
485           max_contig = MAX2(max_contig, empty_contig);
486           last_idx = idx;
487         }
488       }
489 
490       size_t max_humongous = max_contig * ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
491       size_t free = capacity() - used();
492 
493       ls.print("Free: " SIZE_FORMAT "%s, Max: " SIZE_FORMAT "%s regular, " SIZE_FORMAT "%s humongous, ",
494                byte_size_in_proper_unit(total_free),    proper_unit_for_byte_size(total_free),
495                byte_size_in_proper_unit(max),           proper_unit_for_byte_size(max),
496                byte_size_in_proper_unit(max_humongous), proper_unit_for_byte_size(max_humongous)
497       );
498 
499       ls.print("Frag: ");
500       size_t frag_ext;
501       if (total_free_ext > 0) {
502         frag_ext = 100 - (100 * max_humongous / total_free_ext);
503       } else {
504         frag_ext = 0;
505       }
506       ls.print(SIZE_FORMAT "%% external, ", frag_ext);
507 
508       size_t frag_int;
509       if (mutator_count() > 0) {
510         frag_int = (100 * (total_used / mutator_count()) / ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes());
511       } else {
512         frag_int = 0;
513       }
514       ls.print(SIZE_FORMAT "%% internal; ", frag_int);
515     }
516 
517     {
518       size_t max = 0;
519       size_t total_free = 0;
520 
521       for (size_t idx = _collector_leftmost; idx <= _collector_rightmost; idx++) {
522         if (is_collector_free(idx)) {
523           ShenandoahHeapRegion *r = _heap->get_region(idx);
524           size_t free = alloc_capacity(r);
525           max = MAX2(max, free);
526           total_free += free;
527         }
528       }
529 
530       ls.print_cr("Reserve: " SIZE_FORMAT "%s, Max: " SIZE_FORMAT "%s",
531                   byte_size_in_proper_unit(total_free), proper_unit_for_byte_size(total_free),
532                   byte_size_in_proper_unit(max),        proper_unit_for_byte_size(max));
533     }
534   }
535 }
536 
537 HeapWord* ShenandoahFreeSet::allocate(ShenandoahAllocRequest& req, bool& in_new_region) {
538   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
539   assert_bounds();
540 
541   if (req.size() > ShenandoahHeapRegion::humongous_threshold_words()) {
542     switch (req.type()) {
543       case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_shared:
544       case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_shared_gc:
545         in_new_region = true;
546         return allocate_contiguous(req);
547       case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_gclab:
548       case ShenandoahAllocRequest::_alloc_tlab:
549         in_new_region = false;
550         assert(false, "Trying to allocate TLAB larger than the humongous threshold: " SIZE_FORMAT " > " SIZE_FORMAT,
551                req.size(), ShenandoahHeapRegion::humongous_threshold_words());
552         return nullptr;
553       default:
554         ShouldNotReachHere();
555         return nullptr;
556     }
557   } else {
558     return allocate_single(req, in_new_region);
559   }
560 }
561 
562 size_t ShenandoahFreeSet::unsafe_peek_free() const {
563   // Deliberately not locked, this method is unsafe when free set is modified.
564 
565   for (size_t index = _mutator_leftmost; index <= _mutator_rightmost; index++) {
566     if (index < _max && is_mutator_free(index)) {
567       ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(index);
568       if (r->free() >= MinTLABSize) {
569         return r->free();
570       }
571     }
572   }
573 
574   // It appears that no regions left
575   return 0;
576 }
577 
578 void ShenandoahFreeSet::print_on(outputStream* out) const {
579   out->print_cr("Mutator Free Set: " SIZE_FORMAT "", mutator_count());
580   for (size_t index = _mutator_leftmost; index <= _mutator_rightmost; index++) {
581     if (is_mutator_free(index)) {
582       _heap->get_region(index)->print_on(out);
583     }
584   }
585   out->print_cr("Collector Free Set: " SIZE_FORMAT "", collector_count());
586   for (size_t index = _collector_leftmost; index <= _collector_rightmost; index++) {
587     if (is_collector_free(index)) {
588       _heap->get_region(index)->print_on(out);
589     }
590   }
591 }
592 
593 /*
594  * Internal fragmentation metric: describes how fragmented the heap regions are.
595  *
596  * It is derived as:
597  *
598  *               sum(used[i]^2, i=0..k)
599  *   IF = 1 - ------------------------------
600  *              C * sum(used[i], i=0..k)
601  *
602  * ...where k is the number of regions in computation, C is the region capacity, and
603  * used[i] is the used space in the region.
604  *
605  * The non-linearity causes IF to be lower for the cases where the same total heap
606  * used is densely packed. For example:
607  *   a) Heap is completely full  => IF = 0
608  *   b) Heap is half full, first 50% regions are completely full => IF = 0
609  *   c) Heap is half full, each region is 50% full => IF = 1/2
610  *   d) Heap is quarter full, first 50% regions are completely full => IF = 0
611  *   e) Heap is quarter full, each region is 25% full => IF = 3/4
612  *   f) Heap has one small object per each region => IF =~ 1
613  */
614 double ShenandoahFreeSet::internal_fragmentation() {
615   double squared = 0;
616   double linear = 0;
617 
618   for (size_t index = _mutator_leftmost; index <= _mutator_rightmost; index++) {
619     if (is_mutator_free(index)) {
620       ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(index);
621       size_t used = r->used();
622       squared += used * used;
623       linear += used;
624     }
625   }
626 
627   if (linear > 0) {
628     double s = squared / (ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() * linear);
629     return 1 - s;
630   } else {
631     return 0;
632   }
633 }
634 
635 /*
636  * External fragmentation metric: describes how fragmented the heap is.
637  *
638  * It is derived as:
639  *
640  *   EF = 1 - largest_contiguous_free / total_free
641  *
642  * For example:
643  *   a) Heap is completely empty => EF = 0
644  *   b) Heap is completely full => EF = 0
645  *   c) Heap is first-half full => EF = 1/2
646  *   d) Heap is half full, full and empty regions interleave => EF =~ 1
647  */
648 double ShenandoahFreeSet::external_fragmentation() {
649   size_t last_idx = 0;
650   size_t max_contig = 0;
651   size_t empty_contig = 0;
652 
653   size_t free = 0;
654 
655   for (size_t index = _mutator_leftmost; index <= _mutator_rightmost; index++) {
656     if (is_mutator_free(index)) {
657       ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _heap->get_region(index);
658       if (r->is_empty()) {
659         free += ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
660         if (last_idx + 1 == index) {
661           empty_contig++;
662         } else {
663           empty_contig = 1;
664         }
665       } else {
666         empty_contig = 0;
667       }
668 
669       max_contig = MAX2(max_contig, empty_contig);
670       last_idx = index;
671     }
672   }
673 
674   if (free > 0) {
675     return 1 - (1.0 * max_contig * ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() / free);
676   } else {
677     return 0;
678   }
679 }
680 
681 #ifdef ASSERT
682 void ShenandoahFreeSet::assert_bounds() const {
683   // Performance invariants. Failing these would not break the free set, but performance
684   // would suffer.
685   assert (_mutator_leftmost <= _max, "leftmost in bounds: "  SIZE_FORMAT " < " SIZE_FORMAT, _mutator_leftmost,  _max);
686   assert (_mutator_rightmost < _max, "rightmost in bounds: " SIZE_FORMAT " < " SIZE_FORMAT, _mutator_rightmost, _max);
687 
688   assert (_mutator_leftmost == _max || is_mutator_free(_mutator_leftmost),  "leftmost region should be free: " SIZE_FORMAT,  _mutator_leftmost);
689   assert (_mutator_rightmost == 0   || is_mutator_free(_mutator_rightmost), "rightmost region should be free: " SIZE_FORMAT, _mutator_rightmost);
690 
691   size_t beg_off = _mutator_free_bitmap.find_first_set_bit(0);
692   size_t end_off = _mutator_free_bitmap.find_first_set_bit(_mutator_rightmost + 1);
693   assert (beg_off >= _mutator_leftmost, "free regions before the leftmost: " SIZE_FORMAT ", bound " SIZE_FORMAT, beg_off, _mutator_leftmost);
694   assert (end_off == _max,      "free regions past the rightmost: " SIZE_FORMAT ", bound " SIZE_FORMAT,  end_off, _mutator_rightmost);
695 
696   assert (_collector_leftmost <= _max, "leftmost in bounds: "  SIZE_FORMAT " < " SIZE_FORMAT, _collector_leftmost,  _max);
697   assert (_collector_rightmost < _max, "rightmost in bounds: " SIZE_FORMAT " < " SIZE_FORMAT, _collector_rightmost, _max);
698 
699   assert (_collector_leftmost == _max || is_collector_free(_collector_leftmost),  "leftmost region should be free: " SIZE_FORMAT,  _collector_leftmost);
700   assert (_collector_rightmost == 0   || is_collector_free(_collector_rightmost), "rightmost region should be free: " SIZE_FORMAT, _collector_rightmost);
701 
702   beg_off = _collector_free_bitmap.find_first_set_bit(0);
703   end_off = _collector_free_bitmap.find_first_set_bit(_collector_rightmost + 1);
704   assert (beg_off >= _collector_leftmost, "free regions before the leftmost: " SIZE_FORMAT ", bound " SIZE_FORMAT, beg_off, _collector_leftmost);
705   assert (end_off == _max,      "free regions past the rightmost: " SIZE_FORMAT ", bound " SIZE_FORMAT,  end_off, _collector_rightmost);
706 }
707 #endif