1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 2023, 2025, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * Copyright (c) 2013, 2022, Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
   4  * Copyright Amazon.com Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
   5  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   6  *
   7  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   8  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   9  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
  10  *
  11  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  12  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  13  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  14  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  15  * accompanied this code).
  16  *
  17  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  18  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  19  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  20  *
  21  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  22  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  23  * questions.
  24  *
  25  */
  26 
  27 
  28 #include "cds/aotMappedHeapWriter.hpp"
  29 #include "classfile/systemDictionary.hpp"
  30 #include "gc/shared/classUnloadingContext.hpp"
  31 #include "gc/shared/fullGCForwarding.hpp"
  32 #include "gc/shared/gc_globals.hpp"
  33 #include "gc/shared/gcArguments.hpp"
  34 #include "gc/shared/gcTimer.hpp"
  35 #include "gc/shared/gcTraceTime.inline.hpp"
  36 #include "gc/shared/locationPrinter.inline.hpp"
  37 #include "gc/shared/memAllocator.hpp"
  38 #include "gc/shared/plab.hpp"
  39 #include "gc/shared/tlab_globals.hpp"
  40 #include "gc/shenandoah/heuristics/shenandoahOldHeuristics.hpp"
  41 #include "gc/shenandoah/heuristics/shenandoahYoungHeuristics.hpp"
  42 #include "gc/shenandoah/mode/shenandoahGenerationalMode.hpp"
  43 #include "gc/shenandoah/mode/shenandoahPassiveMode.hpp"
  44 #include "gc/shenandoah/mode/shenandoahSATBMode.hpp"
  45 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahAllocRequest.hpp"
  46 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahBarrierSet.hpp"
  47 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahClosures.inline.hpp"
  48 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahCodeRoots.hpp"
  49 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahCollectionSet.hpp"
  50 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahCollectorPolicy.hpp"
  51 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahConcurrentMark.hpp"
  52 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahControlThread.hpp"
  53 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahFreeSet.hpp"
  54 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahGenerationalEvacuationTask.hpp"
  55 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahGenerationalHeap.hpp"
  56 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahGlobalGeneration.hpp"
  57 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeap.inline.hpp"
  58 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeapRegion.inline.hpp"
  59 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeapRegionClosures.hpp"
  60 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahHeapRegionSet.hpp"
  61 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahInitLogger.hpp"
  62 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahMarkingContext.inline.hpp"
  63 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahMemoryPool.hpp"
  64 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahMonitoringSupport.hpp"
  65 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahObjArrayAllocator.hpp"
  66 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahOldGeneration.hpp"
  67 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahPadding.hpp"
  68 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahParallelCleaning.inline.hpp"
  69 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahPhaseTimings.hpp"
  70 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahReferenceProcessor.hpp"
  71 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahRootProcessor.inline.hpp"
  72 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahScanRemembered.inline.hpp"
  73 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahSTWMark.hpp"
  74 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahUncommitThread.hpp"
  75 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahUtils.hpp"
  76 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahVerifier.hpp"
  77 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahVMOperations.hpp"
  78 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahWorkerPolicy.hpp"
  79 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahWorkGroup.hpp"
  80 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahYoungGeneration.hpp"
  81 #include "memory/allocation.hpp"
  82 #include "memory/classLoaderMetaspace.hpp"
  83 #include "memory/memoryReserver.hpp"
  84 #include "memory/metaspaceUtils.hpp"
  85 #include "memory/universe.hpp"
  86 #include "nmt/mallocTracker.hpp"
  87 #include "nmt/memTracker.hpp"
  88 #include "oops/compressedOops.inline.hpp"
  89 #include "prims/jvmtiTagMap.hpp"
  90 #include "runtime/atomic.hpp"
  91 #include "runtime/atomicAccess.hpp"
  92 #include "runtime/globals.hpp"
  93 #include "runtime/interfaceSupport.inline.hpp"
  94 #include "runtime/java.hpp"
  95 #include "runtime/orderAccess.hpp"
  96 #include "runtime/safepointMechanism.hpp"
  97 #include "runtime/stackWatermarkSet.hpp"
  98 #include "runtime/threads.hpp"
  99 #include "runtime/vmThread.hpp"
 100 #include "utilities/events.hpp"
 101 #include "utilities/globalDefinitions.hpp"
 102 #include "utilities/powerOfTwo.hpp"
 103 #if INCLUDE_JVMCI
 104 #include "jvmci/jvmci.hpp"
 105 #endif
 106 #if INCLUDE_JFR
 107 #include "gc/shenandoah/shenandoahJfrSupport.hpp"
 108 #endif
 109 
 110 class ShenandoahPretouchHeapTask : public WorkerTask {
 111 private:
 112   ShenandoahRegionIterator _regions;
 113   const size_t _page_size;
 114 public:
 115   ShenandoahPretouchHeapTask(size_t page_size) :
 116     WorkerTask("Shenandoah Pretouch Heap"),
 117     _page_size(page_size) {}
 118 
 119   virtual void work(uint worker_id) {
 120     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _regions.next();
 121     while (r != nullptr) {
 122       if (r->is_committed()) {
 123         os::pretouch_memory(r->bottom(), r->end(), _page_size);
 124       }
 125       r = _regions.next();
 126     }
 127   }
 128 };
 129 
 130 class ShenandoahPretouchBitmapTask : public WorkerTask {
 131 private:
 132   ShenandoahRegionIterator _regions;
 133   char* _bitmap_base;
 134   const size_t _bitmap_size;
 135   const size_t _page_size;
 136 public:
 137   ShenandoahPretouchBitmapTask(char* bitmap_base, size_t bitmap_size, size_t page_size) :
 138     WorkerTask("Shenandoah Pretouch Bitmap"),
 139     _bitmap_base(bitmap_base),
 140     _bitmap_size(bitmap_size),
 141     _page_size(page_size) {}
 142 
 143   virtual void work(uint worker_id) {
 144     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _regions.next();
 145     while (r != nullptr) {
 146       size_t start = r->index()       * ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() / MarkBitMap::heap_map_factor();
 147       size_t end   = (r->index() + 1) * ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() / MarkBitMap::heap_map_factor();
 148       assert (end <= _bitmap_size, "end is sane: %zu < %zu", end, _bitmap_size);
 149 
 150       if (r->is_committed()) {
 151         os::pretouch_memory(_bitmap_base + start, _bitmap_base + end, _page_size);
 152       }
 153 
 154       r = _regions.next();
 155     }
 156   }
 157 };
 158 
 159 static ReservedSpace reserve(size_t size, size_t preferred_page_size) {
 160   // When a page size is given we don't want to mix large
 161   // and normal pages. If the size is not a multiple of the
 162   // page size it will be aligned up to achieve this.
 163   size_t alignment = os::vm_allocation_granularity();
 164   if (preferred_page_size != os::vm_page_size()) {
 165     alignment = MAX2(preferred_page_size, alignment);
 166     size = align_up(size, alignment);
 167   }
 168 
 169   const ReservedSpace reserved = MemoryReserver::reserve(size, alignment, preferred_page_size, mtGC);
 170   if (!reserved.is_reserved()) {
 171     vm_exit_during_initialization("Could not reserve space");
 172   }
 173   return reserved;
 174 }
 175 
 176 jint ShenandoahHeap::initialize() {
 177   //
 178   // Figure out heap sizing
 179   //
 180 
 181   size_t init_byte_size = InitialHeapSize;
 182   size_t min_byte_size  = MinHeapSize;
 183   size_t max_byte_size  = MaxHeapSize;
 184   size_t heap_alignment = HeapAlignment;
 185 
 186   size_t reg_size_bytes = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
 187 
 188   Universe::check_alignment(max_byte_size,  reg_size_bytes, "Shenandoah heap");
 189   Universe::check_alignment(init_byte_size, reg_size_bytes, "Shenandoah heap");
 190 
 191   _num_regions = ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_count();
 192   assert(_num_regions == (max_byte_size / reg_size_bytes),
 193          "Regions should cover entire heap exactly: %zu != %zu/%zu",
 194          _num_regions, max_byte_size, reg_size_bytes);
 195 
 196   size_t num_committed_regions = init_byte_size / reg_size_bytes;
 197   num_committed_regions = MIN2(num_committed_regions, _num_regions);
 198   assert(num_committed_regions <= _num_regions, "sanity");
 199   _initial_size = num_committed_regions * reg_size_bytes;
 200 
 201   size_t num_min_regions = min_byte_size / reg_size_bytes;
 202   num_min_regions = MIN2(num_min_regions, _num_regions);
 203   assert(num_min_regions <= _num_regions, "sanity");
 204   _minimum_size = num_min_regions * reg_size_bytes;
 205 
 206   _soft_max_size.store_relaxed(clamp(SoftMaxHeapSize, min_capacity(), max_capacity()));
 207 
 208   _committed.store_relaxed(_initial_size);
 209 
 210   size_t heap_page_size   = UseLargePages ? os::large_page_size() : os::vm_page_size();
 211   size_t bitmap_page_size = UseLargePages ? os::large_page_size() : os::vm_page_size();
 212   size_t region_page_size = UseLargePages ? os::large_page_size() : os::vm_page_size();
 213 
 214   //
 215   // Reserve and commit memory for heap
 216   //
 217 
 218   ReservedHeapSpace heap_rs = Universe::reserve_heap(max_byte_size, heap_alignment);
 219   initialize_reserved_region(heap_rs);
 220   _heap_region = MemRegion((HeapWord*)heap_rs.base(), heap_rs.size() / HeapWordSize);
 221   _heap_region_special = heap_rs.special();
 222 
 223   assert((((size_t) base()) & ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes_mask()) == 0,
 224          "Misaligned heap: " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(base()));
 225   os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size("Heap",
 226                                           max_byte_size, heap_alignment,
 227                                           heap_rs.base(),
 228                                           heap_rs.size(), heap_rs.page_size());
 229 
 230 #if SHENANDOAH_OPTIMIZED_MARKTASK
 231   // The optimized ShenandoahMarkTask takes some bits away from the full object bits.
 232   // Fail if we ever attempt to address more than we can.
 233   if ((uintptr_t)heap_rs.end() >= ShenandoahMarkTask::max_addressable()) {
 234     FormatBuffer<512> buf("Shenandoah reserved [" PTR_FORMAT ", " PTR_FORMAT") for the heap, \n"
 235                           "but max object address is " PTR_FORMAT ". Try to reduce heap size, or try other \n"
 236                           "VM options that allocate heap at lower addresses (HeapBaseMinAddress, AllocateHeapAt, etc).",
 237                 p2i(heap_rs.base()), p2i(heap_rs.end()), ShenandoahMarkTask::max_addressable());
 238     vm_exit_during_initialization("Fatal Error", buf);
 239   }
 240 #endif
 241 
 242   ReservedSpace sh_rs = heap_rs.first_part(max_byte_size);
 243   if (!_heap_region_special) {
 244     os::commit_memory_or_exit(sh_rs.base(), _initial_size, heap_alignment, false,
 245                               "Cannot commit heap memory");
 246   }
 247 
 248   BarrierSet::set_barrier_set(new ShenandoahBarrierSet(this, _heap_region));
 249 
 250   // Now we know the number of regions and heap sizes, initialize the heuristics.
 251   initialize_heuristics();
 252 
 253   // If ShenandoahCardBarrier is enabled but it's not generational mode
 254   // it means we're under passive mode and we have to initialize old gen
 255   // for the purpose of having card table.
 256   if (ShenandoahCardBarrier && !(mode()->is_generational())) {
 257     _old_generation = new ShenandoahOldGeneration(max_workers());
 258   }
 259 
 260   assert(_heap_region.byte_size() == heap_rs.size(), "Need to know reserved size for card table");
 261 
 262   //
 263   // Worker threads must be initialized after the barrier is configured
 264   //
 265   _workers = new ShenandoahWorkerThreads("ShenWorker", _max_workers);
 266   if (_workers == nullptr) {
 267     vm_exit_during_initialization("Failed necessary allocation.");
 268   } else {
 269     _workers->initialize_workers();
 270   }
 271 
 272   if (ParallelGCThreads > 1) {
 273     _safepoint_workers = new ShenandoahWorkerThreads("Safepoint Cleanup Thread", ParallelGCThreads);
 274     _safepoint_workers->initialize_workers();
 275   }
 276 
 277   //
 278   // Reserve and commit memory for bitmap(s)
 279   //
 280 
 281   size_t bitmap_size_orig = ShenandoahMarkBitMap::compute_size(heap_rs.size());
 282   _bitmap_size = align_up(bitmap_size_orig, bitmap_page_size);
 283 
 284   size_t bitmap_bytes_per_region = reg_size_bytes / ShenandoahMarkBitMap::heap_map_factor();
 285 
 286   guarantee(bitmap_bytes_per_region != 0,
 287             "Bitmap bytes per region should not be zero");
 288   guarantee(is_power_of_2(bitmap_bytes_per_region),
 289             "Bitmap bytes per region should be power of two: %zu", bitmap_bytes_per_region);
 290 
 291   if (bitmap_page_size > bitmap_bytes_per_region) {
 292     _bitmap_regions_per_slice = bitmap_page_size / bitmap_bytes_per_region;
 293     _bitmap_bytes_per_slice = bitmap_page_size;
 294   } else {
 295     _bitmap_regions_per_slice = 1;
 296     _bitmap_bytes_per_slice = bitmap_bytes_per_region;
 297   }
 298 
 299   guarantee(_bitmap_regions_per_slice >= 1,
 300             "Should have at least one region per slice: %zu",
 301             _bitmap_regions_per_slice);
 302 
 303   guarantee(((_bitmap_bytes_per_slice) % bitmap_page_size) == 0,
 304             "Bitmap slices should be page-granular: bps = %zu, page size = %zu",
 305             _bitmap_bytes_per_slice, bitmap_page_size);
 306 
 307   ReservedSpace bitmap = reserve(_bitmap_size, bitmap_page_size);
 308   os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size("Mark Bitmap",
 309                                           bitmap_size_orig, bitmap_page_size,
 310                                           bitmap.base(),
 311                                           bitmap.size(), bitmap.page_size());
 312   MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_tag(bitmap, mtGC);
 313   _bitmap_region = MemRegion((HeapWord*) bitmap.base(), bitmap.size() / HeapWordSize);
 314   _bitmap_region_special = bitmap.special();
 315 
 316   size_t bitmap_init_commit = _bitmap_bytes_per_slice *
 317     align_up(num_committed_regions, _bitmap_regions_per_slice) / _bitmap_regions_per_slice;
 318   bitmap_init_commit = MIN2(_bitmap_size, bitmap_init_commit);
 319   if (!_bitmap_region_special) {
 320     os::commit_memory_or_exit((char *) _bitmap_region.start(), bitmap_init_commit, bitmap_page_size, false,
 321                               "Cannot commit bitmap memory");
 322   }
 323 
 324   _marking_context = new ShenandoahMarkingContext(_heap_region, _bitmap_region, _num_regions);
 325 
 326   if (ShenandoahVerify) {
 327     ReservedSpace verify_bitmap = reserve(_bitmap_size, bitmap_page_size);
 328     os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size("Verify Bitmap",
 329                                             bitmap_size_orig, bitmap_page_size,
 330                                             verify_bitmap.base(),
 331                                             verify_bitmap.size(), verify_bitmap.page_size());
 332     if (!verify_bitmap.special()) {
 333       os::commit_memory_or_exit(verify_bitmap.base(), verify_bitmap.size(), bitmap_page_size, false,
 334                                 "Cannot commit verification bitmap memory");
 335     }
 336     MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_tag(verify_bitmap, mtGC);
 337     MemRegion verify_bitmap_region = MemRegion((HeapWord *) verify_bitmap.base(), verify_bitmap.size() / HeapWordSize);
 338     _verification_bit_map.initialize(_heap_region, verify_bitmap_region);
 339     _verifier = new ShenandoahVerifier(this, &_verification_bit_map);
 340   }
 341 
 342   // Reserve aux bitmap for use in object_iterate(). We don't commit it here.
 343   size_t aux_bitmap_page_size = bitmap_page_size;
 344 
 345   ReservedSpace aux_bitmap = reserve(_bitmap_size, aux_bitmap_page_size);
 346   os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size("Aux Bitmap",
 347                                           bitmap_size_orig, aux_bitmap_page_size,
 348                                           aux_bitmap.base(),
 349                                           aux_bitmap.size(), aux_bitmap.page_size());
 350   MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_tag(aux_bitmap, mtGC);
 351   _aux_bitmap_region = MemRegion((HeapWord*) aux_bitmap.base(), aux_bitmap.size() / HeapWordSize);
 352   _aux_bitmap_region_special = aux_bitmap.special();
 353   _aux_bit_map.initialize(_heap_region, _aux_bitmap_region);
 354 
 355   //
 356   // Create regions and region sets
 357   //
 358   size_t region_align = align_up(sizeof(ShenandoahHeapRegion), SHENANDOAH_CACHE_LINE_SIZE);
 359   size_t region_storage_size_orig = region_align * _num_regions;
 360   size_t region_storage_size = align_up(region_storage_size_orig,
 361                                         MAX2(region_page_size, os::vm_allocation_granularity()));
 362 
 363   ReservedSpace region_storage = reserve(region_storage_size, region_page_size);
 364   os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size("Region Storage",
 365                                           region_storage_size_orig, region_page_size,
 366                                           region_storage.base(),
 367                                           region_storage.size(), region_storage.page_size());
 368   MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_tag(region_storage, mtGC);
 369   if (!region_storage.special()) {
 370     os::commit_memory_or_exit(region_storage.base(), region_storage_size, region_page_size, false,
 371                               "Cannot commit region memory");
 372   }
 373 
 374   // Try to fit the collection set bitmap at lower addresses. This optimizes code generation for cset checks.
 375   // Go up until a sensible limit (subject to encoding constraints) and try to reserve the space there.
 376   // If not successful, bite a bullet and allocate at whatever address.
 377   {
 378     const size_t cset_align = MAX2<size_t>(os::vm_page_size(), os::vm_allocation_granularity());
 379     const size_t cset_size = align_up(((size_t) sh_rs.base() + sh_rs.size()) >> ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes_shift(), cset_align);
 380     const size_t cset_page_size = os::vm_page_size();
 381 
 382     uintptr_t min = round_up_power_of_2(cset_align);
 383     uintptr_t max = (1u << 30u);
 384     ReservedSpace cset_rs;
 385 
 386     for (uintptr_t addr = min; addr <= max; addr <<= 1u) {
 387       char* req_addr = (char*)addr;
 388       assert(is_aligned(req_addr, cset_align), "Should be aligned");
 389       cset_rs = MemoryReserver::reserve(req_addr, cset_size, cset_align, cset_page_size, mtGC);
 390       if (cset_rs.is_reserved()) {
 391         assert(cset_rs.base() == req_addr, "Allocated where requested: " PTR_FORMAT ", " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(cset_rs.base()), addr);
 392         _collection_set = new ShenandoahCollectionSet(this, cset_rs, sh_rs.base());
 393         break;
 394       }
 395     }
 396 
 397     if (_collection_set == nullptr) {
 398       cset_rs = MemoryReserver::reserve(cset_size, cset_align, os::vm_page_size(), mtGC);
 399       if (!cset_rs.is_reserved()) {
 400         vm_exit_during_initialization("Cannot reserve memory for collection set");
 401       }
 402 
 403       _collection_set = new ShenandoahCollectionSet(this, cset_rs, sh_rs.base());
 404     }
 405     os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size("Collection Set",
 406                                             cset_size, cset_page_size,
 407                                             cset_rs.base(),
 408                                             cset_rs.size(), cset_rs.page_size());
 409   }
 410 
 411   _regions = NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(ShenandoahHeapRegion*, _num_regions, mtGC);
 412   _affiliations = NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(uint8_t, _num_regions, mtGC);
 413 
 414   {
 415     ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(lock());
 416     for (size_t i = 0; i < _num_regions; i++) {
 417       HeapWord* start = (HeapWord*)sh_rs.base() + ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_words() * i;
 418       bool is_committed = i < num_committed_regions;
 419       void* loc = region_storage.base() + i * region_align;
 420 
 421       ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = new (loc) ShenandoahHeapRegion(start, i, is_committed);
 422       assert(is_aligned(r, SHENANDOAH_CACHE_LINE_SIZE), "Sanity");
 423 
 424       _marking_context->initialize_top_at_mark_start(r);
 425       _regions[i] = r;
 426       assert(!collection_set()->is_in(i), "New region should not be in collection set");
 427 
 428       _affiliations[i] = ShenandoahAffiliation::FREE;
 429     }
 430 
 431     if (mode()->is_generational()) {
 432       size_t young_reserve = (soft_max_capacity() * ShenandoahEvacReserve) / 100;
 433       young_generation()->set_evacuation_reserve(young_reserve);
 434       old_generation()->set_evacuation_reserve((size_t) 0);
 435       old_generation()->set_promoted_reserve((size_t) 0);
 436     }
 437 
 438     _free_set = new ShenandoahFreeSet(this, _num_regions);
 439     initialize_generations();
 440 
 441     // We are initializing free set.  We ignore cset region tallies.
 442     size_t young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, first_old, last_old, num_old;
 443     _free_set->prepare_to_rebuild(young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, first_old, last_old, num_old);
 444     if (mode()->is_generational()) {
 445       ShenandoahGenerationalHeap* gen_heap = ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::heap();
 446       // We cannot call
 447       //  gen_heap->young_generation()->heuristics()->bytes_of_allocation_runway_before_gc_trigger(young_cset_regions)
 448       // until after the heap is fully initialized.  So we make up a safe value here.
 449       size_t allocation_runway = InitialHeapSize / 2;
 450       gen_heap->compute_old_generation_balance(allocation_runway, old_trashed_regions, young_trashed_regions);
 451     }
 452     _free_set->finish_rebuild(young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, num_old);
 453   }
 454 
 455   if (AlwaysPreTouch) {
 456     // For NUMA, it is important to pre-touch the storage under bitmaps with worker threads,
 457     // before initialize() below zeroes it with initializing thread. For any given region,
 458     // we touch the region and the corresponding bitmaps from the same thread.
 459     ShenandoahPushWorkerScope scope(workers(), _max_workers, false);
 460 
 461     _pretouch_heap_page_size = heap_page_size;
 462     _pretouch_bitmap_page_size = bitmap_page_size;
 463 
 464     // OS memory managers may want to coalesce back-to-back pages. Make their jobs
 465     // simpler by pre-touching continuous spaces (heap and bitmap) separately.
 466 
 467     ShenandoahPretouchBitmapTask bcl(bitmap.base(), _bitmap_size, _pretouch_bitmap_page_size);
 468     _workers->run_task(&bcl);
 469 
 470     ShenandoahPretouchHeapTask hcl(_pretouch_heap_page_size);
 471     _workers->run_task(&hcl);
 472   }
 473 
 474   //
 475   // Initialize the rest of GC subsystems
 476   //
 477 
 478   _liveness_cache = NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(ShenandoahLiveData*, _max_workers, mtGC);
 479   for (uint worker = 0; worker < _max_workers; worker++) {
 480     _liveness_cache[worker] = NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(ShenandoahLiveData, _num_regions, mtGC);
 481     Copy::fill_to_bytes(_liveness_cache[worker], _num_regions * sizeof(ShenandoahLiveData));
 482   }
 483 
 484   // There should probably be Shenandoah-specific options for these,
 485   // just as there are G1-specific options.
 486   {
 487     ShenandoahSATBMarkQueueSet& satbqs = ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set();
 488     satbqs.set_process_completed_buffers_threshold(20); // G1SATBProcessCompletedThreshold
 489     satbqs.set_buffer_enqueue_threshold_percentage(60); // G1SATBBufferEnqueueingThresholdPercent
 490   }
 491 
 492   _monitoring_support = new ShenandoahMonitoringSupport(this);
 493   _phase_timings = new ShenandoahPhaseTimings(max_workers());
 494   ShenandoahCodeRoots::initialize();
 495 
 496   // Initialization of controller makes use of variables established by initialize_heuristics.
 497   initialize_controller();
 498 
 499   // Certain initialization of heuristics must be deferred until after controller is initialized.
 500   post_initialize_heuristics();
 501   start_idle_span();
 502   if (ShenandoahUncommit) {
 503     _uncommit_thread = new ShenandoahUncommitThread(this);
 504   }
 505   print_init_logger();
 506   FullGCForwarding::initialize(_heap_region);
 507   return JNI_OK;
 508 }
 509 
 510 void ShenandoahHeap::initialize_controller() {
 511   _control_thread = new ShenandoahControlThread();
 512 }
 513 
 514 void ShenandoahHeap::print_init_logger() const {
 515   ShenandoahInitLogger::print();
 516 }
 517 
 518 void ShenandoahHeap::initialize_mode() {
 519   if (ShenandoahGCMode != nullptr) {
 520     if (strcmp(ShenandoahGCMode, "satb") == 0) {
 521       _gc_mode = new ShenandoahSATBMode();
 522     } else if (strcmp(ShenandoahGCMode, "passive") == 0) {
 523       _gc_mode = new ShenandoahPassiveMode();
 524     } else if (strcmp(ShenandoahGCMode, "generational") == 0) {
 525       _gc_mode = new ShenandoahGenerationalMode();
 526     } else {
 527       vm_exit_during_initialization("Unknown -XX:ShenandoahGCMode option");
 528     }
 529   } else {
 530     vm_exit_during_initialization("Unknown -XX:ShenandoahGCMode option (null)");
 531   }
 532   _gc_mode->initialize_flags();
 533   if (_gc_mode->is_diagnostic() && !UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions) {
 534     vm_exit_during_initialization(
 535             err_msg("GC mode \"%s\" is diagnostic, and must be enabled via -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions.",
 536                     _gc_mode->name()));
 537   }
 538   if (_gc_mode->is_experimental() && !UnlockExperimentalVMOptions) {
 539     vm_exit_during_initialization(
 540             err_msg("GC mode \"%s\" is experimental, and must be enabled via -XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions.",
 541                     _gc_mode->name()));
 542   }
 543 }
 544 
 545 void ShenandoahHeap::initialize_heuristics() {
 546   _global_generation = new ShenandoahGlobalGeneration(mode()->is_generational(), max_workers());
 547   _global_generation->initialize_heuristics(mode());
 548 }
 549 
 550 #ifdef _MSC_VER
 551 #pragma warning( push )
 552 #pragma warning( disable:4355 ) // 'this' : used in base member initializer list
 553 #endif
 554 
 555 ShenandoahHeap::ShenandoahHeap(ShenandoahCollectorPolicy* policy) :
 556   CollectedHeap(),
 557   _active_generation(nullptr),
 558   _initial_size(0),
 559   _committed(0),
 560   _max_workers(MAX3(ConcGCThreads, ParallelGCThreads, 1U)),
 561   _workers(nullptr),
 562   _safepoint_workers(nullptr),
 563   _heap_region_special(false),
 564   _num_regions(0),
 565   _regions(nullptr),
 566   _affiliations(nullptr),
 567   _gc_state_changed(false),
 568   _gc_no_progress_count(0),
 569   _cancel_requested_time(0),
 570   _update_refs_iterator(this),
 571   _global_generation(nullptr),
 572   _control_thread(nullptr),
 573   _uncommit_thread(nullptr),
 574   _young_generation(nullptr),
 575   _old_generation(nullptr),
 576   _shenandoah_policy(policy),
 577   _gc_mode(nullptr),
 578   _free_set(nullptr),
 579   _verifier(nullptr),
 580   _phase_timings(nullptr),
 581   _monitoring_support(nullptr),
 582   _memory_pool(nullptr),
 583   _stw_memory_manager("Shenandoah Pauses"),
 584   _cycle_memory_manager("Shenandoah Cycles"),
 585   _gc_timer(new ConcurrentGCTimer()),
 586   _log_min_obj_alignment_in_bytes(LogMinObjAlignmentInBytes),
 587   _marking_context(nullptr),
 588   _bitmap_size(0),
 589   _bitmap_regions_per_slice(0),
 590   _bitmap_bytes_per_slice(0),
 591   _bitmap_region_special(false),
 592   _aux_bitmap_region_special(false),
 593   _liveness_cache(nullptr),
 594   _collection_set(nullptr),
 595   _evac_tracker(new ShenandoahEvacuationTracker())
 596 {
 597   // Initialize GC mode early, many subsequent initialization procedures depend on it
 598   initialize_mode();
 599   _cancelled_gc.set(GCCause::_no_gc);
 600 }
 601 
 602 #ifdef _MSC_VER
 603 #pragma warning( pop )
 604 #endif
 605 
 606 void ShenandoahHeap::print_heap_on(outputStream* st) const {
 607   const bool is_generational = mode()->is_generational();
 608   const char* front_spacing = "";
 609   if (is_generational) {
 610     st->print_cr("Generational Shenandoah Heap");
 611     st->print_cr(" Young:");
 612     st->print_cr("  " PROPERFMT " max, " PROPERFMT " used", PROPERFMTARGS(young_generation()->max_capacity()), PROPERFMTARGS(young_generation()->used()));
 613     st->print_cr(" Old:");
 614     st->print_cr("  " PROPERFMT " max, " PROPERFMT " used", PROPERFMTARGS(old_generation()->max_capacity()), PROPERFMTARGS(old_generation()->used()));
 615     st->print_cr(" Entire heap:");
 616     st->print_cr("  " PROPERFMT " soft max, " PROPERFMT " committed",
 617                 PROPERFMTARGS(soft_max_capacity()), PROPERFMTARGS(committed()));
 618     front_spacing = " ";
 619   } else {
 620     st->print_cr("Shenandoah Heap");
 621     st->print_cr("  " PROPERFMT " max, " PROPERFMT " soft max, " PROPERFMT " committed, " PROPERFMT " used",
 622       PROPERFMTARGS(max_capacity()),
 623       PROPERFMTARGS(soft_max_capacity()),
 624       PROPERFMTARGS(committed()),
 625       PROPERFMTARGS(used())
 626     );
 627   }
 628   st->print_cr("%s %zu x " PROPERFMT " regions",
 629           front_spacing,
 630           num_regions(),
 631           PROPERFMTARGS(ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes()));
 632 
 633   st->print("Status: ");
 634   if (has_forwarded_objects())                 st->print("has forwarded objects, ");
 635   if (!is_generational) {
 636     if (is_concurrent_mark_in_progress())      st->print("marking,");
 637   } else {
 638     if (is_concurrent_old_mark_in_progress())    st->print("old marking, ");
 639     if (is_concurrent_young_mark_in_progress())  st->print("young marking, ");
 640   }
 641   if (is_evacuation_in_progress())             st->print("evacuating, ");
 642   if (is_update_refs_in_progress())            st->print("updating refs, ");
 643   if (is_degenerated_gc_in_progress())         st->print("degenerated gc, ");
 644   if (is_full_gc_in_progress())                st->print("full gc, ");
 645   if (is_full_gc_move_in_progress())           st->print("full gc move, ");
 646   if (is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress())   st->print("concurrent weak roots, ");
 647   if (is_concurrent_strong_root_in_progress() &&
 648       !is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress())  st->print("concurrent strong roots, ");
 649 
 650   if (cancelled_gc()) {
 651     st->print("cancelled");
 652   } else {
 653     st->print("not cancelled");
 654   }
 655   st->cr();
 656 
 657   st->print_cr("Reserved region:");
 658   st->print_cr(" - [" PTR_FORMAT ", " PTR_FORMAT ") ",
 659                p2i(reserved_region().start()),
 660                p2i(reserved_region().end()));
 661 
 662   ShenandoahCollectionSet* cset = collection_set();
 663   st->print_cr("Collection set:");
 664   if (cset != nullptr) {
 665     st->print_cr(" - map (vanilla): " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(cset->map_address()));
 666     st->print_cr(" - map (biased):  " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(cset->biased_map_address()));
 667   } else {
 668     st->print_cr(" (null)");
 669   }
 670 
 671   st->cr();
 672 
 673   if (Verbose) {
 674     st->cr();
 675     print_heap_regions_on(st);
 676   }
 677 }
 678 
 679 void ShenandoahHeap::print_gc_on(outputStream* st) const {
 680   print_heap_regions_on(st);
 681 }
 682 
 683 class ShenandoahInitWorkerGCLABClosure : public ThreadClosure {
 684 public:
 685   void do_thread(Thread* thread) {
 686     assert(thread != nullptr, "Sanity");
 687     ShenandoahThreadLocalData::initialize_gclab(thread);
 688   }
 689 };
 690 
 691 void ShenandoahHeap::initialize_generations() {
 692   _global_generation->post_initialize(this);
 693 }
 694 
 695 // We do not call this explicitly  It is called by Hotspot infrastructure.
 696 void ShenandoahHeap::post_initialize() {
 697   CollectedHeap::post_initialize();
 698 
 699   check_soft_max_changed();
 700 
 701   // Schedule periodic task to report on gc thread CPU utilization
 702   _mmu_tracker.initialize();
 703 
 704   MutexLocker ml(Threads_lock);
 705 
 706   ShenandoahInitWorkerGCLABClosure init_gclabs;
 707   _workers->threads_do(&init_gclabs);
 708 
 709   // gclab can not be initialized early during VM startup, as it can not determinate its max_size.
 710   // Now, we will let WorkerThreads to initialize gclab when new worker is created.
 711   _workers->set_initialize_gclab();
 712 
 713   // Note that the safepoint workers may require gclabs if the threads are used to create a heap dump
 714   // during a concurrent evacuation phase.
 715   if (_safepoint_workers != nullptr) {
 716     _safepoint_workers->threads_do(&init_gclabs);
 717     _safepoint_workers->set_initialize_gclab();
 718   }
 719 
 720   JFR_ONLY(ShenandoahJFRSupport::register_jfr_type_serializers();)
 721 }
 722 
 723 void ShenandoahHeap::post_initialize_heuristics() {
 724   _global_generation->post_initialize_heuristics();
 725 }
 726 
 727 ShenandoahHeuristics* ShenandoahHeap::heuristics() {
 728   return _global_generation->heuristics();
 729 }
 730 
 731 size_t ShenandoahHeap::used() const {
 732   return global_generation()->used();
 733 }
 734 
 735 size_t ShenandoahHeap::committed() const {
 736   return _committed.load_relaxed();
 737 }
 738 
 739 void ShenandoahHeap::increase_committed(size_t bytes) {
 740   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked_or_safepoint();
 741   _committed.fetch_then_add(bytes, memory_order_relaxed);
 742 }
 743 
 744 void ShenandoahHeap::decrease_committed(size_t bytes) {
 745   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked_or_safepoint();
 746   _committed.fetch_then_sub(bytes, memory_order_relaxed);
 747 }
 748 
 749 size_t ShenandoahHeap::capacity() const {
 750   return committed();
 751 }
 752 
 753 size_t ShenandoahHeap::max_capacity() const {
 754   return _num_regions * ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes();
 755 }
 756 
 757 size_t ShenandoahHeap::soft_max_capacity() const {
 758   size_t v = _soft_max_size.load_relaxed();
 759   assert(min_capacity() <= v && v <= max_capacity(),
 760          "Should be in bounds: %zu <= %zu <= %zu",
 761          min_capacity(), v, max_capacity());
 762   return v;
 763 }
 764 
 765 void ShenandoahHeap::set_soft_max_capacity(size_t v) {
 766   assert(min_capacity() <= v && v <= max_capacity(),
 767          "Should be in bounds: %zu <= %zu <= %zu",
 768          min_capacity(), v, max_capacity());
 769   _soft_max_size.store_relaxed(v);
 770   heuristics()->compute_headroom_adjustment();
 771 }
 772 
 773 size_t ShenandoahHeap::min_capacity() const {
 774   return _minimum_size;
 775 }
 776 
 777 size_t ShenandoahHeap::initial_capacity() const {
 778   return _initial_size;
 779 }
 780 
 781 bool ShenandoahHeap::is_in(const void* p) const {
 782   if (!is_in_reserved(p)) {
 783     return false;
 784   }
 785 
 786   if (is_full_gc_move_in_progress()) {
 787     // Full GC move is running, we do not have a consistent region
 788     // information yet. But we know the pointer is in heap.
 789     return true;
 790   }
 791 
 792   // Now check if we point to a live section in active region.
 793   const ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = heap_region_containing(p);
 794   if (p >= r->top()) {
 795     return false;
 796   }
 797 
 798   if (r->is_active()) {
 799     return true;
 800   }
 801 
 802   // The region is trash, but won't be recycled until after concurrent weak
 803   // roots. We also don't allow mutators to allocate from trash regions
 804   // during weak roots. Concurrent class unloading may access unmarked oops
 805   // in trash regions.
 806   return r->is_trash() && is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress();
 807 }
 808 
 809 void ShenandoahHeap::notify_soft_max_changed() {
 810   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
 811     _uncommit_thread->notify_soft_max_changed();
 812   }
 813 }
 814 
 815 void ShenandoahHeap::notify_explicit_gc_requested() {
 816   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
 817     _uncommit_thread->notify_explicit_gc_requested();
 818   }
 819 }
 820 
 821 bool ShenandoahHeap::check_soft_max_changed() {
 822   size_t new_soft_max = AtomicAccess::load(&SoftMaxHeapSize);
 823   size_t old_soft_max = soft_max_capacity();
 824   if (new_soft_max != old_soft_max) {
 825     new_soft_max = MAX2(min_capacity(), new_soft_max);
 826     new_soft_max = MIN2(max_capacity(), new_soft_max);
 827     if (new_soft_max != old_soft_max) {
 828       log_info(gc)("Soft Max Heap Size: %zu%s -> %zu%s",
 829                    byte_size_in_proper_unit(old_soft_max), proper_unit_for_byte_size(old_soft_max),
 830                    byte_size_in_proper_unit(new_soft_max), proper_unit_for_byte_size(new_soft_max)
 831       );
 832       set_soft_max_capacity(new_soft_max);
 833       return true;
 834     }
 835   }
 836   return false;
 837 }
 838 
 839 void ShenandoahHeap::notify_heap_changed() {
 840   // Update monitoring counters when we took a new region. This amortizes the
 841   // update costs on slow path.
 842   monitoring_support()->notify_heap_changed();
 843   _heap_changed.try_set();
 844 }
 845 
 846 void ShenandoahHeap::start_idle_span() {
 847   heuristics()->start_idle_span();
 848 }
 849 
 850 void ShenandoahHeap::set_forced_counters_update(bool value) {
 851   monitoring_support()->set_forced_counters_update(value);
 852 }
 853 
 854 void ShenandoahHeap::handle_force_counters_update() {
 855   monitoring_support()->handle_force_counters_update();
 856 }
 857 
 858 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::allocate_from_gclab_slow(Thread* thread, size_t size) {
 859   // New object should fit the GCLAB size
 860   size_t min_size = MAX2(size, PLAB::min_size());
 861 
 862   // Figure out size of new GCLAB, looking back at heuristics. Expand aggressively.
 863   size_t new_size = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab_size(thread) * 2;
 864 
 865   new_size = MIN2(new_size, PLAB::max_size());
 866   new_size = MAX2(new_size, PLAB::min_size());
 867 
 868   // Record new heuristic value even if we take any shortcut. This captures
 869   // the case when moderately-sized objects always take a shortcut. At some point,
 870   // heuristics should catch up with them.
 871   log_debug(gc, free)("Set new GCLAB size: %zu", new_size);
 872   ShenandoahThreadLocalData::set_gclab_size(thread, new_size);
 873 
 874   if (new_size < size) {
 875     // New size still does not fit the object. Fall back to shared allocation.
 876     // This avoids retiring perfectly good GCLABs, when we encounter a large object.
 877     log_debug(gc, free)("New gclab size (%zu) is too small for %zu", new_size, size);
 878     return nullptr;
 879   }
 880 
 881   // Retire current GCLAB, and allocate a new one.
 882   PLAB* gclab = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab(thread);
 883   gclab->retire();
 884 
 885   size_t actual_size = 0;
 886   HeapWord* gclab_buf = allocate_new_gclab(min_size, new_size, &actual_size);
 887   if (gclab_buf == nullptr) {
 888     return nullptr;
 889   }
 890 
 891   assert (size <= actual_size, "allocation should fit");
 892 
 893   // ...and clear or zap just allocated TLAB, if needed.
 894   if (ZeroTLAB) {
 895     Copy::zero_to_words(gclab_buf, actual_size);
 896   } else if (ZapTLAB) {
 897     // Skip mangling the space corresponding to the object header to
 898     // ensure that the returned space is not considered parsable by
 899     // any concurrent GC thread.
 900     size_t hdr_size = oopDesc::header_size();
 901     Copy::fill_to_words(gclab_buf + hdr_size, actual_size - hdr_size, badHeapWordVal);
 902   }
 903   gclab->set_buf(gclab_buf, actual_size);
 904   return gclab->allocate(size);
 905 }
 906 
 907 // Called from stubs in JIT code or interpreter
 908 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::allocate_new_tlab(size_t min_size,
 909                                             size_t requested_size,
 910                                             size_t* actual_size) {
 911   ShenandoahAllocRequest req = ShenandoahAllocRequest::for_tlab(min_size, requested_size);
 912   HeapWord* res = allocate_memory(req);
 913   if (res != nullptr) {
 914     *actual_size = req.actual_size();
 915   } else {
 916     *actual_size = 0;
 917   }
 918   return res;
 919 }
 920 
 921 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::allocate_new_gclab(size_t min_size,
 922                                              size_t word_size,
 923                                              size_t* actual_size) {
 924   ShenandoahAllocRequest req = ShenandoahAllocRequest::for_gclab(min_size, word_size);
 925   HeapWord* res = allocate_memory(req);
 926   if (res != nullptr) {
 927     *actual_size = req.actual_size();
 928   } else {
 929     *actual_size = 0;
 930   }
 931   return res;
 932 }
 933 
 934 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::allocate_memory(ShenandoahAllocRequest& req) {
 935   bool in_new_region = false;
 936   HeapWord* result = nullptr;
 937 
 938   if (req.is_mutator_alloc()) {
 939 
 940     if (!ShenandoahAllocFailureALot || !should_inject_alloc_failure()) {
 941       result = allocate_memory_under_lock(req, in_new_region);
 942     }
 943 
 944     // Check that gc overhead is not exceeded.
 945     //
 946     // Shenandoah will grind along for quite a while allocating one
 947     // object at a time using shared (non-tlab) allocations. This check
 948     // is testing that the GC overhead limit has not been exceeded.
 949     // This will notify the collector to start a cycle, but will raise
 950     // an OOME to the mutator if the last Full GCs have not made progress.
 951     // gc_no_progress_count is incremented following each degen or full GC that fails to achieve is_good_progress().
 952     if (result == nullptr && !req.is_lab_alloc() && get_gc_no_progress_count() > ShenandoahNoProgressThreshold) {
 953       control_thread()->handle_alloc_failure(req, false);
 954       req.set_actual_size(0);
 955       return nullptr;
 956     }
 957 
 958     if (result == nullptr) {
 959       // Block until control thread reacted, then retry allocation.
 960       //
 961       // It might happen that one of the threads requesting allocation would unblock
 962       // way later after GC happened, only to fail the second allocation, because
 963       // other threads have already depleted the free storage. In this case, a better
 964       // strategy is to try again, until at least one full GC has completed.
 965       //
 966       // Stop retrying and return nullptr to cause OOMError exception if our allocation failed even after:
 967       //   a) We experienced a GC that had good progress, or
 968       //   b) We experienced at least one Full GC (whether or not it had good progress)
 969 
 970       const size_t original_count = shenandoah_policy()->full_gc_count();
 971       while (result == nullptr && should_retry_allocation(original_count)) {
 972         control_thread()->handle_alloc_failure(req, true);
 973         result = allocate_memory_under_lock(req, in_new_region);
 974       }
 975       if (result != nullptr) {
 976         // If our allocation request has been satisfied after it initially failed, we count this as good gc progress
 977         notify_gc_progress();
 978       }
 979       if (log_develop_is_enabled(Debug, gc, alloc)) {
 980         ResourceMark rm;
 981         log_debug(gc, alloc)("Thread: %s, Result: " PTR_FORMAT ", Request: %s, Size: %zu"
 982                              ", Original: %zu, Latest: %zu",
 983                              Thread::current()->name(), p2i(result), req.type_string(), req.size(),
 984                              original_count, get_gc_no_progress_count());
 985       }
 986     }
 987   } else {
 988     assert(req.is_gc_alloc(), "Can only accept GC allocs here");
 989     result = allocate_memory_under_lock(req, in_new_region);
 990     // Do not call handle_alloc_failure() here, because we cannot block.
 991     // The allocation failure would be handled by the LRB slowpath with handle_alloc_failure_evac().
 992   }
 993 
 994   if (in_new_region) {
 995     notify_heap_changed();
 996   }
 997 
 998   if (result == nullptr) {
 999     req.set_actual_size(0);
1000   }
1001 
1002   if (result != nullptr) {
1003     size_t requested = req.size();
1004     size_t actual = req.actual_size();
1005 
1006     assert (req.is_lab_alloc() || (requested == actual),
1007             "Only LAB allocations are elastic: %s, requested = %zu, actual = %zu",
1008             req.type_string(), requested, actual);
1009   }
1010 
1011   return result;
1012 }
1013 
1014 inline bool ShenandoahHeap::should_retry_allocation(size_t original_full_gc_count) const {
1015   return shenandoah_policy()->full_gc_count() == original_full_gc_count
1016       && !shenandoah_policy()->is_at_shutdown();
1017 }
1018 
1019 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::allocate_memory_under_lock(ShenandoahAllocRequest& req, bool& in_new_region) {
1020   // If we are dealing with mutator allocation, then we may need to block for safepoint.
1021   // We cannot block for safepoint for GC allocations, because there is a high chance
1022   // we are already running at safepoint or from stack watermark machinery, and we cannot
1023   // block again.
1024   ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(lock(), req.is_mutator_alloc());
1025 
1026   // Make sure the old generation has room for either evacuations or promotions before trying to allocate.
1027   if (req.is_old() && !old_generation()->can_allocate(req)) {
1028     return nullptr;
1029   }
1030 
1031   // If TLAB request size is greater than available, allocate() will attempt to downsize request to fit within available
1032   // memory.
1033   HeapWord* result = _free_set->allocate(req, in_new_region);
1034 
1035   // Record the plab configuration for this result and register the object.
1036   if (result != nullptr && req.is_old()) {
1037     if (req.is_lab_alloc()) {
1038       old_generation()->configure_plab_for_current_thread(req);
1039     } else {
1040       // Register the newly allocated object while we're holding the global lock since there's no synchronization
1041       // built in to the implementation of register_object().  There are potential races when multiple independent
1042       // threads are allocating objects, some of which might span the same card region.  For example, consider
1043       // a card table's memory region within which three objects are being allocated by three different threads:
1044       //
1045       // objects being "concurrently" allocated:
1046       //    [-----a------][-----b-----][--------------c------------------]
1047       //            [---- card table memory range --------------]
1048       //
1049       // Before any objects are allocated, this card's memory range holds no objects.  Note that allocation of object a
1050       // wants to set the starts-object, first-start, and last-start attributes of the preceding card region.
1051       // Allocation of object b wants to set the starts-object, first-start, and last-start attributes of this card region.
1052       // Allocation of object c also wants to set the starts-object, first-start, and last-start attributes of this
1053       // card region.
1054       //
1055       // The thread allocating b and the thread allocating c can "race" in various ways, resulting in confusion, such as
1056       // last-start representing object b while first-start represents object c.  This is why we need to require all
1057       // register_object() invocations to be "mutually exclusive" with respect to each card's memory range.
1058       old_generation()->card_scan()->register_object(result);
1059 
1060       if (req.is_promotion()) {
1061         // Shared promotion.
1062         const size_t actual_size = req.actual_size() * HeapWordSize;
1063         log_debug(gc, plab)("Expend shared promotion of %zu bytes", actual_size);
1064         old_generation()->expend_promoted(actual_size);
1065       }
1066     }
1067   }
1068 
1069   return result;
1070 }
1071 
1072 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::mem_allocate(size_t size) {
1073   ShenandoahAllocRequest req = ShenandoahAllocRequest::for_shared(size);
1074   return allocate_memory(req);
1075 }
1076 
1077 oop ShenandoahHeap::array_allocate(Klass* klass, size_t size, int length, bool do_zero, TRAPS) {
1078   ShenandoahObjArrayAllocator allocator(klass, size, length, do_zero, THREAD);
1079   return allocator.allocate();
1080 }
1081 
1082 MetaWord* ShenandoahHeap::satisfy_failed_metadata_allocation(ClassLoaderData* loader_data,
1083                                                              size_t size,
1084                                                              Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) {
1085   MetaWord* result;
1086 
1087   // Inform metaspace OOM to GC heuristics if class unloading is possible.
1088   ShenandoahHeuristics* h = global_generation()->heuristics();
1089   if (h->can_unload_classes()) {
1090     h->record_metaspace_oom();
1091   }
1092 
1093   // Expand and retry allocation
1094   result = loader_data->metaspace_non_null()->expand_and_allocate(size, mdtype);
1095   if (result != nullptr) {
1096     return result;
1097   }
1098 
1099   // Start full GC
1100   collect(GCCause::_metadata_GC_clear_soft_refs);
1101 
1102   // Retry allocation
1103   result = loader_data->metaspace_non_null()->allocate(size, mdtype);
1104   if (result != nullptr) {
1105     return result;
1106   }
1107 
1108   // Expand and retry allocation
1109   result = loader_data->metaspace_non_null()->expand_and_allocate(size, mdtype);
1110   if (result != nullptr) {
1111     return result;
1112   }
1113 
1114   // Out of memory
1115   return nullptr;
1116 }
1117 
1118 class ShenandoahConcurrentEvacuateRegionObjectClosure : public ObjectClosure {
1119 private:
1120   ShenandoahHeap* const _heap;
1121   Thread* const _thread;
1122 public:
1123   ShenandoahConcurrentEvacuateRegionObjectClosure(ShenandoahHeap* heap) :
1124     _heap(heap), _thread(Thread::current()) {}
1125 
1126   void do_object(oop p) {
1127     shenandoah_assert_marked(nullptr, p);
1128     if (!p->is_forwarded()) {
1129       _heap->evacuate_object(p, _thread);
1130     }
1131   }
1132 };
1133 
1134 class ShenandoahEvacuationTask : public WorkerTask {
1135 private:
1136   ShenandoahHeap* const _sh;
1137   ShenandoahCollectionSet* const _cs;
1138   bool _concurrent;
1139 public:
1140   ShenandoahEvacuationTask(ShenandoahHeap* sh,
1141                            ShenandoahCollectionSet* cs,
1142                            bool concurrent) :
1143     WorkerTask("Shenandoah Evacuation"),
1144     _sh(sh),
1145     _cs(cs),
1146     _concurrent(concurrent)
1147   {}
1148 
1149   void work(uint worker_id) {
1150     if (_concurrent) {
1151       ShenandoahConcurrentWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
1152       SuspendibleThreadSetJoiner stsj;
1153       do_work();
1154     } else {
1155       ShenandoahParallelWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
1156       do_work();
1157     }
1158   }
1159 
1160 private:
1161   void do_work() {
1162     ShenandoahConcurrentEvacuateRegionObjectClosure cl(_sh);
1163     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r;
1164     while ((r =_cs->claim_next()) != nullptr) {
1165       assert(r->has_live(), "Region %zu should have been reclaimed early", r->index());
1166       _sh->marked_object_iterate(r, &cl);
1167 
1168       if (_sh->check_cancelled_gc_and_yield(_concurrent)) {
1169         break;
1170       }
1171     }
1172   }
1173 };
1174 
1175 class ShenandoahRetireGCLABClosure : public ThreadClosure {
1176 private:
1177   bool const _resize;
1178 public:
1179   explicit ShenandoahRetireGCLABClosure(bool resize) : _resize(resize) {}
1180   void do_thread(Thread* thread) override {
1181     PLAB* gclab = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab(thread);
1182     assert(gclab != nullptr, "GCLAB should be initialized for %s", thread->name());
1183     gclab->retire();
1184     if (_resize && ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab_size(thread) > 0) {
1185       ShenandoahThreadLocalData::set_gclab_size(thread, 0);
1186     }
1187 
1188     if (ShenandoahHeap::heap()->mode()->is_generational()) {
1189       ShenandoahPLAB* shenandoah_plab = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::shenandoah_plab(thread);
1190       assert(shenandoah_plab != nullptr, "PLAB should be initialized for %s", thread->name());
1191 
1192       // There are two reasons to retire all plabs between old-gen evacuation passes.
1193       //  1. We need to make the plab memory parsable by remembered-set scanning.
1194       //  2. We need to establish a trustworthy UpdateWaterMark value within each old-gen heap region
1195       shenandoah_plab->retire();
1196 
1197       // Re-enable promotions for the next evacuation phase.
1198       shenandoah_plab->enable_promotions();
1199 
1200       // Reset the fill size for next evacuation phase.
1201       if (_resize && shenandoah_plab->desired_size() > 0) {
1202         shenandoah_plab->set_desired_size(0);
1203       }
1204     }
1205   }
1206 };
1207 
1208 class ShenandoahGCStatePropagatorHandshakeClosure : public HandshakeClosure {
1209 public:
1210   explicit ShenandoahGCStatePropagatorHandshakeClosure(char gc_state) :
1211     HandshakeClosure("Shenandoah GC State Change"),
1212     _gc_state(gc_state) {}
1213 
1214   void do_thread(Thread* thread) override {
1215     ShenandoahThreadLocalData::set_gc_state(thread, _gc_state);
1216   }
1217 private:
1218   char _gc_state;
1219 };
1220 
1221 class ShenandoahPrepareForUpdateRefsHandshakeClosure : public HandshakeClosure {
1222 public:
1223   explicit ShenandoahPrepareForUpdateRefsHandshakeClosure(char gc_state) :
1224     HandshakeClosure("Shenandoah Prepare for Update Refs"),
1225     _retire(ResizeTLAB), _propagator(gc_state) {}
1226 
1227   void do_thread(Thread* thread) override {
1228     _propagator.do_thread(thread);
1229     if (ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab(thread) != nullptr) {
1230       _retire.do_thread(thread);
1231     }
1232   }
1233 private:
1234   ShenandoahRetireGCLABClosure _retire;
1235   ShenandoahGCStatePropagatorHandshakeClosure _propagator;
1236 };
1237 
1238 void ShenandoahHeap::evacuate_collection_set(ShenandoahGeneration* generation, bool concurrent) {
1239   assert(generation->is_global(), "Only global generation expected here");
1240   ShenandoahEvacuationTask task(this, _collection_set, concurrent);
1241   workers()->run_task(&task);
1242 }
1243 
1244 void ShenandoahHeap::concurrent_prepare_for_update_refs() {
1245   {
1246     // Java threads take this lock while they are being attached and added to the list of threads.
1247     // If another thread holds this lock before we update the gc state, it will receive a stale
1248     // gc state, but they will have been added to the list of java threads and so will be corrected
1249     // by the following handshake.
1250     MutexLocker lock(Threads_lock);
1251 
1252     // A cancellation at this point means the degenerated cycle must resume from update-refs.
1253     set_gc_state_concurrent(EVACUATION, false);
1254     set_gc_state_concurrent(WEAK_ROOTS, false);
1255     set_gc_state_concurrent(UPDATE_REFS, true);
1256   }
1257 
1258   // This will propagate the gc state and retire gclabs and plabs for threads that require it.
1259   ShenandoahPrepareForUpdateRefsHandshakeClosure prepare_for_update_refs(_gc_state.raw_value());
1260 
1261   // The handshake won't touch worker threads (or control thread, or VM thread), so do those separately.
1262   Threads::non_java_threads_do(&prepare_for_update_refs);
1263 
1264   // Now retire gclabs and plabs and propagate gc_state for mutator threads
1265   Handshake::execute(&prepare_for_update_refs);
1266 
1267   _update_refs_iterator.reset();
1268 }
1269 
1270 class ShenandoahCompositeHandshakeClosure : public HandshakeClosure {
1271   HandshakeClosure* _handshake_1;
1272   HandshakeClosure* _handshake_2;
1273   public:
1274     ShenandoahCompositeHandshakeClosure(HandshakeClosure* handshake_1, HandshakeClosure* handshake_2) :
1275       HandshakeClosure(handshake_2->name()),
1276       _handshake_1(handshake_1), _handshake_2(handshake_2) {}
1277 
1278   void do_thread(Thread* thread) override {
1279       _handshake_1->do_thread(thread);
1280       _handshake_2->do_thread(thread);
1281     }
1282 };
1283 
1284 void ShenandoahHeap::concurrent_final_roots(HandshakeClosure* handshake_closure) {
1285   {
1286     assert(!is_evacuation_in_progress(), "Should not evacuate for abbreviated or old cycles");
1287     MutexLocker lock(Threads_lock);
1288     set_gc_state_concurrent(WEAK_ROOTS, false);
1289   }
1290 
1291   ShenandoahGCStatePropagatorHandshakeClosure propagator(_gc_state.raw_value());
1292   Threads::non_java_threads_do(&propagator);
1293   if (handshake_closure == nullptr) {
1294     Handshake::execute(&propagator);
1295   } else {
1296     ShenandoahCompositeHandshakeClosure composite(&propagator, handshake_closure);
1297     Handshake::execute(&composite);
1298   }
1299 }
1300 
1301 oop ShenandoahHeap::evacuate_object(oop p, Thread* thread) {
1302   assert(thread == Thread::current(), "Expected thread parameter to be current thread.");
1303 
1304   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = heap_region_containing(p);
1305   assert(!r->is_humongous(), "never evacuate humongous objects");
1306 
1307   ShenandoahAffiliation target_gen = r->affiliation();
1308   return try_evacuate_object(p, thread, r, target_gen);
1309 }
1310 
1311 oop ShenandoahHeap::try_evacuate_object(oop p, Thread* thread, ShenandoahHeapRegion* from_region,
1312                                                ShenandoahAffiliation target_gen) {
1313   assert(target_gen == YOUNG_GENERATION, "Only expect evacuations to young in this mode");
1314   assert(from_region->is_young(), "Only expect evacuations from young in this mode");
1315   bool alloc_from_lab = true;
1316   HeapWord* copy = nullptr;
1317   size_t size = ShenandoahForwarding::size(p);
1318 
1319 #ifdef ASSERT
1320   if (ShenandoahOOMDuringEvacALot &&
1321       (os::random() & 1) == 0) { // Simulate OOM every ~2nd slow-path call
1322     copy = nullptr;
1323   } else {
1324 #endif
1325     if (UseTLAB) {
1326       copy = allocate_from_gclab(thread, size);
1327     }
1328     if (copy == nullptr) {
1329       // If we failed to allocate in LAB, we'll try a shared allocation.
1330       ShenandoahAllocRequest req = ShenandoahAllocRequest::for_shared_gc(size, target_gen);
1331       copy = allocate_memory(req);
1332       alloc_from_lab = false;
1333     }
1334 #ifdef ASSERT
1335   }
1336 #endif
1337 
1338   if (copy == nullptr) {
1339     control_thread()->handle_alloc_failure_evac(size);
1340 
1341     // Install the self-forwarded bit on p so other evacuators/LRBs see
1342     // the object as "already handled, do not try to evacuate". The CAS
1343     // may fail if another thread concurrently installed a real forwardee
1344     // (they succeeded where we failed) or self-forwarded first.
1345     markWord old_mark = p->mark();
1346     if (old_mark.is_forwarded()) {
1347       return ShenandoahForwarding::get_forwardee(p);
1348     }
1349     oop winner = ShenandoahForwarding::try_forward_to_self(p, old_mark);
1350     if (winner == nullptr) {
1351       // We own the self-forwarding. Flag the region so the degen/full GC
1352       // entry drain knows to scan it for self_fwd bits to clear.
1353       from_region->set_has_self_forwards();
1354       return p;
1355     }
1356     return winner;
1357   }
1358 
1359   if (ShenandoahEvacTracking) {
1360     evac_tracker()->begin_evacuation(thread, size * HeapWordSize, from_region->affiliation(), target_gen);
1361   }
1362 
1363   // Copy the object:
1364   Copy::aligned_disjoint_words(cast_from_oop<HeapWord*>(p), copy, size);
1365 
1366   oop copy_val = cast_to_oop(copy);
1367 
1368   // Relativize stack chunks before publishing the copy. After the forwarding CAS,
1369   // mutators can see the copy and thaw it via the fast path if flags == 0. We must
1370   // relativize derived pointers and set gc_mode before that happens. Skip if the
1371   // copy's mark word is already a forwarding pointer (another thread won the race
1372   // and overwrote the original's header before we copied it).
1373   if (!ShenandoahForwarding::is_forwarded(copy_val)) {
1374     ContinuationGCSupport::relativize_stack_chunk(copy_val);
1375   }
1376 
1377   // Try to install the new forwarding pointer.
1378   oop result = ShenandoahForwarding::try_update_forwardee(p, copy_val);
1379   if (result == copy_val) {
1380     // Successfully evacuated. Our copy is now the public one!
1381     shenandoah_assert_correct(nullptr, copy_val);
1382     if (ShenandoahEvacTracking) {
1383       evac_tracker()->end_evacuation(thread, size * HeapWordSize, from_region->affiliation(), target_gen);
1384     }
1385     return copy_val;
1386   }  else {
1387     // Failed to evacuate. We need to deal with the object that is left behind. Since this
1388     // new allocation is certainly after TAMS, it will be considered live in the next cycle.
1389     // But if it happens to contain references to evacuated regions, those references would
1390     // not get updated for this stale copy during this cycle, and we will crash while scanning
1391     // it the next cycle.
1392     if (alloc_from_lab) {
1393       // For LAB allocations, it is enough to rollback the allocation ptr. Either the next
1394       // object will overwrite this stale copy, or the filler object on LAB retirement will
1395       // do this.
1396       ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab(thread)->undo_allocation(copy, size);
1397     } else {
1398       // For non-LAB allocations, we have no way to retract the allocation, and
1399       // have to explicitly overwrite the copy with the filler object. With that overwrite,
1400       // we have to keep the fwdptr initialized and pointing to our (stale) copy.
1401       assert(size >= ShenandoahHeap::min_fill_size(), "previously allocated object known to be larger than min_size");
1402       fill_with_object(copy, size);
1403       shenandoah_assert_correct(nullptr, copy_val);
1404       // For non-LAB allocations, the object has already been registered
1405     }
1406     shenandoah_assert_correct(nullptr, result);
1407     return result;
1408   }
1409 }
1410 
1411 // Clear the self_fwd bit on a live cset object, if set. Runs at a safepoint,
1412 // so a plain store is sufficient — no concurrent writers to the mark word.
1413 class ShenandoahUnSelfForwardObjectClosure : public ObjectClosure {
1414 public:
1415   void do_object(oop obj) override {
1416     markWord m = obj->mark();
1417     if (m.is_self_forwarded()) {
1418       obj->set_mark(m.unset_self_forwarded());
1419     }
1420   }
1421 };
1422 
1423 // Parallel task over flagged cset regions. Iterates the live objects via the
1424 // mark bitmap (skipping evacuated and never-marked memory), clears self_fwd
1425 // bits, and resets the region flag once done.
1426 class ShenandoahUnSelfForwardTask : public WorkerTask {
1427 private:
1428   ShenandoahHeap*          const _heap;
1429   ShenandoahCollectionSet* const _cs;
1430 
1431 public:
1432   ShenandoahUnSelfForwardTask(ShenandoahHeap* heap, ShenandoahCollectionSet* cs) :
1433     WorkerTask("Shenandoah Un-Self-Forward"),
1434     _heap(heap),
1435     _cs(cs) {}
1436 
1437   void work(uint worker_id) override {
1438     ShenandoahParallelWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
1439     ShenandoahUnSelfForwardObjectClosure cl;
1440     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r;
1441     while ((r = _cs->claim_next()) != nullptr) {
1442       if (r->has_self_forwards()) {
1443         _heap->marked_object_iterate(r, &cl);
1444         r->clear_has_self_forwards();
1445       }
1446     }
1447   }
1448 };
1449 
1450 void ShenandoahHeap::un_self_forward_cset_regions() {
1451   assert(ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "must be at safepoint");
1452   ShenandoahCollectionSet* cs = collection_set();
1453   if (cs == nullptr || cs->is_empty()) {
1454     return;
1455   }
1456   cs->clear_current_index();
1457   ShenandoahUnSelfForwardTask task(this, cs);
1458   workers()->run_task(&task);
1459   DEBUG_ONLY(assert_no_self_forwards());
1460 }
1461 
1462 #ifdef ASSERT
1463 void ShenandoahHeap::assert_no_self_forwards() const {
1464   assert(ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "must be at safepoint");
1465   ShenandoahCollectionSet* cs = collection_set();
1466   if (cs == nullptr) return;
1467   cs->clear_current_index();
1468   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r;
1469   while ((r = cs->next()) != nullptr) {
1470     assert(!r->has_self_forwards(), "region still flagged after drain");
1471   }
1472   cs->clear_current_index();
1473 }
1474 #endif
1475 
1476 void ShenandoahHeap::trash_cset_regions() {
1477   ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(lock());
1478 
1479   ShenandoahCollectionSet* set = collection_set();
1480   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r;
1481   set->clear_current_index();
1482   while ((r = set->next()) != nullptr) {
1483     r->make_trash();
1484   }
1485   collection_set()->clear();
1486 }
1487 
1488 void ShenandoahHeap::print_heap_regions_on(outputStream* st) const {
1489   st->print_cr("Heap Regions:");
1490   st->print_cr("Region state: EU=empty-uncommitted, EC=empty-committed, R=regular, H=humongous start, HP=pinned humongous start");
1491   st->print_cr("              HC=humongous continuation, CS=collection set, TR=trash, P=pinned, CSP=pinned collection set");
1492   st->print_cr("BTE=bottom/top/end, TAMS=top-at-mark-start");
1493   st->print_cr("UWM=update watermark, U=used");
1494   st->print_cr("T=TLAB allocs, G=GCLAB allocs");
1495   st->print_cr("S=shared allocs, L=live data");
1496   st->print_cr("CP=critical pins");
1497 
1498   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_regions(); i++) {
1499     get_region(i)->print_on(st);
1500   }
1501 }
1502 
1503 void ShenandoahHeap::process_gc_stats() const {
1504   // Commit worker statistics to cycle data
1505   phase_timings()->flush_par_workers_to_cycle();
1506 
1507   // Print GC stats for current cycle
1508   LogTarget(Info, gc, stats) lt;
1509   if (lt.is_enabled()) {
1510     ResourceMark rm;
1511     LogStream ls(lt);
1512     phase_timings()->print_cycle_on(&ls);
1513     if (ShenandoahEvacTracking) {
1514       ShenandoahCycleStats  evac_stats = evac_tracker()->flush_cycle_to_global();
1515       evac_tracker()->print_evacuations_on(&ls, &evac_stats.workers,
1516                                                &evac_stats.mutators);
1517     }
1518   }
1519 
1520   // Commit statistics to globals
1521   phase_timings()->flush_cycle_to_global();
1522 }
1523 
1524 size_t ShenandoahHeap::trash_humongous_region_at(ShenandoahHeapRegion* start) const {
1525   assert(start->is_humongous_start(), "reclaim regions starting with the first one");
1526   assert(!start->has_live(), "liveness must be zero");
1527 
1528   // Do not try to get the size of this humongous object. STW collections will
1529   // have already unloaded classes, so an unmarked object may have a bad klass pointer.
1530   ShenandoahHeapRegion* region = start;
1531   size_t index = region->index();
1532   do {
1533     assert(region->is_humongous(), "Expect correct humongous start or continuation");
1534     assert(!region->is_cset(), "Humongous region should not be in collection set");
1535     region->make_trash_immediate();
1536     region = get_region(++index);
1537   } while (region != nullptr && region->is_humongous_continuation());
1538 
1539   // Return number of regions trashed
1540   return index - start->index();
1541 }
1542 
1543 class ShenandoahCheckCleanGCLABClosure : public ThreadClosure {
1544 public:
1545   ShenandoahCheckCleanGCLABClosure() {}
1546   void do_thread(Thread* thread) {
1547     PLAB* gclab = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::gclab(thread);
1548     assert(gclab != nullptr, "GCLAB should be initialized for %s", thread->name());
1549     assert(gclab->words_remaining() == 0, "GCLAB should not need retirement");
1550 
1551     if (ShenandoahHeap::heap()->mode()->is_generational()) {
1552       ShenandoahPLAB* shenandoah_plab = ShenandoahThreadLocalData::shenandoah_plab(thread);
1553       assert(shenandoah_plab != nullptr, "PLAB should be initialized for %s", thread->name());
1554       assert(shenandoah_plab->plab()->words_remaining() == 0, "PLAB should not need retirement");
1555     }
1556   }
1557 };
1558 
1559 void ShenandoahHeap::labs_make_parsable() {
1560   assert(UseTLAB, "Only call with UseTLAB");
1561 
1562   ShenandoahRetireGCLABClosure cl(false);
1563 
1564   for (JavaThreadIteratorWithHandle jtiwh; JavaThread *t = jtiwh.next(); ) {
1565     ThreadLocalAllocBuffer& tlab = t->tlab();
1566     tlab.make_parsable();
1567     if (ZeroTLAB) {
1568       t->retire_tlab();
1569     }
1570     cl.do_thread(t);
1571   }
1572 
1573   workers()->threads_do(&cl);
1574 
1575   if (safepoint_workers() != nullptr) {
1576     safepoint_workers()->threads_do(&cl);
1577   }
1578 }
1579 
1580 void ShenandoahHeap::tlabs_retire(bool resize) {
1581   assert(UseTLAB, "Only call with UseTLAB");
1582   assert(!resize || ResizeTLAB, "Only call for resize when ResizeTLAB is enabled");
1583 
1584   ThreadLocalAllocStats stats;
1585 
1586   for (JavaThreadIteratorWithHandle jtiwh; JavaThread *t = jtiwh.next(); ) {
1587     t->retire_tlab(&stats);
1588     if (resize) {
1589       t->tlab().resize();
1590     }
1591   }
1592 
1593   stats.publish();
1594 
1595 #ifdef ASSERT
1596   ShenandoahCheckCleanGCLABClosure cl;
1597   for (JavaThreadIteratorWithHandle jtiwh; JavaThread *t = jtiwh.next(); ) {
1598     cl.do_thread(t);
1599   }
1600   workers()->threads_do(&cl);
1601 #endif
1602 }
1603 
1604 void ShenandoahHeap::gclabs_retire(bool resize) {
1605   assert(UseTLAB, "Only call with UseTLAB");
1606   assert(!resize || ResizeTLAB, "Only call for resize when ResizeTLAB is enabled");
1607 
1608   ShenandoahRetireGCLABClosure cl(resize);
1609   for (JavaThreadIteratorWithHandle jtiwh; JavaThread *t = jtiwh.next(); ) {
1610     cl.do_thread(t);
1611   }
1612 
1613   workers()->threads_do(&cl);
1614 
1615   if (safepoint_workers() != nullptr) {
1616     safepoint_workers()->threads_do(&cl);
1617   }
1618 }
1619 
1620 // Returns size in bytes
1621 size_t ShenandoahHeap::unsafe_max_tlab_alloc() const {
1622   // Return the max allowed size, and let the allocation path
1623   // figure out the safe size for current allocation.
1624   return ShenandoahHeapRegion::max_tlab_size_bytes();
1625 }
1626 
1627 size_t ShenandoahHeap::max_tlab_size() const {
1628   // Returns size in words
1629   return ShenandoahHeapRegion::max_tlab_size_words();
1630 }
1631 
1632 void ShenandoahHeap::collect_as_vm_thread(GCCause::Cause cause) {
1633   // These requests are ignored because we can't easily have Shenandoah jump into
1634   // a synchronous (degenerated or full) cycle while it is in the middle of a concurrent
1635   // cycle. We _could_ cancel the concurrent cycle and then try to run a cycle directly
1636   // on the VM thread, but this would confuse the control thread mightily and doesn't
1637   // seem worth the trouble. Instead, we will have the caller thread run (and wait for) a
1638   // concurrent cycle in the prologue of the heap inspect/dump operation (see VM_HeapDumper::doit_prologue).
1639   // This is how other concurrent collectors in the JVM handle this scenario as well.
1640   assert(Thread::current()->is_VM_thread(), "Should be the VM thread");
1641   guarantee(cause == GCCause::_heap_dump || cause == GCCause::_heap_inspection, "Invalid cause");
1642 }
1643 
1644 void ShenandoahHeap::collect(GCCause::Cause cause) {
1645   control_thread()->request_gc(cause);
1646 }
1647 
1648 void ShenandoahHeap::do_full_collection(bool clear_all_soft_refs) {
1649   // This method is only called by `CollectedHeap::collect_as_vm_thread`, which we have
1650   // overridden to do nothing. See the comment there for an explanation of how heap inspections
1651   // work for Shenandoah.
1652   ShouldNotReachHere();
1653 }
1654 
1655 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::block_start(const void* addr) const {
1656   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = heap_region_containing(addr);
1657   if (r != nullptr) {
1658     return r->block_start(addr);
1659   }
1660   return nullptr;
1661 }
1662 
1663 bool ShenandoahHeap::block_is_obj(const HeapWord* addr) const {
1664   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = heap_region_containing(addr);
1665   return r->block_is_obj(addr);
1666 }
1667 
1668 bool ShenandoahHeap::print_location(outputStream* st, void* addr) const {
1669   return BlockLocationPrinter<ShenandoahHeap>::print_location(st, addr);
1670 }
1671 
1672 void ShenandoahHeap::prepare_for_verify() {
1673   if (SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint() && UseTLAB) {
1674     labs_make_parsable();
1675   }
1676 }
1677 
1678 void ShenandoahHeap::gc_threads_do(ThreadClosure* tcl) const {
1679   if (_shenandoah_policy->is_at_shutdown()) {
1680     return;
1681   }
1682 
1683   if (_control_thread != nullptr) {
1684     tcl->do_thread(_control_thread);
1685   }
1686 
1687   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
1688     tcl->do_thread(_uncommit_thread);
1689   }
1690 
1691   workers()->threads_do(tcl);
1692   if (_safepoint_workers != nullptr) {
1693     _safepoint_workers->threads_do(tcl);
1694   }
1695 }
1696 
1697 void ShenandoahHeap::print_tracing_info() const {
1698   LogTarget(Info, gc, stats) lt;
1699   if (lt.is_enabled()) {
1700     ResourceMark rm;
1701     LogStream ls(lt);
1702 
1703     if (ShenandoahEvacTracking) {
1704       evac_tracker()->print_global_on(&ls);
1705       ls.cr();
1706       ls.cr();
1707     }
1708 
1709     phase_timings()->print_global_on(&ls);
1710 
1711     ls.cr();
1712     ls.cr();
1713 
1714     shenandoah_policy()->print_gc_stats(&ls);
1715 
1716     ls.cr();
1717     ls.cr();
1718   }
1719 }
1720 
1721 // Active generation may only be set by the VM thread at a safepoint.
1722 void ShenandoahHeap::set_active_generation(ShenandoahGeneration* generation) {
1723   assert(Thread::current()->is_VM_thread(), "Only the VM Thread");
1724   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Only at a safepoint!");
1725   _active_generation = generation;
1726 }
1727 
1728 void ShenandoahHeap::on_cycle_start(GCCause::Cause cause, ShenandoahGeneration* generation,
1729                                     bool is_degenerated, bool is_out_of_cycle) {
1730   shenandoah_policy()->record_collection_cause(cause);
1731 
1732   const GCCause::Cause current = gc_cause();
1733   assert(current == GCCause::_no_gc, "Over-writing cause: %s, with: %s",
1734          GCCause::to_string(current), GCCause::to_string(cause));
1735 
1736   set_gc_cause(cause);
1737 
1738   if (is_degenerated) {
1739     generation->heuristics()->record_degenerated_cycle_start(is_out_of_cycle);
1740   } else {
1741     generation->heuristics()->record_cycle_start();
1742   }
1743 }
1744 
1745 void ShenandoahHeap::on_cycle_end(ShenandoahGeneration* generation) {
1746   assert(gc_cause() != GCCause::_no_gc, "cause wasn't set");
1747 
1748   generation->heuristics()->record_cycle_end();
1749   if (mode()->is_generational() && generation->is_global()) {
1750     // If we just completed a GLOBAL GC, claim credit for completion of young-gen and old-gen GC as well
1751     young_generation()->heuristics()->record_cycle_end();
1752     old_generation()->heuristics()->record_cycle_end();
1753   }
1754 
1755   set_gc_cause(GCCause::_no_gc);
1756 }
1757 
1758 void ShenandoahHeap::verify(VerifyOption vo) {
1759   if (ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint()) {
1760     if (ShenandoahVerify) {
1761       verifier()->verify_generic(active_generation(), vo);
1762     } else {
1763       // TODO: Consider allocating verification bitmaps on demand,
1764       // and turn this on unconditionally.
1765     }
1766   }
1767 }
1768 size_t ShenandoahHeap::tlab_capacity() const {
1769   return _free_set->capacity_not_holding_lock();
1770 }
1771 
1772 class ObjectIterateScanRootClosure : public BasicOopIterateClosure {
1773 private:
1774   MarkBitMap* _bitmap;
1775   ShenandoahScanObjectStack* _oop_stack;
1776   ShenandoahHeap* const _heap;
1777   ShenandoahMarkingContext* const _marking_context;
1778 
1779   template <class T>
1780   void do_oop_work(T* p) {
1781     T o = RawAccess<>::oop_load(p);
1782     if (!CompressedOops::is_null(o)) {
1783       oop obj = CompressedOops::decode_not_null(o);
1784       if (_heap->is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress() && !_marking_context->is_marked(obj)) {
1785         // There may be dead oops in weak roots in concurrent root phase, do not touch them.
1786         return;
1787       }
1788       obj = ShenandoahBarrierSet::barrier_set()->load_reference_barrier(obj);
1789 
1790       assert(oopDesc::is_oop(obj), "must be a valid oop");
1791       if (!_bitmap->is_marked(obj)) {
1792         _bitmap->mark(obj);
1793         _oop_stack->push(obj);
1794       }
1795     }
1796   }
1797 public:
1798   ObjectIterateScanRootClosure(MarkBitMap* bitmap, ShenandoahScanObjectStack* oop_stack) :
1799     _bitmap(bitmap), _oop_stack(oop_stack), _heap(ShenandoahHeap::heap()),
1800     _marking_context(_heap->marking_context()) {}
1801   void do_oop(oop* p)       { do_oop_work(p); }
1802   void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { do_oop_work(p); }
1803 };
1804 
1805 /*
1806  * This is public API, used in preparation of object_iterate().
1807  * Since we don't do linear scan of heap in object_iterate() (see comment below), we don't
1808  * need to make the heap parsable. For Shenandoah-internal linear heap scans that we can
1809  * control, we call SH::tlabs_retire, SH::gclabs_retire.
1810  */
1811 void ShenandoahHeap::ensure_parsability(bool retire_tlabs) {
1812   // No-op.
1813 }
1814 
1815 /*
1816  * Iterates objects in the heap. This is public API, used for, e.g., heap dumping.
1817  *
1818  * We cannot safely iterate objects by doing a linear scan at random points in time. Linear
1819  * scanning needs to deal with dead objects, which may have dead Klass* pointers (e.g.
1820  * calling oopDesc::size() would crash) or dangling reference fields (crashes) etc. Linear
1821  * scanning therefore depends on having a valid marking bitmap to support it. However, we only
1822  * have a valid marking bitmap after successful marking. In particular, we *don't* have a valid
1823  * marking bitmap during marking, after aborted marking or during/after cleanup (when we just
1824  * wiped the bitmap in preparation for next marking).
1825  *
1826  * For all those reasons, we implement object iteration as a single marking traversal, reporting
1827  * objects as we mark+traverse through the heap, starting from GC roots. JVMTI IterateThroughHeap
1828  * is allowed to report dead objects, but is not required to do so.
1829  */
1830 void ShenandoahHeap::object_iterate(ObjectClosure* cl) {
1831   // Reset bitmap
1832   if (!prepare_aux_bitmap_for_iteration())
1833     return;
1834 
1835   ShenandoahScanObjectStack oop_stack;
1836   ObjectIterateScanRootClosure oops(&_aux_bit_map, &oop_stack);
1837   // Seed the stack with root scan
1838   scan_roots_for_iteration(&oop_stack, &oops);
1839 
1840   // Work through the oop stack to traverse heap
1841   while (! oop_stack.is_empty()) {
1842     oop obj = oop_stack.pop();
1843     assert(oopDesc::is_oop(obj), "must be a valid oop");
1844     cl->do_object(obj);
1845     obj->oop_iterate(&oops);
1846   }
1847 
1848   assert(oop_stack.is_empty(), "should be empty");
1849   // Reclaim bitmap
1850   reclaim_aux_bitmap_for_iteration();
1851 }
1852 
1853 bool ShenandoahHeap::prepare_aux_bitmap_for_iteration() {
1854   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "safe iteration is only available during safepoints");
1855   if (!_aux_bitmap_region_special) {
1856     bool success = os::commit_memory((char *) _aux_bitmap_region.start(), _aux_bitmap_region.byte_size(), false);
1857     if (!success) {
1858       log_warning(gc)("Auxiliary marking bitmap commit failed: " PTR_FORMAT " (%zu bytes)",
1859                       p2i(_aux_bitmap_region.start()), _aux_bitmap_region.byte_size());
1860       return false;
1861     }
1862   }
1863   _aux_bit_map.clear();
1864   return true;
1865 }
1866 
1867 void ShenandoahHeap::scan_roots_for_iteration(ShenandoahScanObjectStack* oop_stack, ObjectIterateScanRootClosure* oops) {
1868   // Process GC roots according to current GC cycle
1869   // This populates the work stack with initial objects
1870   // It is important to relinquish the associated locks before diving
1871   // into heap dumper
1872   uint n_workers = safepoint_workers() != nullptr ? safepoint_workers()->active_workers() : 1;
1873   ShenandoahHeapIterationRootScanner rp(n_workers);
1874   rp.roots_do(oops);
1875 }
1876 
1877 void ShenandoahHeap::reclaim_aux_bitmap_for_iteration() {
1878   if (!_aux_bitmap_region_special) {
1879     os::uncommit_memory((char*)_aux_bitmap_region.start(), _aux_bitmap_region.byte_size());
1880   }
1881 }
1882 
1883 // Closure for parallelly iterate objects
1884 class ShenandoahObjectIterateParScanClosure : public BasicOopIterateClosure {
1885 private:
1886   MarkBitMap* _bitmap;
1887   ShenandoahObjToScanQueue* _queue;
1888   ShenandoahHeap* const _heap;
1889   ShenandoahMarkingContext* const _marking_context;
1890 
1891   template <class T>
1892   void do_oop_work(T* p) {
1893     T o = RawAccess<>::oop_load(p);
1894     if (!CompressedOops::is_null(o)) {
1895       oop obj = CompressedOops::decode_not_null(o);
1896       if (_heap->is_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress() && !_marking_context->is_marked(obj)) {
1897         // There may be dead oops in weak roots in concurrent root phase, do not touch them.
1898         return;
1899       }
1900       obj = ShenandoahBarrierSet::barrier_set()->load_reference_barrier(obj);
1901 
1902       assert(oopDesc::is_oop(obj), "Must be a valid oop");
1903       if (_bitmap->par_mark(obj)) {
1904         _queue->push(ShenandoahMarkTask(obj));
1905       }
1906     }
1907   }
1908 public:
1909   ShenandoahObjectIterateParScanClosure(MarkBitMap* bitmap, ShenandoahObjToScanQueue* q) :
1910     _bitmap(bitmap), _queue(q), _heap(ShenandoahHeap::heap()),
1911     _marking_context(_heap->marking_context()) {}
1912   void do_oop(oop* p)       { do_oop_work(p); }
1913   void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { do_oop_work(p); }
1914 };
1915 
1916 // Object iterator for parallel heap iteraion.
1917 // The root scanning phase happenes in construction as a preparation of
1918 // parallel marking queues.
1919 // Every worker processes it's own marking queue. work-stealing is used
1920 // to balance workload.
1921 class ShenandoahParallelObjectIterator : public ParallelObjectIteratorImpl {
1922 private:
1923   uint                         _num_workers;
1924   bool                         _init_ready;
1925   MarkBitMap*                  _aux_bit_map;
1926   ShenandoahHeap*              _heap;
1927   ShenandoahScanObjectStack    _roots_stack; // global roots stack
1928   ShenandoahObjToScanQueueSet* _task_queues;
1929 public:
1930   ShenandoahParallelObjectIterator(uint num_workers, MarkBitMap* bitmap) :
1931         _num_workers(num_workers),
1932         _init_ready(false),
1933         _aux_bit_map(bitmap),
1934         _heap(ShenandoahHeap::heap()) {
1935     // Initialize bitmap
1936     _init_ready = _heap->prepare_aux_bitmap_for_iteration();
1937     if (!_init_ready) {
1938       return;
1939     }
1940 
1941     ObjectIterateScanRootClosure oops(_aux_bit_map, &_roots_stack);
1942     _heap->scan_roots_for_iteration(&_roots_stack, &oops);
1943 
1944     _init_ready = prepare_worker_queues();
1945   }
1946 
1947   ~ShenandoahParallelObjectIterator() {
1948     // Reclaim bitmap
1949     _heap->reclaim_aux_bitmap_for_iteration();
1950     // Reclaim queue for workers
1951     if (_task_queues!= nullptr) {
1952       for (uint i = 0; i < _num_workers; ++i) {
1953         ShenandoahObjToScanQueue* q = _task_queues->queue(i);
1954         if (q != nullptr) {
1955           delete q;
1956           _task_queues->register_queue(i, nullptr);
1957         }
1958       }
1959       delete _task_queues;
1960       _task_queues = nullptr;
1961     }
1962   }
1963 
1964   virtual void object_iterate(ObjectClosure* cl, uint worker_id) {
1965     if (_init_ready) {
1966       object_iterate_parallel(cl, worker_id, _task_queues);
1967     }
1968   }
1969 
1970 private:
1971   // Divide global root_stack into worker queues
1972   bool prepare_worker_queues() {
1973     _task_queues = new ShenandoahObjToScanQueueSet((int) _num_workers);
1974     // Initialize queues for every workers
1975     for (uint i = 0; i < _num_workers; ++i) {
1976       ShenandoahObjToScanQueue* task_queue = new ShenandoahObjToScanQueue();
1977       _task_queues->register_queue(i, task_queue);
1978     }
1979     // Divide roots among the workers. Assume that object referencing distribution
1980     // is related with root kind, use round-robin to make every worker have same chance
1981     // to process every kind of roots
1982     size_t roots_num = _roots_stack.size();
1983     if (roots_num == 0) {
1984       // No work to do
1985       return false;
1986     }
1987 
1988     for (uint j = 0; j < roots_num; j++) {
1989       uint stack_id = j % _num_workers;
1990       oop obj = _roots_stack.pop();
1991       _task_queues->queue(stack_id)->push(ShenandoahMarkTask(obj));
1992     }
1993     return true;
1994   }
1995 
1996   void object_iterate_parallel(ObjectClosure* cl,
1997                                uint worker_id,
1998                                ShenandoahObjToScanQueueSet* queue_set) {
1999     assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "safe iteration is only available during safepoints");
2000     assert(queue_set != nullptr, "task queue must not be null");
2001 
2002     ShenandoahObjToScanQueue* q = queue_set->queue(worker_id);
2003     assert(q != nullptr, "object iterate queue must not be null");
2004 
2005     ShenandoahMarkTask t;
2006     ShenandoahObjectIterateParScanClosure oops(_aux_bit_map, q);
2007 
2008     // Work through the queue to traverse heap.
2009     // Steal when there is no task in queue.
2010     while (q->pop(t) || queue_set->steal(worker_id, t)) {
2011       oop obj = t.obj();
2012       assert(oopDesc::is_oop(obj), "must be a valid oop");
2013       cl->do_object(obj);
2014       obj->oop_iterate(&oops);
2015     }
2016     assert(q->is_empty(), "should be empty");
2017   }
2018 };
2019 
2020 ParallelObjectIteratorImpl* ShenandoahHeap::parallel_object_iterator(uint workers) {
2021   return new ShenandoahParallelObjectIterator(workers, &_aux_bit_map);
2022 }
2023 
2024 // Keep alive an object that was loaded with AS_NO_KEEPALIVE.
2025 void ShenandoahHeap::keep_alive(oop obj) {
2026   if (is_concurrent_mark_in_progress() && (obj != nullptr)) {
2027     ShenandoahBarrierSet::barrier_set()->enqueue(obj);
2028   }
2029 }
2030 
2031 void ShenandoahHeap::heap_region_iterate(ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* blk) const {
2032   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_regions(); i++) {
2033     ShenandoahHeapRegion* current = get_region(i);
2034     blk->heap_region_do(current);
2035   }
2036 }
2037 
2038 class ShenandoahHeapRegionIteratorTask : public WorkerTask {
2039 private:
2040   ShenandoahRegionIterator _regions;
2041   ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* _closure;
2042 
2043 public:
2044   ShenandoahHeapRegionIteratorTask(ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* closure)
2045     : WorkerTask("Shenandoah Heap Region Iterator")
2046     , _closure(closure) {}
2047 
2048   void work(uint worker_id) override {
2049     ShenandoahParallelWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
2050     ShenandoahHeapRegion* region = _regions.next();
2051     while (region != nullptr) {
2052       _closure->heap_region_do(region);
2053       region = _regions.next();
2054     }
2055   }
2056 };
2057 
2058 class ShenandoahParallelHeapRegionTask : public WorkerTask {
2059 private:
2060   ShenandoahHeap* const _heap;
2061   ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* const _blk;
2062   size_t const _stride;
2063 
2064   shenandoah_padding(0);
2065   Atomic<size_t> _index;
2066   shenandoah_padding(1);
2067 
2068 public:
2069   ShenandoahParallelHeapRegionTask(ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* blk, size_t stride) :
2070           WorkerTask("Shenandoah Parallel Region Operation"),
2071           _heap(ShenandoahHeap::heap()), _blk(blk), _stride(stride), _index(0) {}
2072 
2073   void work(uint worker_id) {
2074     ShenandoahParallelWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
2075     size_t stride = _stride;
2076 
2077     size_t max = _heap->num_regions();
2078     while (_index.load_relaxed() < max) {
2079       size_t cur = _index.fetch_then_add(stride, memory_order_relaxed);
2080       size_t start = cur;
2081       size_t end = MIN2(cur + stride, max);
2082       if (start >= max) break;
2083 
2084       for (size_t i = cur; i < end; i++) {
2085         ShenandoahHeapRegion* current = _heap->get_region(i);
2086         _blk->heap_region_do(current);
2087       }
2088     }
2089   }
2090 };
2091 
2092 void ShenandoahHeap::parallel_heap_region_iterate(ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* blk) const {
2093   assert(blk->is_thread_safe(), "Only thread-safe closures here");
2094   const uint active_workers = workers()->active_workers();
2095   const size_t n_regions = num_regions();
2096   size_t stride = blk->parallel_region_stride();
2097   if (stride == 0 && active_workers > 1) {
2098     // Automatically derive the stride to balance the work between threads
2099     // evenly. Do not try to split work if below the reasonable threshold.
2100     constexpr size_t threshold = 4096;
2101     stride = n_regions <= threshold ?
2102             threshold :
2103             (n_regions + active_workers - 1) / active_workers;
2104   }
2105 
2106   if (n_regions > stride && active_workers > 1) {
2107     ShenandoahParallelHeapRegionTask task(blk, stride);
2108     workers()->run_task(&task);
2109   } else {
2110     heap_region_iterate(blk);
2111   }
2112 }
2113 
2114 void ShenandoahHeap::heap_region_iterator(ShenandoahHeapRegionClosure* closure) const {
2115   ShenandoahHeapRegionIteratorTask task(closure);
2116   workers()->run_task(&task);
2117 }
2118 
2119 class ShenandoahRendezvousHandshakeClosure : public HandshakeClosure {
2120 public:
2121   inline ShenandoahRendezvousHandshakeClosure(const char* name) : HandshakeClosure(name) {}
2122   inline void do_thread(Thread* thread) {}
2123 };
2124 
2125 void ShenandoahHeap::rendezvous_threads(const char* name) {
2126   ShenandoahRendezvousHandshakeClosure cl(name);
2127   Handshake::execute(&cl);
2128 }
2129 
2130 void ShenandoahHeap::recycle_trash() {
2131   free_set()->recycle_trash();
2132 }
2133 
2134 void ShenandoahHeap::do_class_unloading() {
2135   _unloader.unload();
2136   if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2137     old_generation()->set_parsable(false);
2138   }
2139 }
2140 
2141 void ShenandoahHeap::stw_weak_refs(ShenandoahGeneration* generation, bool full_gc) {
2142   // Weak refs processing
2143   ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Phase phase = full_gc ? ShenandoahPhaseTimings::full_gc_weakrefs
2144                                                 : ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_weakrefs;
2145   ShenandoahTimingsTracker t(phase);
2146   ShenandoahGCWorkerPhase worker_phase(phase);
2147   generation->ref_processor()->process_references(phase, workers(), false /* concurrent */);
2148 }
2149 
2150 void ShenandoahHeap::prepare_update_heap_references() {
2151   assert(ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "must be at safepoint");
2152 
2153   // Evacuation is over, no GCLABs are needed anymore. GCLABs are under URWM, so we need to
2154   // make them parsable for update code to work correctly. Plus, we can compute new sizes
2155   // for future GCLABs here.
2156   if (UseTLAB) {
2157     ShenandoahGCPhase phase(ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_init_update_refs_manage_gclabs);
2158     gclabs_retire(ResizeTLAB);
2159   }
2160 
2161   _update_refs_iterator.reset();
2162 }
2163 
2164 void ShenandoahHeap::propagate_gc_state_to_all_threads() {
2165   assert(ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "Must be at Shenandoah safepoint");
2166   if (_gc_state_changed) {
2167     // If we are only marking old, we do not need to process young pointers
2168     ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set().set_filter_out_young(
2169       is_concurrent_old_mark_in_progress() && !is_concurrent_young_mark_in_progress()
2170     );
2171     ShenandoahGCStatePropagatorHandshakeClosure propagator(_gc_state.raw_value());
2172     Threads::threads_do(&propagator);
2173     _gc_state_changed = false;
2174   }
2175 }
2176 
2177 void ShenandoahHeap::set_gc_state_at_safepoint(uint mask, bool value) {
2178   assert(ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "Must be at Shenandoah safepoint");
2179   _gc_state.set_cond(mask, value);
2180   _gc_state_changed = true;
2181 }
2182 
2183 void ShenandoahHeap::set_gc_state_concurrent(uint mask, bool value) {
2184   // Holding the thread lock here assures that any thread created after we change the gc
2185   // state will have the correct state. It also prevents attaching threads from seeing
2186   // an inconsistent state. See ShenandoahBarrierSet::on_thread_attach for reference. Established
2187   // threads will use their thread local copy of the gc state (changed by a handshake, or on a
2188   // safepoint).
2189   assert(Threads_lock->is_locked(), "Must hold thread lock for concurrent gc state change");
2190   _gc_state.set_cond(mask, value);
2191 }
2192 
2193 void ShenandoahHeap::set_concurrent_young_mark_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2194   uint mask;
2195   assert(!has_forwarded_objects(), "Young marking is not concurrent with evacuation");
2196   if (!in_progress && is_concurrent_old_mark_in_progress()) {
2197     assert(mode()->is_generational(), "Only generational GC has old marking");
2198     assert(_gc_state.is_set(MARKING), "concurrent_old_marking_in_progress implies MARKING");
2199     // If old-marking is in progress when we turn off YOUNG_MARKING, leave MARKING (and OLD_MARKING) on
2200     mask = YOUNG_MARKING;
2201   } else {
2202     mask = MARKING | YOUNG_MARKING;
2203   }
2204   set_gc_state_at_safepoint(mask, in_progress);
2205   manage_satb_barrier(in_progress);
2206 }
2207 
2208 void ShenandoahHeap::set_concurrent_old_mark_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2209 #ifdef ASSERT
2210   // has_forwarded_objects() iff UPDATE_REFS or EVACUATION
2211   bool has_forwarded = has_forwarded_objects();
2212   bool updating_or_evacuating = _gc_state.is_set(UPDATE_REFS | EVACUATION);
2213   bool evacuating = _gc_state.is_set(EVACUATION);
2214   assert ((has_forwarded == updating_or_evacuating) || (evacuating && !has_forwarded && collection_set()->is_empty()),
2215           "Updating or evacuating iff has forwarded objects, or if evacuation phase is promoting in place without forwarding");
2216 #endif
2217   if (!in_progress && is_concurrent_young_mark_in_progress()) {
2218     // If young-marking is in progress when we turn off OLD_MARKING, leave MARKING (and YOUNG_MARKING) on
2219     assert(_gc_state.is_set(MARKING), "concurrent_young_marking_in_progress implies MARKING");
2220     set_gc_state_at_safepoint(OLD_MARKING, in_progress);
2221   } else {
2222     set_gc_state_at_safepoint(MARKING | OLD_MARKING, in_progress);
2223   }
2224   manage_satb_barrier(in_progress);
2225 }
2226 
2227 bool ShenandoahHeap::is_prepare_for_old_mark_in_progress() const {
2228   return old_generation()->is_preparing_for_mark();
2229 }
2230 
2231 void ShenandoahHeap::manage_satb_barrier(bool active) {
2232   if (is_concurrent_mark_in_progress()) {
2233     // Ignore request to deactivate barrier while concurrent mark is in progress.
2234     // Do not attempt to re-activate the barrier if it is already active.
2235     if (active && !ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set().is_active()) {
2236       ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set().set_active_all_threads(active, !active);
2237     }
2238   } else {
2239     // No concurrent marking is in progress so honor request to deactivate,
2240     // but only if the barrier is already active.
2241     if (!active && ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set().is_active()) {
2242       ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set().set_active_all_threads(active, !active);
2243     }
2244   }
2245 }
2246 
2247 void ShenandoahHeap::set_evacuation_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2248   assert(ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint(), "Only call this at safepoint");
2249   set_gc_state_at_safepoint(EVACUATION, in_progress);
2250 }
2251 
2252 void ShenandoahHeap::set_concurrent_strong_root_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2253   if (in_progress) {
2254     _concurrent_strong_root_in_progress.set();
2255   } else {
2256     _concurrent_strong_root_in_progress.unset();
2257   }
2258 }
2259 
2260 void ShenandoahHeap::set_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress(bool cond) {
2261   set_gc_state_at_safepoint(WEAK_ROOTS, cond);
2262 }
2263 
2264 GCTracer* ShenandoahHeap::tracer() {
2265   return shenandoah_policy()->tracer();
2266 }
2267 
2268 size_t ShenandoahHeap::tlab_used() const {
2269   return _free_set->used_not_holding_lock();
2270 }
2271 
2272 bool ShenandoahHeap::try_cancel_gc(GCCause::Cause cause) {
2273   const GCCause::Cause prev = _cancelled_gc.xchg(cause);
2274   return prev == GCCause::_no_gc || prev == GCCause::_shenandoah_concurrent_gc;
2275 }
2276 
2277 void ShenandoahHeap::cancel_concurrent_mark() {
2278   if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2279     young_generation()->cancel_marking();
2280     old_generation()->cancel_marking();
2281   }
2282 
2283   global_generation()->cancel_marking();
2284 
2285   ShenandoahBarrierSet::satb_mark_queue_set().abandon_partial_marking();
2286 }
2287 
2288 bool ShenandoahHeap::cancel_gc(GCCause::Cause cause) {
2289   if (try_cancel_gc(cause)) {
2290     FormatBuffer<> msg("Cancelling GC: %s", GCCause::to_string(cause));
2291     log_info(gc,thread)("%s", msg.buffer());
2292     Events::log(Thread::current(), "%s", msg.buffer());
2293     _cancel_requested_time = os::elapsedTime();
2294     return true;
2295   }
2296   return false;
2297 }
2298 
2299 uint ShenandoahHeap::max_workers() {
2300   return _max_workers;
2301 }
2302 
2303 void ShenandoahHeap::stop() {
2304   // The shutdown sequence should be able to terminate when GC is running.
2305 
2306   // Step 0. Notify policy to disable event recording and prevent visiting gc threads during shutdown
2307   _shenandoah_policy->record_shutdown();
2308 
2309   // Step 1. Stop reporting on gc thread cpu utilization
2310   mmu_tracker()->stop();
2311 
2312   // Step 2. Wait until GC worker exits normally (this will cancel any ongoing GC).
2313   control_thread()->stop();
2314 
2315   // Stop 4. Shutdown uncommit thread.
2316   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
2317     _uncommit_thread->stop();
2318   }
2319 }
2320 
2321 void ShenandoahHeap::stw_unload_classes(bool full_gc) {
2322   if (!unload_classes()) return;
2323   ClassUnloadingContext ctx(_workers->active_workers(),
2324                             true /* unregister_nmethods_during_purge */,
2325                             false /* lock_nmethod_free_separately */);
2326 
2327   // Unload classes and purge SystemDictionary.
2328   {
2329     ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Phase phase = full_gc ?
2330                                           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::full_gc_purge_class_unload :
2331                                           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_purge_class_unload;
2332     ShenandoahIsAliveSelector is_alive;
2333     {
2334       CodeCache::UnlinkingScope scope(is_alive.is_alive_closure());
2335       ShenandoahGCPhase gc_phase(phase);
2336       ShenandoahGCWorkerPhase worker_phase(phase);
2337       bool unloading_occurred = SystemDictionary::do_unloading(gc_timer());
2338 
2339       // Clean JVMCI metadata handles.
2340       JVMCI_ONLY(JVMCI::do_unloading(unloading_occurred));
2341 
2342       ShenandoahClassUnloadingTask unlink_task(phase, unloading_occurred);
2343       _workers->run_task(&unlink_task);
2344     }
2345     // Release unloaded nmethods's memory.
2346     ClassUnloadingContext::context()->purge_and_free_nmethods();
2347   }
2348 
2349   {
2350     ShenandoahGCPhase phase(full_gc ?
2351                             ShenandoahPhaseTimings::full_gc_purge_cldg :
2352                             ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_purge_cldg);
2353     ClassLoaderDataGraph::purge(true /* at_safepoint */);
2354   }
2355   // Resize and verify metaspace
2356   MetaspaceGC::compute_new_size();
2357 
2358   if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2359     old_generation()->set_parsable(false);
2360   }
2361 
2362   DEBUG_ONLY(MetaspaceUtils::verify();)
2363 }
2364 
2365 // Weak roots are either pre-evacuated (final mark) or updated (final update refs),
2366 // so they should not have forwarded oops.
2367 // However, we do need to "null" dead oops in the roots, if can not be done
2368 // in concurrent cycles.
2369 void ShenandoahHeap::stw_process_weak_roots(bool full_gc) {
2370   uint num_workers = _workers->active_workers();
2371   ShenandoahPhaseTimings::Phase timing_phase = full_gc ?
2372                                                ShenandoahPhaseTimings::full_gc_purge_weak_par :
2373                                                ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_purge_weak_par;
2374   ShenandoahGCPhase phase(timing_phase);
2375   ShenandoahGCWorkerPhase worker_phase(timing_phase);
2376   // Cleanup weak roots
2377   if (has_forwarded_objects()) {
2378     ShenandoahForwardedIsAliveClosure is_alive;
2379     ShenandoahNonConcUpdateRefsClosure keep_alive;
2380     ShenandoahParallelWeakRootsCleaningTask<ShenandoahForwardedIsAliveClosure, ShenandoahNonConcUpdateRefsClosure>
2381       cleaning_task(timing_phase, &is_alive, &keep_alive, num_workers);
2382     _workers->run_task(&cleaning_task);
2383   } else {
2384     ShenandoahIsAliveClosure is_alive;
2385 #ifdef ASSERT
2386     ShenandoahAssertNotForwardedClosure verify_cl;
2387     ShenandoahParallelWeakRootsCleaningTask<ShenandoahIsAliveClosure, ShenandoahAssertNotForwardedClosure>
2388       cleaning_task(timing_phase, &is_alive, &verify_cl, num_workers);
2389 #else
2390     ShenandoahParallelWeakRootsCleaningTask<ShenandoahIsAliveClosure, DoNothingClosure>
2391       cleaning_task(timing_phase, &is_alive, &do_nothing_cl, num_workers);
2392 #endif
2393     _workers->run_task(&cleaning_task);
2394   }
2395 }
2396 
2397 void ShenandoahHeap::parallel_cleaning(ShenandoahGeneration* generation, bool full_gc) {
2398   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be at a safepoint");
2399   assert(is_stw_gc_in_progress(), "Only for Degenerated and Full GC");
2400   ShenandoahGCPhase phase(full_gc ?
2401                           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::full_gc_purge :
2402                           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_purge);
2403   stw_weak_refs(generation, full_gc);
2404   stw_process_weak_roots(full_gc);
2405   stw_unload_classes(full_gc);
2406 }
2407 
2408 void ShenandoahHeap::set_has_forwarded_objects(bool cond) {
2409   set_gc_state_at_safepoint(HAS_FORWARDED, cond);
2410 }
2411 
2412 void ShenandoahHeap::set_unload_classes(bool uc) {
2413   _unload_classes.set_cond(uc);
2414 }
2415 
2416 bool ShenandoahHeap::unload_classes() const {
2417   return _unload_classes.is_set();
2418 }
2419 
2420 address ShenandoahHeap::in_cset_fast_test_addr() {
2421   ShenandoahHeap* heap = ShenandoahHeap::heap();
2422   assert(heap->collection_set() != nullptr, "Sanity");
2423   return (address) heap->collection_set()->biased_map_address();
2424 }
2425 
2426 void ShenandoahHeap::reset_bytes_allocated_since_gc_start() {
2427   // It is important to force_alloc_rate_sample() before the associated generation's bytes_allocated has been reset.
2428   // Note that we obtain heap lock to prevent additional allocations between sampling bytes_allocated_since_gc_start()
2429   // and reset_bytes_allocated_since_gc_start()
2430   {
2431     ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(lock());
2432     // unaccounted_bytes is the bytes not accounted for by our forced sample.  If the sample interval is too short,
2433     // the "forced sample" will not happen, and any recently allocated bytes are "unaccounted for".  We pretend these
2434     // bytes are allocated after the start of subsequent gc.
2435     size_t unaccounted_bytes;
2436     size_t bytes_allocated = _free_set->get_bytes_allocated_since_gc_start();
2437     if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2438       unaccounted_bytes = young_generation()->heuristics()->force_alloc_rate_sample(bytes_allocated);
2439     } else {
2440       // Single-gen Shenandoah uses global heuristics.
2441       unaccounted_bytes = heuristics()->force_alloc_rate_sample(bytes_allocated);
2442     }
2443     _free_set->reset_bytes_allocated_since_gc_start(unaccounted_bytes);
2444   }
2445 }
2446 
2447 void ShenandoahHeap::set_degenerated_gc_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2448   _degenerated_gc_in_progress.set_cond(in_progress);
2449 }
2450 
2451 void ShenandoahHeap::set_full_gc_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2452   _full_gc_in_progress.set_cond(in_progress);
2453 }
2454 
2455 void ShenandoahHeap::set_full_gc_move_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2456   assert (is_full_gc_in_progress(), "should be");
2457   _full_gc_move_in_progress.set_cond(in_progress);
2458 }
2459 
2460 void ShenandoahHeap::set_update_refs_in_progress(bool in_progress) {
2461   set_gc_state_at_safepoint(UPDATE_REFS, in_progress);
2462 }
2463 
2464 void ShenandoahHeap::register_nmethod(nmethod* nm) {
2465   ShenandoahCodeRoots::register_nmethod(nm);
2466 }
2467 
2468 void ShenandoahHeap::unregister_nmethod(nmethod* nm) {
2469   ShenandoahCodeRoots::unregister_nmethod(nm);
2470 }
2471 
2472 void ShenandoahHeap::pin_object(JavaThread* thr, oop o) {
2473   heap_region_containing(o)->record_pin();
2474 }
2475 
2476 void ShenandoahHeap::unpin_object(JavaThread* thr, oop o) {
2477   ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = heap_region_containing(o);
2478   assert(r != nullptr, "Sanity");
2479   assert(r->pin_count() > 0, "Region %zu should have non-zero pins", r->index());
2480   r->record_unpin();
2481 }
2482 
2483 void ShenandoahHeap::sync_pinned_region_status() {
2484   ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(lock());
2485 
2486   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_regions(); i++) {
2487     ShenandoahHeapRegion *r = get_region(i);
2488     if (r->is_active()) {
2489       if (r->is_pinned()) {
2490         if (r->pin_count() == 0) {
2491           r->make_unpinned();
2492         }
2493       } else {
2494         if (r->pin_count() > 0) {
2495           r->make_pinned();
2496         }
2497       }
2498     }
2499   }
2500 
2501   assert_pinned_region_status();
2502 }
2503 
2504 #ifdef ASSERT
2505 void ShenandoahHeap::assert_pinned_region_status() const {
2506   assert_pinned_region_status(global_generation());
2507 }
2508 
2509 void ShenandoahHeap::assert_pinned_region_status(ShenandoahGeneration* generation) const {
2510   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_regions(); i++) {
2511     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = get_region(i);
2512     if (generation->contains(r)) {
2513       assert((r->is_pinned() && r->pin_count() > 0) || (!r->is_pinned() && r->pin_count() == 0),
2514              "Region %zu pinning status is inconsistent", i);
2515     }
2516   }
2517 }
2518 #endif
2519 
2520 ConcurrentGCTimer* ShenandoahHeap::gc_timer() const {
2521   return _gc_timer;
2522 }
2523 
2524 void ShenandoahHeap::prepare_concurrent_roots() {
2525   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be at a safepoint");
2526   assert(!is_stw_gc_in_progress(), "Only concurrent GC");
2527   set_concurrent_strong_root_in_progress(!collection_set()->is_empty());
2528   set_concurrent_weak_root_in_progress(true);
2529   if (unload_classes()) {
2530     _unloader.prepare();
2531   }
2532 }
2533 
2534 void ShenandoahHeap::finish_concurrent_roots() {
2535   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be at a safepoint");
2536   assert(!is_stw_gc_in_progress(), "Only concurrent GC");
2537   if (unload_classes()) {
2538     _unloader.finish();
2539   }
2540 }
2541 
2542 #ifdef ASSERT
2543 void ShenandoahHeap::assert_gc_workers(uint nworkers) {
2544   assert(nworkers > 0 && nworkers <= max_workers(), "Sanity");
2545 
2546   if (ShenandoahSafepoint::is_at_shenandoah_safepoint()) {
2547     // Use ParallelGCThreads inside safepoints
2548     assert(nworkers == ParallelGCThreads, "Use ParallelGCThreads (%u) within safepoint, not %u",
2549            ParallelGCThreads, nworkers);
2550   } else {
2551     // Use ConcGCThreads outside safepoints
2552     assert(nworkers == ConcGCThreads, "Use ConcGCThreads (%u) outside safepoints, %u",
2553            ConcGCThreads, nworkers);
2554   }
2555 }
2556 #endif
2557 
2558 ShenandoahVerifier* ShenandoahHeap::verifier() {
2559   guarantee(ShenandoahVerify, "Should be enabled");
2560   assert (_verifier != nullptr, "sanity");
2561   return _verifier;
2562 }
2563 
2564 template<bool CONCURRENT>
2565 class ShenandoahUpdateHeapRefsTask : public WorkerTask {
2566 private:
2567   ShenandoahHeap* _heap;
2568   ShenandoahRegionIterator* _regions;
2569 public:
2570   explicit ShenandoahUpdateHeapRefsTask(ShenandoahRegionIterator* regions) :
2571     WorkerTask("Shenandoah Update References"),
2572     _heap(ShenandoahHeap::heap()),
2573     _regions(regions) {
2574   }
2575 
2576   void work(uint worker_id) {
2577     if (CONCURRENT) {
2578       ShenandoahConcurrentWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
2579       SuspendibleThreadSetJoiner stsj;
2580       do_work<ShenandoahConcUpdateRefsClosure>(worker_id);
2581     } else {
2582       ShenandoahParallelWorkerSession worker_session(worker_id);
2583       do_work<ShenandoahNonConcUpdateRefsClosure>(worker_id);
2584     }
2585   }
2586 
2587 private:
2588   template<class T>
2589   void do_work(uint worker_id) {
2590     if (CONCURRENT && (worker_id == 0)) {
2591       // We ask the first worker to replenish the Mutator free set by moving regions previously reserved to hold the
2592       // results of evacuation.  These reserves are no longer necessary because evacuation has completed.
2593       size_t cset_regions = _heap->collection_set()->count();
2594 
2595       // Now that evacuation is done, we can reassign any regions that had been reserved to hold the results of evacuation
2596       // to the mutator free set.  At the end of GC, we will have cset_regions newly evacuated fully empty regions from
2597       // which we will be able to replenish the Collector free set and the OldCollector free set in preparation for the
2598       // next GC cycle.
2599       _heap->free_set()->move_regions_from_collector_to_mutator(cset_regions);
2600     }
2601     // If !CONCURRENT, there's no value in expanding Mutator free set
2602     T cl;
2603     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = _regions->next();
2604     while (r != nullptr) {
2605       HeapWord* update_watermark = r->get_update_watermark();
2606       assert (update_watermark >= r->bottom(), "sanity");
2607       if (r->is_active() && !r->is_cset()) {
2608         _heap->marked_object_oop_iterate(r, &cl, update_watermark);
2609       }
2610       if (_heap->check_cancelled_gc_and_yield(CONCURRENT)) {
2611         return;
2612       }
2613       r = _regions->next();
2614     }
2615   }
2616 };
2617 
2618 void ShenandoahHeap::update_heap_references(ShenandoahGeneration* generation, bool concurrent) {
2619   assert(generation->is_global(), "Should only get global generation here");
2620   assert(!is_full_gc_in_progress(), "Only for concurrent and degenerated GC");
2621 
2622   if (concurrent) {
2623     ShenandoahUpdateHeapRefsTask<true> task(&_update_refs_iterator);
2624     workers()->run_task(&task);
2625   } else {
2626     ShenandoahUpdateHeapRefsTask<false> task(&_update_refs_iterator);
2627     workers()->run_task(&task);
2628   }
2629 }
2630 
2631 void ShenandoahHeap::update_heap_region_states(bool concurrent) {
2632   assert(SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint(), "Must be at a safepoint");
2633   assert(!is_full_gc_in_progress(), "Only for concurrent and degenerated GC");
2634 
2635   {
2636     ShenandoahGCPhase phase(concurrent ?
2637                             ShenandoahPhaseTimings::final_update_refs_update_region_states :
2638                             ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_final_update_refs_update_region_states);
2639 
2640     final_update_refs_update_region_states();
2641 
2642     assert_pinned_region_status();
2643   }
2644 
2645   {
2646     ShenandoahGCPhase phase(concurrent ?
2647                             ShenandoahPhaseTimings::final_update_refs_trash_cset :
2648                             ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_final_update_refs_trash_cset);
2649     trash_cset_regions();
2650   }
2651 }
2652 
2653 void ShenandoahHeap::final_update_refs_update_region_states() {
2654   ShenandoahSynchronizePinnedRegionStates cl;
2655   parallel_heap_region_iterate(&cl);
2656 }
2657 
2658 void ShenandoahHeap::rebuild_free_set_within_phase() {
2659   ShenandoahHeapLocker locker(lock());
2660   size_t young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, first_old_region, last_old_region, old_region_count;
2661   _free_set->prepare_to_rebuild(young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, first_old_region, last_old_region, old_region_count);
2662   // If there are no old regions, first_old_region will be greater than last_old_region
2663   assert((first_old_region > last_old_region) ||
2664          ((last_old_region + 1 - first_old_region >= old_region_count) &&
2665           get_region(first_old_region)->is_old() && get_region(last_old_region)->is_old()),
2666          "sanity: old_region_count: %zu, first_old_region: %zu, last_old_region: %zu",
2667          old_region_count, first_old_region, last_old_region);
2668 
2669   if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2670 #ifdef ASSERT
2671     if (ShenandoahVerify) {
2672       verifier()->verify_before_rebuilding_free_set();
2673     }
2674 #endif
2675 
2676     // The computation of bytes_of_allocation_runway_before_gc_trigger is quite conservative so consider all of this
2677     // available for transfer to old. Note that transfer of humongous regions does not impact available.
2678     ShenandoahGenerationalHeap* gen_heap = ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::heap();
2679     size_t allocation_runway =
2680       gen_heap->young_generation()->heuristics()->bytes_of_allocation_runway_before_gc_trigger(young_trashed_regions);
2681     gen_heap->compute_old_generation_balance(allocation_runway, old_trashed_regions, young_trashed_regions);
2682   }
2683   // Rebuild free set based on adjusted generation sizes.
2684   _free_set->finish_rebuild(young_trashed_regions, old_trashed_regions, old_region_count);
2685 
2686   if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2687     ShenandoahGenerationalHeap* gen_heap = ShenandoahGenerationalHeap::heap();
2688     ShenandoahOldGeneration* old_gen = gen_heap->old_generation();
2689     old_gen->heuristics()->evaluate_triggers(first_old_region, last_old_region, old_region_count, num_regions());
2690   }
2691 }
2692 
2693 void ShenandoahHeap::rebuild_free_set(bool concurrent) {
2694   ShenandoahGCPhase phase(concurrent ?
2695                           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::final_update_refs_rebuild_freeset :
2696                           ShenandoahPhaseTimings::degen_gc_final_update_refs_rebuild_freeset);
2697   rebuild_free_set_within_phase();
2698 }
2699 
2700 bool ShenandoahHeap::is_bitmap_slice_committed(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r, bool skip_self) {
2701   size_t slice = r->index() / _bitmap_regions_per_slice;
2702 
2703   size_t regions_from = _bitmap_regions_per_slice * slice;
2704   size_t regions_to   = MIN2(num_regions(), _bitmap_regions_per_slice * (slice + 1));
2705   for (size_t g = regions_from; g < regions_to; g++) {
2706     assert (g / _bitmap_regions_per_slice == slice, "same slice");
2707     if (skip_self && g == r->index()) continue;
2708     if (get_region(g)->is_committed()) {
2709       return true;
2710     }
2711   }
2712   return false;
2713 }
2714 
2715 void ShenandoahHeap::commit_bitmap_slice(ShenandoahHeapRegion* r) {
2716   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2717   assert(!is_bitmap_region_special(), "Not for special memory");
2718 
2719   if (is_bitmap_slice_committed(r, true)) {
2720     // Some other region from the group is already committed, meaning the bitmap
2721     // slice is already committed, we exit right away.
2722     return;
2723   }
2724 
2725   // Commit the bitmap slice:
2726   size_t slice = r->index() / _bitmap_regions_per_slice;
2727   size_t off = _bitmap_bytes_per_slice * slice;
2728   size_t len = _bitmap_bytes_per_slice;
2729   char* start = (char*) _bitmap_region.start() + off;
2730 
2731   os::commit_memory_or_exit(start, len, false, "Unable to commit bitmap slice");
2732 
2733   if (AlwaysPreTouch) {
2734     os::pretouch_memory(start, start + len, _pretouch_bitmap_page_size);
2735   }
2736 }
2737 
2738 void ShenandoahHeap::uncommit_bitmap_slice(ShenandoahHeapRegion *r) {
2739   shenandoah_assert_heaplocked();
2740   assert(!is_bitmap_region_special(), "Not for special memory");
2741 
2742   if (is_bitmap_slice_committed(r, true)) {
2743     // Some other region from the group is still committed, meaning the bitmap
2744     // slice should stay committed, exit right away.
2745     return;
2746   }
2747 
2748   // Uncommit the bitmap slice:
2749   size_t slice = r->index() / _bitmap_regions_per_slice;
2750   size_t off = _bitmap_bytes_per_slice * slice;
2751   size_t len = _bitmap_bytes_per_slice;
2752 
2753   char* addr = (char*) _bitmap_region.start() + off;
2754   os::uncommit_memory(addr, len);
2755 }
2756 
2757 void ShenandoahHeap::forbid_uncommit() {
2758   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
2759     _uncommit_thread->forbid_uncommit();
2760   }
2761 }
2762 
2763 void ShenandoahHeap::allow_uncommit() {
2764   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
2765     _uncommit_thread->allow_uncommit();
2766   }
2767 }
2768 
2769 #ifdef ASSERT
2770 bool ShenandoahHeap::is_uncommit_in_progress() {
2771   if (_uncommit_thread != nullptr) {
2772     return _uncommit_thread->is_uncommit_in_progress();
2773   }
2774   return false;
2775 }
2776 #endif
2777 
2778 void ShenandoahHeap::safepoint_synchronize_begin() {
2779   StackWatermarkSet::safepoint_synchronize_begin();
2780   SuspendibleThreadSet::synchronize();
2781 }
2782 
2783 void ShenandoahHeap::safepoint_synchronize_end() {
2784   SuspendibleThreadSet::desynchronize();
2785 }
2786 
2787 void ShenandoahHeap::try_inject_alloc_failure() {
2788   if (ShenandoahAllocFailureALot && !cancelled_gc() && ((os::random() % 1000) > 950)) {
2789     _inject_alloc_failure.set();
2790     os::naked_short_sleep(1);
2791     if (cancelled_gc()) {
2792       log_info(gc)("Allocation failure was successfully injected");
2793     }
2794   }
2795 }
2796 
2797 bool ShenandoahHeap::should_inject_alloc_failure() {
2798   return _inject_alloc_failure.is_set() && _inject_alloc_failure.try_unset();
2799 }
2800 
2801 void ShenandoahHeap::initialize_serviceability() {
2802   _memory_pool = new ShenandoahMemoryPool(this);
2803   _cycle_memory_manager.add_pool(_memory_pool);
2804   _stw_memory_manager.add_pool(_memory_pool);
2805 }
2806 
2807 GrowableArray<GCMemoryManager*> ShenandoahHeap::memory_managers() {
2808   GrowableArray<GCMemoryManager*> memory_managers(2);
2809   memory_managers.append(&_cycle_memory_manager);
2810   memory_managers.append(&_stw_memory_manager);
2811   return memory_managers;
2812 }
2813 
2814 GrowableArray<MemoryPool*> ShenandoahHeap::memory_pools() {
2815   GrowableArray<MemoryPool*> memory_pools(1);
2816   memory_pools.append(_memory_pool);
2817   return memory_pools;
2818 }
2819 
2820 MemoryUsage ShenandoahHeap::memory_usage() {
2821   return shenandoah_memory_usage(_initial_size, used(), committed(), max_capacity());
2822 }
2823 
2824 ShenandoahRegionIterator::ShenandoahRegionIterator() :
2825   _heap(ShenandoahHeap::heap()),
2826   _index(0) {}
2827 
2828 ShenandoahRegionIterator::ShenandoahRegionIterator(ShenandoahHeap* heap) :
2829   _heap(heap),
2830   _index(0) {}
2831 
2832 void ShenandoahRegionIterator::reset() {
2833   _index.store_relaxed(0);
2834 }
2835 
2836 bool ShenandoahRegionIterator::has_next() const {
2837   return _index.load_relaxed() < _heap->num_regions();
2838 }
2839 
2840 ShenandoahLiveData* ShenandoahHeap::get_liveness_cache(uint worker_id) {
2841 #ifdef ASSERT
2842   assert(_liveness_cache != nullptr, "sanity");
2843   assert(worker_id < _max_workers, "sanity");
2844   for (uint i = 0; i < num_regions(); i++) {
2845     assert(_liveness_cache[worker_id][i] == 0, "liveness cache should be empty");
2846   }
2847 #endif
2848   return _liveness_cache[worker_id];
2849 }
2850 
2851 void ShenandoahHeap::flush_liveness_cache(uint worker_id) {
2852   assert(worker_id < _max_workers, "sanity");
2853   assert(_liveness_cache != nullptr, "sanity");
2854   ShenandoahLiveData* ld = _liveness_cache[worker_id];
2855   for (uint i = 0; i < num_regions(); i++) {
2856     ShenandoahLiveData live = ld[i];
2857     if (live > 0) {
2858       ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = get_region(i);
2859       r->increase_live_data_gc_words(live);
2860       ld[i] = 0;
2861     }
2862   }
2863 }
2864 
2865 bool ShenandoahHeap::requires_barriers(stackChunkOop obj) const {
2866   if (is_idle()) return false;
2867 
2868   // Objects allocated after marking start are implicitly alive, don't need any barriers during
2869   // marking phase.
2870   if (is_concurrent_mark_in_progress() &&
2871      !marking_context()->allocated_after_mark_start(obj)) {
2872     return true;
2873   }
2874 
2875   // Can not guarantee obj is deeply good.
2876   if (has_forwarded_objects()) {
2877     return true;
2878   }
2879 
2880   return false;
2881 }
2882 
2883 HeapWord* ShenandoahHeap::allocate_loaded_archive_space(size_t size) {
2884 #if INCLUDE_CDS_JAVA_HEAP
2885   // CDS wants a raw continuous memory range to load a bunch of objects itself.
2886   // This is an unusual request, since all requested regions should be regular, not humongous.
2887   //
2888   // CDS would guarantee no objects straddle multiple regions, as long as regions are as large
2889   // as MIN_GC_REGION_ALIGNMENT.
2890   guarantee(ShenandoahHeapRegion::region_size_bytes() >= AOTMappedHeapWriter::MIN_GC_REGION_ALIGNMENT, "Must be");
2891 
2892   ShenandoahAllocRequest req = ShenandoahAllocRequest::for_cds(size);
2893   return allocate_memory(req);
2894 #else
2895   assert(false, "Archive heap loader should not be available, should not be here");
2896   return nullptr;
2897 #endif // INCLUDE_CDS_JAVA_HEAP
2898 }
2899 
2900 void ShenandoahHeap::complete_loaded_archive_space(MemRegion archive_space) {
2901   // Nothing to do here, except checking that heap looks fine.
2902 #ifdef ASSERT
2903   HeapWord* start = archive_space.start();
2904   HeapWord* end = archive_space.end();
2905 
2906   // No unclaimed space between the objects.
2907   // Objects are properly allocated in correct regions.
2908   HeapWord* cur = start;
2909   while (cur < end) {
2910     oop oop = cast_to_oop(cur);
2911     shenandoah_assert_in_correct_region(nullptr, oop);
2912     cur += oop->size();
2913   }
2914 
2915   // No unclaimed tail at the end of archive space.
2916   assert(cur == end,
2917          "Archive space should be fully used: " PTR_FORMAT " " PTR_FORMAT,
2918          p2i(cur), p2i(end));
2919 
2920   // All regions in contiguous space have good state.
2921   size_t begin_reg_idx = heap_region_index_containing(start);
2922   size_t end_reg_idx   = heap_region_index_containing(end);
2923 
2924   for (size_t idx = begin_reg_idx; idx <= end_reg_idx; idx++) {
2925     ShenandoahHeapRegion* r = get_region(idx);
2926     assert(r->is_regular(), "Must be regular");
2927     assert(r->is_young(), "Must be young");
2928     assert(idx == end_reg_idx || r->top() == r->end(),
2929            "All regions except the last one should be full: " PTR_FORMAT " " PTR_FORMAT,
2930            p2i(r->top()), p2i(r->end()));
2931     assert(idx != begin_reg_idx || r->bottom() == start,
2932            "Archive space start should be at the bottom of first region: " PTR_FORMAT " " PTR_FORMAT,
2933            p2i(r->bottom()), p2i(start));
2934     assert(idx != end_reg_idx || r->top() == end,
2935            "Archive space end should be at the top of last region: " PTR_FORMAT " " PTR_FORMAT,
2936            p2i(r->top()), p2i(end));
2937   }
2938 
2939 #endif
2940 }
2941 
2942 ShenandoahGeneration* ShenandoahHeap::generation_for(ShenandoahAffiliation affiliation) const {
2943   if (!mode()->is_generational()) {
2944     return global_generation();
2945   } else if (affiliation == YOUNG_GENERATION) {
2946     return young_generation();
2947   } else if (affiliation == OLD_GENERATION) {
2948     return old_generation();
2949   }
2950 
2951   ShouldNotReachHere();
2952   return nullptr;
2953 }
2954 
2955 void ShenandoahHeap::log_heap_status(const char* msg) const {
2956   if (mode()->is_generational()) {
2957     young_generation()->log_status(msg);
2958     old_generation()->log_status(msg);
2959   } else {
2960     global_generation()->log_status(msg);
2961   }
2962 }
2963 
2964 ShenandoahHeapLocker::ShenandoahHeapLocker(ShenandoahHeapLock* lock, bool allow_block_for_safepoint) : _lock(lock) {
2965 #ifdef ASSERT
2966   ShenandoahFreeSet* free_set = ShenandoahHeap::heap()->free_set();
2967   // free_set is nullptr only at pre-initialized state
2968   assert(free_set == nullptr || !free_set->rebuild_lock()->owned_by_self(), "Dead lock, can't acquire heap lock while holding free-set rebuild lock");
2969   assert(_lock != nullptr, "Must not");
2970 #endif
2971   _lock->lock(allow_block_for_safepoint);
2972 }