1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 2012, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   8  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   9  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
  10  *
  11  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  12  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  13  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  14  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  15  * accompanied this code).
  16  *
  17  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  18  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  19  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  20  *
  21  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  22  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  23  * questions.
  24  */
  25 
  26 /*
  27  * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
  28  * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
  29  * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
  30  * file:
  31  *
  32  * Copyright (c) 2007-2012, Stephen Colebourne & Michael Nascimento Santos
  33  *
  34  * All rights reserved.
  35  *
  36  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  37  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
  38  *
  39  *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
  40  *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  41  *
  42  *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
  43  *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
  44  *    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  45  *
  46  *  * Neither the name of JSR-310 nor the names of its contributors
  47  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
  48  *    without specific prior written permission.
  49  *
  50  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
  51  * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
  52  * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
  53  * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
  54  * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
  55  * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
  56  * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
  57  * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
  58  * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
  59  * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
  60  * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  61  */
  62 package java.time;
  63 
  64 import static java.time.LocalTime.MICROS_PER_SECOND;
  65 import static java.time.LocalTime.MILLIS_PER_SECOND;
  66 import static java.time.LocalTime.NANOS_PER_SECOND;
  67 import static java.time.LocalTime.SECONDS_PER_DAY;
  68 import static java.time.LocalTime.SECONDS_PER_HOUR;
  69 import static java.time.LocalTime.SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
  70 import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.INSTANT_SECONDS;
  71 import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.MICRO_OF_SECOND;
  72 import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.MILLI_OF_SECOND;
  73 import static java.time.temporal.ChronoField.NANO_OF_SECOND;
  74 import static java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit.DAYS;
  75 import static java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit.NANOS;
  76 
  77 import java.io.DataInput;
  78 import java.io.DataOutput;
  79 import java.io.IOException;
  80 import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
  81 import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
  82 import java.io.Serializable;
  83 import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
  84 import java.time.format.DateTimeParseException;
  85 import java.time.temporal.ChronoField;
  86 import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
  87 import java.time.temporal.Temporal;
  88 import java.time.temporal.TemporalAccessor;
  89 import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjuster;
  90 import java.time.temporal.TemporalAmount;
  91 import java.time.temporal.TemporalField;
  92 import java.time.temporal.TemporalQueries;
  93 import java.time.temporal.TemporalQuery;
  94 import java.time.temporal.TemporalUnit;
  95 import java.time.temporal.UnsupportedTemporalTypeException;
  96 import java.time.temporal.ValueRange;
  97 import java.util.Objects;
  98 
  99 /**
 100  * An instantaneous point on the time-line.
 101  * <p>
 102  * This class models a single instantaneous point on the time-line.
 103  * This might be used to record event time-stamps in the application.
 104  * <p>
 105  * The range of an instant requires the storage of a number larger than a {@code long}.
 106  * To achieve this, the class stores a {@code long} representing epoch-seconds and an
 107  * {@code int} representing nanosecond-of-second, which will always be between 0 and 999,999,999.
 108  * The epoch-seconds are measured from the standard Java epoch of {@code 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z}
 109  * where instants after the epoch have positive values, and earlier instants have negative values.
 110  * For both the epoch-second and nanosecond parts, a larger value is always later on the time-line
 111  * than a smaller value.
 112  *
 113  * <h2>Time-scale</h2>
 114  * <p>
 115  * The length of the solar day is the standard way that humans measure time.
 116  * This has traditionally been subdivided into 24 hours of 60 minutes of 60 seconds,
 117  * forming a 86400 second day.
 118  * <p>
 119  * Modern timekeeping is based on atomic clocks which precisely define an SI second
 120  * relative to the transitions of a Caesium atom. The length of an SI second was defined
 121  * to be very close to the 86400th fraction of a day.
 122  * <p>
 123  * Unfortunately, as the Earth rotates the length of the day varies.
 124  * In addition, over time the average length of the day is getting longer as the Earth slows.
 125  * As a result, the length of a solar day in 2012 is slightly longer than 86400 SI seconds.
 126  * The actual length of any given day and the amount by which the Earth is slowing
 127  * are not predictable and can only be determined by measurement.
 128  * The UT1 time-scale captures the accurate length of day, but is only available some
 129  * time after the day has completed.
 130  * <p>
 131  * The UTC time-scale is a standard approach to bundle up all the additional fractions
 132  * of a second from UT1 into whole seconds, known as <i>leap-seconds</i>.
 133  * A leap-second may be added or removed depending on the Earth's rotational changes.
 134  * As such, UTC permits a day to have 86399 SI seconds or 86401 SI seconds where
 135  * necessary in order to keep the day aligned with the Sun.
 136  * <p>
 137  * The modern UTC time-scale was introduced in 1972, introducing the concept of whole leap-seconds.
 138  * Between 1958 and 1972, the definition of UTC was complex, with minor sub-second leaps and
 139  * alterations to the length of the notional second. As of 2012, discussions are underway
 140  * to change the definition of UTC again, with the potential to remove leap seconds or
 141  * introduce other changes.
 142  * <p>
 143  * Given the complexity of accurate timekeeping described above, this Java API defines
 144  * its own time-scale, the <i>Java Time-Scale</i>.
 145  * <p>
 146  * The Java Time-Scale divides each calendar day into exactly 86400
 147  * subdivisions, known as seconds.  These seconds may differ from the
 148  * SI second.  It closely matches the de facto international civil time
 149  * scale, the definition of which changes from time to time.
 150  * <p>
 151  * The Java Time-Scale has slightly different definitions for different
 152  * segments of the time-line, each based on the consensus international
 153  * time scale that is used as the basis for civil time. Whenever the
 154  * internationally-agreed time scale is modified or replaced, a new
 155  * segment of the Java Time-Scale must be defined for it.  Each segment
 156  * must meet these requirements:
 157  * <ul>
 158  * <li>the Java Time-Scale shall closely match the underlying international
 159  *  civil time scale;</li>
 160  * <li>the Java Time-Scale shall exactly match the international civil
 161  *  time scale at noon each day;</li>
 162  * <li>the Java Time-Scale shall have a precisely-defined relationship to
 163  *  the international civil time scale.</li>
 164  * </ul>
 165  * There are currently, as of 2013, two segments in the Java time-scale.
 166  * <p>
 167  * For the segment from 1972-11-03 (exact boundary discussed below) until
 168  * further notice, the consensus international time scale is UTC (with
 169  * leap seconds).  In this segment, the Java Time-Scale is identical to
 170  * <a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/utc-sls/">UTC-SLS</a>.
 171  * This is identical to UTC on days that do not have a leap second.
 172  * On days that do have a leap second, the leap second is spread equally
 173  * over the last 1000 seconds of the day, maintaining the appearance of
 174  * exactly 86400 seconds per day.
 175  * <p>
 176  * For the segment prior to 1972-11-03, extending back arbitrarily far,
 177  * the consensus international time scale is defined to be UT1, applied
 178  * proleptically, which is equivalent to the (mean) solar time on the
 179  * prime meridian (Greenwich). In this segment, the Java Time-Scale is
 180  * identical to the consensus international time scale. The exact
 181  * boundary between the two segments is the instant where UT1 = UTC
 182  * between 1972-11-03T00:00 and 1972-11-04T12:00.
 183  * <p>
 184  * Implementations of the Java time-scale using the JSR-310 API are not
 185  * required to provide any clock that is sub-second accurate, or that
 186  * progresses monotonically or smoothly. Implementations are therefore
 187  * not required to actually perform the UTC-SLS slew or to otherwise be
 188  * aware of leap seconds. JSR-310 does, however, require that
 189  * implementations must document the approach they use when defining a
 190  * clock representing the current instant.
 191  * See {@link Clock} for details on the available clocks.
 192  * <p>
 193  * The Java time-scale is used for all date-time classes.
 194  * This includes {@code Instant}, {@code LocalDate}, {@code LocalTime}, {@code OffsetDateTime},
 195  * {@code ZonedDateTime} and {@code Duration}.
 196  * <p>
 197  * This is a <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/lang/doc-files/ValueBased.html">value-based</a>
 198  * class; programmers should treat instances that are
 199  * {@linkplain #equals(Object) equal} as interchangeable and should not
 200  * use instances for synchronization, or unpredictable behavior may
 201  * occur. For example, in a future release, synchronization may fail.
 202  * The {@code equals} method should be used for comparisons.
 203  *
 204  * @implSpec
 205  * This class is immutable and thread-safe.
 206  *
 207  * @since 1.8
 208  */
 209 @jdk.internal.ValueBased
 210 public final class Instant
 211         implements Temporal, TemporalAdjuster, Comparable<Instant>, Serializable {
 212 
 213     /**
 214      * Constant for the 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z epoch instant.
 215      */
 216     public static final Instant EPOCH = new Instant(0, 0);
 217     /**
 218      * The minimum supported epoch second.
 219      */
 220     private static final long MIN_SECOND = -31557014167219200L;
 221     /**
 222      * The maximum supported epoch second.
 223      */
 224     private static final long MAX_SECOND = 31556889864403199L;
 225     /**
 226      * The minimum supported {@code Instant}, '-1000000000-01-01T00:00Z'.
 227      * This could be used by an application as a "far past" instant.
 228      * <p>
 229      * This is one year earlier than the minimum {@code LocalDateTime}.
 230      * This provides sufficient values to handle the range of {@code ZoneOffset}
 231      * which affect the instant in addition to the local date-time.
 232      * The value is also chosen such that the value of the year fits in
 233      * an {@code int}.
 234      */
 235     public static final Instant MIN = Instant.ofEpochSecond(MIN_SECOND, 0);
 236     /**
 237      * The maximum supported {@code Instant}, '1000000000-12-31T23:59:59.999999999Z'.
 238      * This could be used by an application as a "far future" instant.
 239      * <p>
 240      * This is one year later than the maximum {@code LocalDateTime}.
 241      * This provides sufficient values to handle the range of {@code ZoneOffset}
 242      * which affect the instant in addition to the local date-time.
 243      * The value is also chosen such that the value of the year fits in
 244      * an {@code int}.
 245      */
 246     public static final Instant MAX = Instant.ofEpochSecond(MAX_SECOND, 999_999_999);
 247 
 248     /**
 249      * Serialization version.
 250      */
 251     @java.io.Serial
 252     private static final long serialVersionUID = -665713676816604388L;
 253 
 254     /**
 255      * The number of seconds from the epoch of 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.
 256      */
 257     private final long seconds;
 258     /**
 259      * The number of nanoseconds, later along the time-line, from the seconds field.
 260      * This is always positive, and never exceeds 999,999,999.
 261      */
 262     private final int nanos;
 263 
 264     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 265     /**
 266      * Obtains the current instant from the system clock.
 267      * <p>
 268      * This will query the {@link Clock#systemUTC() system UTC clock} to
 269      * obtain the current instant.
 270      * <p>
 271      * Using this method will prevent the ability to use an alternate time-source for
 272      * testing because the clock is effectively hard-coded.
 273      *
 274      * @return the current instant using the system clock, not null
 275      */
 276     public static Instant now() {
 277         return Clock.currentInstant();
 278     }
 279 
 280     /**
 281      * Obtains the current instant from the specified clock.
 282      * <p>
 283      * This will query the specified clock to obtain the current time.
 284      * <p>
 285      * Using this method allows the use of an alternate clock for testing.
 286      * The alternate clock may be introduced using {@link Clock dependency injection}.
 287      *
 288      * @param clock  the clock to use, not null
 289      * @return the current instant, not null
 290      */
 291     public static Instant now(Clock clock) {
 292         Objects.requireNonNull(clock, "clock");
 293         return clock.instant();
 294     }
 295 
 296     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 297     /**
 298      * Obtains an instance of {@code Instant} using seconds from the
 299      * epoch of 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.
 300      * <p>
 301      * The nanosecond field is set to zero.
 302      *
 303      * @param epochSecond  the number of seconds from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
 304      * @return an instant, not null
 305      * @throws DateTimeException if the instant exceeds the maximum or minimum instant
 306      */
 307     public static Instant ofEpochSecond(long epochSecond) {
 308         return create(epochSecond, 0);
 309     }
 310 
 311     /**
 312      * Obtains an instance of {@code Instant} using seconds from the
 313      * epoch of 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z and nanosecond fraction of second.
 314      * <p>
 315      * This method allows an arbitrary number of nanoseconds to be passed in.
 316      * The factory will alter the values of the second and nanosecond in order
 317      * to ensure that the stored nanosecond is in the range 0 to 999,999,999.
 318      * For example, the following will result in exactly the same instant:
 319      * <pre>
 320      *  Instant.ofEpochSecond(3, 1);
 321      *  Instant.ofEpochSecond(4, -999_999_999);
 322      *  Instant.ofEpochSecond(2, 1000_000_001);
 323      * </pre>
 324      *
 325      * @param epochSecond  the number of seconds from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
 326      * @param nanoAdjustment  the nanosecond adjustment to the number of seconds, positive or negative
 327      * @return an instant, not null
 328      * @throws DateTimeException if the instant exceeds the maximum or minimum instant
 329      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 330      */
 331     public static Instant ofEpochSecond(long epochSecond, long nanoAdjustment) {
 332         long secs = Math.addExact(epochSecond, Math.floorDiv(nanoAdjustment, NANOS_PER_SECOND));
 333         int nos = (int)Math.floorMod(nanoAdjustment, NANOS_PER_SECOND);
 334         return create(secs, nos);
 335     }
 336 
 337     /**
 338      * Obtains an instance of {@code Instant} using milliseconds from the
 339      * epoch of 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.
 340      * <p>
 341      * The seconds and nanoseconds are extracted from the specified milliseconds.
 342      *
 343      * @param epochMilli  the number of milliseconds from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
 344      * @return an instant, not null
 345      * @throws DateTimeException if the instant exceeds the maximum or minimum instant
 346      */
 347     public static Instant ofEpochMilli(long epochMilli) {
 348         long secs = Math.floorDiv(epochMilli, 1000);
 349         int mos = Math.floorMod(epochMilli, 1000);
 350         return create(secs, mos * 1000_000);
 351     }
 352 
 353     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 354     /**
 355      * Obtains an instance of {@code Instant} from a temporal object.
 356      * <p>
 357      * This obtains an instant based on the specified temporal.
 358      * A {@code TemporalAccessor} represents an arbitrary set of date and time information,
 359      * which this factory converts to an instance of {@code Instant}.
 360      * <p>
 361      * The conversion extracts the {@link ChronoField#INSTANT_SECONDS INSTANT_SECONDS}
 362      * and {@link ChronoField#NANO_OF_SECOND NANO_OF_SECOND} fields.
 363      * <p>
 364      * This method matches the signature of the functional interface {@link TemporalQuery}
 365      * allowing it to be used as a query via method reference, {@code Instant::from}.
 366      *
 367      * @param temporal  the temporal object to convert, not null
 368      * @return the instant, not null
 369      * @throws DateTimeException if unable to convert to an {@code Instant}
 370      */
 371     public static Instant from(TemporalAccessor temporal) {
 372         if (temporal instanceof Instant) {
 373             return (Instant) temporal;
 374         }
 375         Objects.requireNonNull(temporal, "temporal");
 376         try {
 377             long instantSecs = temporal.getLong(INSTANT_SECONDS);
 378             int nanoOfSecond = temporal.get(NANO_OF_SECOND);
 379             return Instant.ofEpochSecond(instantSecs, nanoOfSecond);
 380         } catch (DateTimeException ex) {
 381             throw new DateTimeException("Unable to obtain Instant from TemporalAccessor: " +
 382                     temporal + " of type " + temporal.getClass().getName(), ex);
 383         }
 384     }
 385 
 386     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 387     /**
 388      * Obtains an instance of {@code Instant} from a text string such as
 389      * {@code 2007-12-03T10:15:30.00Z}.
 390      * <p>
 391      * The string must represent a valid instant in UTC and is parsed using
 392      * {@link DateTimeFormatter#ISO_INSTANT}.
 393      *
 394      * @param text  the text to parse, not null
 395      * @return the parsed instant, not null
 396      * @throws DateTimeParseException if the text cannot be parsed
 397      */
 398     public static Instant parse(final CharSequence text) {
 399         return DateTimeFormatter.ISO_INSTANT.parse(text, Instant::from);
 400     }
 401 
 402     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 403     /**
 404      * Obtains an instance of {@code Instant} using seconds and nanoseconds.
 405      *
 406      * @param seconds  the length of the duration in seconds
 407      * @param nanoOfSecond  the nano-of-second, from 0 to 999,999,999
 408      * @throws DateTimeException if the instant exceeds the maximum or minimum instant
 409      */
 410     private static Instant create(long seconds, int nanoOfSecond) {
 411         if ((seconds | nanoOfSecond) == 0) {
 412             return EPOCH;
 413         }
 414         if (seconds < MIN_SECOND || seconds > MAX_SECOND) {
 415             throw new DateTimeException("Instant exceeds minimum or maximum instant");
 416         }
 417         return new Instant(seconds, nanoOfSecond);
 418     }
 419 
 420     /**
 421      * Constructs an instance of {@code Instant} using seconds from the epoch of
 422      * 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z and nanosecond fraction of second.
 423      *
 424      * @param epochSecond  the number of seconds from 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
 425      * @param nanos  the nanoseconds within the second, must be positive
 426      */
 427     private Instant(long epochSecond, int nanos) {
 428         super();
 429         this.seconds = epochSecond;
 430         this.nanos = nanos;
 431     }
 432 
 433     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 434     /**
 435      * Checks if the specified field is supported.
 436      * <p>
 437      * This checks if this instant can be queried for the specified field.
 438      * If false, then calling the {@link #range(TemporalField) range},
 439      * {@link #get(TemporalField) get} and {@link #with(TemporalField, long)}
 440      * methods will throw an exception.
 441      * <p>
 442      * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
 443      * The supported fields are:
 444      * <ul>
 445      * <li>{@code NANO_OF_SECOND}
 446      * <li>{@code MICRO_OF_SECOND}
 447      * <li>{@code MILLI_OF_SECOND}
 448      * <li>{@code INSTANT_SECONDS}
 449      * </ul>
 450      * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will return false.
 451      * <p>
 452      * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
 453      * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.isSupportedBy(TemporalAccessor)}
 454      * passing {@code this} as the argument.
 455      * Whether the field is supported is determined by the field.
 456      *
 457      * @param field  the field to check, null returns false
 458      * @return true if the field is supported on this instant, false if not
 459      */
 460     @Override
 461     public boolean isSupported(TemporalField field) {
 462         if (field instanceof ChronoField) {
 463             return field == INSTANT_SECONDS || field == NANO_OF_SECOND || field == MICRO_OF_SECOND || field == MILLI_OF_SECOND;
 464         }
 465         return field != null && field.isSupportedBy(this);
 466     }
 467 
 468     /**
 469      * Checks if the specified unit is supported.
 470      * <p>
 471      * This checks if the specified unit can be added to, or subtracted from, this date-time.
 472      * If false, then calling the {@link #plus(long, TemporalUnit)} and
 473      * {@link #minus(long, TemporalUnit) minus} methods will throw an exception.
 474      * <p>
 475      * If the unit is a {@link ChronoUnit} then the query is implemented here.
 476      * The supported units are:
 477      * <ul>
 478      * <li>{@code NANOS}
 479      * <li>{@code MICROS}
 480      * <li>{@code MILLIS}
 481      * <li>{@code SECONDS}
 482      * <li>{@code MINUTES}
 483      * <li>{@code HOURS}
 484      * <li>{@code HALF_DAYS}
 485      * <li>{@code DAYS}
 486      * </ul>
 487      * All other {@code ChronoUnit} instances will return false.
 488      * <p>
 489      * If the unit is not a {@code ChronoUnit}, then the result of this method
 490      * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalUnit.isSupportedBy(Temporal)}
 491      * passing {@code this} as the argument.
 492      * Whether the unit is supported is determined by the unit.
 493      *
 494      * @param unit  the unit to check, null returns false
 495      * @return true if the unit can be added/subtracted, false if not
 496      */
 497     @Override
 498     public boolean isSupported(TemporalUnit unit) {
 499         if (unit instanceof ChronoUnit) {
 500             return unit.isTimeBased() || unit == DAYS;
 501         }
 502         return unit != null && unit.isSupportedBy(this);
 503     }
 504 
 505     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 506     /**
 507      * Gets the range of valid values for the specified field.
 508      * <p>
 509      * The range object expresses the minimum and maximum valid values for a field.
 510      * This instant is used to enhance the accuracy of the returned range.
 511      * If it is not possible to return the range, because the field is not supported
 512      * or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
 513      * <p>
 514      * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
 515      * The {@link #isSupported(TemporalField) supported fields} will return
 516      * appropriate range instances.
 517      * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
 518      * <p>
 519      * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
 520      * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.rangeRefinedBy(TemporalAccessor)}
 521      * passing {@code this} as the argument.
 522      * Whether the range can be obtained is determined by the field.
 523      *
 524      * @param field  the field to query the range for, not null
 525      * @return the range of valid values for the field, not null
 526      * @throws DateTimeException if the range for the field cannot be obtained
 527      * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported
 528      */
 529     @Override  // override for Javadoc
 530     public ValueRange range(TemporalField field) {
 531         return Temporal.super.range(field);
 532     }
 533 
 534     /**
 535      * Gets the value of the specified field from this instant as an {@code int}.
 536      * <p>
 537      * This queries this instant for the value of the specified field.
 538      * The returned value will always be within the valid range of values for the field.
 539      * If it is not possible to return the value, because the field is not supported
 540      * or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
 541      * <p>
 542      * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
 543      * The {@link #isSupported(TemporalField) supported fields} will return valid
 544      * values based on this date-time, except {@code INSTANT_SECONDS} which is too
 545      * large to fit in an {@code int} and throws a {@code DateTimeException}.
 546      * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
 547      * <p>
 548      * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
 549      * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.getFrom(TemporalAccessor)}
 550      * passing {@code this} as the argument. Whether the value can be obtained,
 551      * and what the value represents, is determined by the field.
 552      *
 553      * @param field  the field to get, not null
 554      * @return the value for the field
 555      * @throws DateTimeException if a value for the field cannot be obtained or
 556      *         the value is outside the range of valid values for the field
 557      * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported or
 558      *         the range of values exceeds an {@code int}
 559      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 560      */
 561     @Override  // override for Javadoc and performance
 562     public int get(TemporalField field) {
 563         if (field instanceof ChronoField chronoField) {
 564             return switch (chronoField) {
 565                 case NANO_OF_SECOND -> nanos;
 566                 case MICRO_OF_SECOND -> nanos / 1000;
 567                 case MILLI_OF_SECOND -> nanos / 1000_000;
 568                 default -> throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported field: " + field);
 569             };
 570         }
 571         return range(field).checkValidIntValue(field.getFrom(this), field);
 572     }
 573 
 574     /**
 575      * Gets the value of the specified field from this instant as a {@code long}.
 576      * <p>
 577      * This queries this instant for the value of the specified field.
 578      * If it is not possible to return the value, because the field is not supported
 579      * or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
 580      * <p>
 581      * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the query is implemented here.
 582      * The {@link #isSupported(TemporalField) supported fields} will return valid
 583      * values based on this date-time.
 584      * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
 585      * <p>
 586      * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
 587      * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.getFrom(TemporalAccessor)}
 588      * passing {@code this} as the argument. Whether the value can be obtained,
 589      * and what the value represents, is determined by the field.
 590      *
 591      * @param field  the field to get, not null
 592      * @return the value for the field
 593      * @throws DateTimeException if a value for the field cannot be obtained
 594      * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported
 595      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 596      */
 597     @Override
 598     public long getLong(TemporalField field) {
 599         if (field instanceof ChronoField chronoField) {
 600             return switch (chronoField) {
 601                 case NANO_OF_SECOND -> nanos;
 602                 case MICRO_OF_SECOND -> nanos / 1000;
 603                 case MILLI_OF_SECOND -> nanos / 1000_000;
 604                 case INSTANT_SECONDS -> seconds;
 605                 default -> throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported field: " + field);
 606             };
 607         }
 608         return field.getFrom(this);
 609     }
 610 
 611     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 612     /**
 613      * Gets the number of seconds from the Java epoch of 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.
 614      * <p>
 615      * The epoch second count is a simple incrementing count of seconds where
 616      * second 0 is 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.
 617      * The nanosecond part is returned by {@link #getNano}.
 618      *
 619      * @return the seconds from the epoch of 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
 620      */
 621     public long getEpochSecond() {
 622         return seconds;
 623     }
 624 
 625     /**
 626      * Gets the number of nanoseconds, later along the time-line, from the start
 627      * of the second.
 628      * <p>
 629      * The nanosecond-of-second value measures the total number of nanoseconds from
 630      * the second returned by {@link #getEpochSecond}.
 631      *
 632      * @return the nanoseconds within the second, always positive, never exceeds 999,999,999
 633      */
 634     public int getNano() {
 635         return nanos;
 636     }
 637 
 638     //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 639     /**
 640      * Returns an adjusted copy of this instant.
 641      * <p>
 642      * This returns an {@code Instant}, based on this one, with the instant adjusted.
 643      * The adjustment takes place using the specified adjuster strategy object.
 644      * Read the documentation of the adjuster to understand what adjustment will be made.
 645      * <p>
 646      * The result of this method is obtained by invoking the
 647      * {@link TemporalAdjuster#adjustInto(Temporal)} method on the
 648      * specified adjuster passing {@code this} as the argument.
 649      * <p>
 650      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 651      *
 652      * @param adjuster the adjuster to use, not null
 653      * @return an {@code Instant} based on {@code this} with the adjustment made, not null
 654      * @throws DateTimeException if the adjustment cannot be made
 655      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 656      */
 657     @Override
 658     public Instant with(TemporalAdjuster adjuster) {
 659         return (Instant) adjuster.adjustInto(this);
 660     }
 661 
 662     /**
 663      * Returns a copy of this instant with the specified field set to a new value.
 664      * <p>
 665      * This returns an {@code Instant}, based on this one, with the value
 666      * for the specified field changed.
 667      * If it is not possible to set the value, because the field is not supported or for
 668      * some other reason, an exception is thrown.
 669      * <p>
 670      * If the field is a {@link ChronoField} then the adjustment is implemented here.
 671      * The supported fields behave as follows:
 672      * <ul>
 673      * <li>{@code NANO_OF_SECOND} -
 674      *  Returns an {@code Instant} with the specified nano-of-second.
 675      *  The epoch-second will be unchanged.
 676      * <li>{@code MICRO_OF_SECOND} -
 677      *  Returns an {@code Instant} with the nano-of-second replaced by the specified
 678      *  micro-of-second multiplied by 1,000. The epoch-second will be unchanged.
 679      * <li>{@code MILLI_OF_SECOND} -
 680      *  Returns an {@code Instant} with the nano-of-second replaced by the specified
 681      *  milli-of-second multiplied by 1,000,000. The epoch-second will be unchanged.
 682      * <li>{@code INSTANT_SECONDS} -
 683      *  Returns an {@code Instant} with the specified epoch-second.
 684      *  The nano-of-second will be unchanged.
 685      * </ul>
 686      * <p>
 687      * In all cases, if the new value is outside the valid range of values for the field
 688      * then a {@code DateTimeException} will be thrown.
 689      * <p>
 690      * All other {@code ChronoField} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
 691      * <p>
 692      * If the field is not a {@code ChronoField}, then the result of this method
 693      * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalField.adjustInto(Temporal, long)}
 694      * passing {@code this} as the argument. In this case, the field determines
 695      * whether and how to adjust the instant.
 696      * <p>
 697      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 698      *
 699      * @param field  the field to set in the result, not null
 700      * @param newValue  the new value of the field in the result
 701      * @return an {@code Instant} based on {@code this} with the specified field set, not null
 702      * @throws DateTimeException if the field cannot be set
 703      * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the field is not supported
 704      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 705      */
 706     @Override
 707     public Instant with(TemporalField field, long newValue) {
 708         if (field instanceof ChronoField chronoField) {
 709             chronoField.checkValidValue(newValue);
 710             return switch (chronoField) {
 711                 case MILLI_OF_SECOND -> {
 712                     int nval = (int) newValue * 1000_000;
 713                     yield nval != nanos ? create(seconds, nval) : this;
 714                 }
 715                 case MICRO_OF_SECOND -> {
 716                     int nval = (int) newValue * 1000;
 717                     yield nval != nanos ? create(seconds, nval) : this;
 718                 }
 719                 case NANO_OF_SECOND -> newValue != nanos ? create(seconds, (int) newValue) : this;
 720                 case INSTANT_SECONDS -> newValue != seconds ? create(newValue, nanos) : this;
 721                 default -> throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported field: " + field);
 722             };
 723         }
 724         return field.adjustInto(this, newValue);
 725     }
 726 
 727     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 728     /**
 729      * Returns a copy of this {@code Instant} truncated to the specified unit.
 730      * <p>
 731      * Truncating the instant returns a copy of the original with fields
 732      * smaller than the specified unit set to zero.
 733      * The fields are calculated on the basis of using a UTC offset as seen
 734      * in {@code toString}.
 735      * For example, truncating with the {@link ChronoUnit#MINUTES MINUTES} unit will
 736      * round down to the nearest minute, setting the seconds and nanoseconds to zero.
 737      * <p>
 738      * The unit must have a {@linkplain TemporalUnit#getDuration() duration}
 739      * that divides into the length of a standard day without remainder.
 740      * This includes all supplied time units on {@link ChronoUnit} and
 741      * {@link ChronoUnit#DAYS DAYS}. Other units throw an exception.
 742      * <p>
 743      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 744      *
 745      * @param unit  the unit to truncate to, not null
 746      * @return an {@code Instant} based on this instant with the time truncated, not null
 747      * @throws DateTimeException if the unit is invalid for truncation
 748      * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
 749      */
 750     public Instant truncatedTo(TemporalUnit unit) {
 751         if (unit == ChronoUnit.NANOS) {
 752             return this;
 753         }
 754         Duration unitDur = unit.getDuration();
 755         if (unitDur.getSeconds() > LocalTime.SECONDS_PER_DAY) {
 756             throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unit is too large to be used for truncation");
 757         }
 758         long dur = unitDur.toNanos();
 759         if ((LocalTime.NANOS_PER_DAY % dur) != 0) {
 760             throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unit must divide into a standard day without remainder");
 761         }
 762         long nod = (seconds % LocalTime.SECONDS_PER_DAY) * LocalTime.NANOS_PER_SECOND + nanos;
 763         long result = Math.floorDiv(nod, dur) * dur;
 764         return plusNanos(result - nod);
 765     }
 766 
 767     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 768     /**
 769      * Returns a copy of this instant with the specified amount added.
 770      * <p>
 771      * This returns an {@code Instant}, based on this one, with the specified amount added.
 772      * The amount is typically {@link Duration} but may be any other type implementing
 773      * the {@link TemporalAmount} interface.
 774      * <p>
 775      * The calculation is delegated to the amount object by calling
 776      * {@link TemporalAmount#addTo(Temporal)}. The amount implementation is free
 777      * to implement the addition in any way it wishes, however it typically
 778      * calls back to {@link #plus(long, TemporalUnit)}. Consult the documentation
 779      * of the amount implementation to determine if it can be successfully added.
 780      * <p>
 781      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 782      *
 783      * @param amountToAdd  the amount to add, not null
 784      * @return an {@code Instant} based on this instant with the addition made, not null
 785      * @throws DateTimeException if the addition cannot be made
 786      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 787      */
 788     @Override
 789     public Instant plus(TemporalAmount amountToAdd) {
 790         return (Instant) amountToAdd.addTo(this);
 791     }
 792 
 793     /**
 794      * Returns a copy of this instant with the specified amount added.
 795      * <p>
 796      * This returns an {@code Instant}, based on this one, with the amount
 797      * in terms of the unit added. If it is not possible to add the amount, because the
 798      * unit is not supported or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
 799      * <p>
 800      * If the field is a {@link ChronoUnit} then the addition is implemented here.
 801      * The supported fields behave as follows:
 802      * <ul>
 803      * <li>{@code NANOS} -
 804      *  Returns an {@code Instant} with the specified number of nanoseconds added.
 805      *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusNanos(long)}.
 806      * <li>{@code MICROS} -
 807      *  Returns an {@code Instant} with the specified number of microseconds added.
 808      *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusNanos(long)} with the amount
 809      *  multiplied by 1,000.
 810      * <li>{@code MILLIS} -
 811      *  Returns an {@code Instant} with the specified number of milliseconds added.
 812      *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusNanos(long)} with the amount
 813      *  multiplied by 1,000,000.
 814      * <li>{@code SECONDS} -
 815      *  Returns an {@code Instant} with the specified number of seconds added.
 816      *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusSeconds(long)}.
 817      * <li>{@code MINUTES} -
 818      *  Returns an {@code Instant} with the specified number of minutes added.
 819      *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusSeconds(long)} with the amount
 820      *  multiplied by 60.
 821      * <li>{@code HOURS} -
 822      *  Returns an {@code Instant} with the specified number of hours added.
 823      *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusSeconds(long)} with the amount
 824      *  multiplied by 3,600.
 825      * <li>{@code HALF_DAYS} -
 826      *  Returns an {@code Instant} with the specified number of half-days added.
 827      *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusSeconds(long)} with the amount
 828      *  multiplied by 43,200 (12 hours).
 829      * <li>{@code DAYS} -
 830      *  Returns an {@code Instant} with the specified number of days added.
 831      *  This is equivalent to {@link #plusSeconds(long)} with the amount
 832      *  multiplied by 86,400 (24 hours).
 833      * </ul>
 834      * <p>
 835      * All other {@code ChronoUnit} instances will throw an {@code UnsupportedTemporalTypeException}.
 836      * <p>
 837      * If the field is not a {@code ChronoUnit}, then the result of this method
 838      * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalUnit.addTo(Temporal, long)}
 839      * passing {@code this} as the argument. In this case, the unit determines
 840      * whether and how to perform the addition.
 841      * <p>
 842      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 843      *
 844      * @param amountToAdd  the amount of the unit to add to the result, may be negative
 845      * @param unit  the unit of the amount to add, not null
 846      * @return an {@code Instant} based on this instant with the specified amount added, not null
 847      * @throws DateTimeException if the addition cannot be made
 848      * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
 849      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 850      */
 851     @Override
 852     public Instant plus(long amountToAdd, TemporalUnit unit) {
 853         if (unit instanceof ChronoUnit chronoUnit) {
 854             return switch (chronoUnit) {
 855                 case NANOS     -> plusNanos(amountToAdd);
 856                 case MICROS    -> plus(amountToAdd / 1000_000, (amountToAdd % 1000_000) * 1000);
 857                 case MILLIS    -> plusMillis(amountToAdd);
 858                 case SECONDS   -> plusSeconds(amountToAdd);
 859                 case MINUTES   -> plusSeconds(Math.multiplyExact(amountToAdd, SECONDS_PER_MINUTE));
 860                 case HOURS     -> plusSeconds(Math.multiplyExact(amountToAdd, SECONDS_PER_HOUR));
 861                 case HALF_DAYS -> plusSeconds(Math.multiplyExact(amountToAdd, SECONDS_PER_DAY / 2));
 862                 case DAYS      -> plusSeconds(Math.multiplyExact(amountToAdd, SECONDS_PER_DAY));
 863                 default -> throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported unit: " + unit);
 864             };
 865         }
 866         return unit.addTo(this, amountToAdd);
 867     }
 868 
 869     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 870     /**
 871      * Returns a copy of this instant with the specified duration in seconds added.
 872      * <p>
 873      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 874      *
 875      * @param secondsToAdd  the seconds to add, positive or negative
 876      * @return an {@code Instant} based on this instant with the specified seconds added, not null
 877      * @throws DateTimeException if the result exceeds the maximum or minimum instant
 878      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 879      */
 880     public Instant plusSeconds(long secondsToAdd) {
 881         if (secondsToAdd == 0) {
 882             return this;
 883         }
 884         long epochSec = Math.addExact(seconds, secondsToAdd);
 885         return create(epochSec, nanos);
 886     }
 887 
 888     /**
 889      * Returns a copy of this instant with the specified duration in milliseconds added.
 890      * <p>
 891      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 892      *
 893      * @param millisToAdd  the milliseconds to add, positive or negative
 894      * @return an {@code Instant} based on this instant with the specified milliseconds added, not null
 895      * @throws DateTimeException if the result exceeds the maximum or minimum instant
 896      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 897      */
 898     public Instant plusMillis(long millisToAdd) {
 899         return plus(millisToAdd / 1000, (millisToAdd % 1000) * 1000_000);
 900     }
 901 
 902     /**
 903      * Returns a copy of this instant with the specified duration in nanoseconds added.
 904      * <p>
 905      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 906      *
 907      * @param nanosToAdd  the nanoseconds to add, positive or negative
 908      * @return an {@code Instant} based on this instant with the specified nanoseconds added, not null
 909      * @throws DateTimeException if the result exceeds the maximum or minimum instant
 910      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 911      */
 912     public Instant plusNanos(long nanosToAdd) {
 913         return plus(0, nanosToAdd);
 914     }
 915 
 916     /**
 917      * Returns a copy of this instant with the specified duration added.
 918      * <p>
 919      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 920      *
 921      * @param secondsToAdd  the seconds to add, positive or negative
 922      * @param nanosToAdd  the nanos to add, positive or negative
 923      * @return an {@code Instant} based on this instant with the specified seconds added, not null
 924      * @throws DateTimeException if the result exceeds the maximum or minimum instant
 925      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 926      */
 927     private Instant plus(long secondsToAdd, long nanosToAdd) {
 928         if ((secondsToAdd | nanosToAdd) == 0) {
 929             return this;
 930         }
 931         long epochSec = Math.addExact(seconds, secondsToAdd);
 932         epochSec = Math.addExact(epochSec, nanosToAdd / NANOS_PER_SECOND);
 933         nanosToAdd = nanosToAdd % NANOS_PER_SECOND;
 934         long nanoAdjustment = nanos + nanosToAdd;  // safe int+NANOS_PER_SECOND
 935         return ofEpochSecond(epochSec, nanoAdjustment);
 936     }
 937 
 938     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 939     /**
 940      * Returns a copy of this instant with the specified amount subtracted.
 941      * <p>
 942      * This returns an {@code Instant}, based on this one, with the specified amount subtracted.
 943      * The amount is typically {@link Duration} but may be any other type implementing
 944      * the {@link TemporalAmount} interface.
 945      * <p>
 946      * The calculation is delegated to the amount object by calling
 947      * {@link TemporalAmount#subtractFrom(Temporal)}. The amount implementation is free
 948      * to implement the subtraction in any way it wishes, however it typically
 949      * calls back to {@link #minus(long, TemporalUnit)}. Consult the documentation
 950      * of the amount implementation to determine if it can be successfully subtracted.
 951      * <p>
 952      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 953      *
 954      * @param amountToSubtract  the amount to subtract, not null
 955      * @return an {@code Instant} based on this instant with the subtraction made, not null
 956      * @throws DateTimeException if the subtraction cannot be made
 957      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 958      */
 959     @Override
 960     public Instant minus(TemporalAmount amountToSubtract) {
 961         return (Instant) amountToSubtract.subtractFrom(this);
 962     }
 963 
 964     /**
 965      * Returns a copy of this instant with the specified amount subtracted.
 966      * <p>
 967      * This returns an {@code Instant}, based on this one, with the amount
 968      * in terms of the unit subtracted. If it is not possible to subtract the amount,
 969      * because the unit is not supported or for some other reason, an exception is thrown.
 970      * <p>
 971      * This method is equivalent to {@link #plus(long, TemporalUnit)} with the amount negated.
 972      * See that method for a full description of how addition, and thus subtraction, works.
 973      * <p>
 974      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 975      *
 976      * @param amountToSubtract  the amount of the unit to subtract from the result, may be negative
 977      * @param unit  the unit of the amount to subtract, not null
 978      * @return an {@code Instant} based on this instant with the specified amount subtracted, not null
 979      * @throws DateTimeException if the subtraction cannot be made
 980      * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
 981      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 982      */
 983     @Override
 984     public Instant minus(long amountToSubtract, TemporalUnit unit) {
 985         return (amountToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE ? plus(Long.MAX_VALUE, unit).plus(1, unit) : plus(-amountToSubtract, unit));
 986     }
 987 
 988     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 989     /**
 990      * Returns a copy of this instant with the specified duration in seconds subtracted.
 991      * <p>
 992      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
 993      *
 994      * @param secondsToSubtract  the seconds to subtract, positive or negative
 995      * @return an {@code Instant} based on this instant with the specified seconds subtracted, not null
 996      * @throws DateTimeException if the result exceeds the maximum or minimum instant
 997      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
 998      */
 999     public Instant minusSeconds(long secondsToSubtract) {
1000         if (secondsToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
1001             return plusSeconds(Long.MAX_VALUE).plusSeconds(1);
1002         }
1003         return plusSeconds(-secondsToSubtract);
1004     }
1005 
1006     /**
1007      * Returns a copy of this instant with the specified duration in milliseconds subtracted.
1008      * <p>
1009      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
1010      *
1011      * @param millisToSubtract  the milliseconds to subtract, positive or negative
1012      * @return an {@code Instant} based on this instant with the specified milliseconds subtracted, not null
1013      * @throws DateTimeException if the result exceeds the maximum or minimum instant
1014      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
1015      */
1016     public Instant minusMillis(long millisToSubtract) {
1017         if (millisToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
1018             return plusMillis(Long.MAX_VALUE).plusMillis(1);
1019         }
1020         return plusMillis(-millisToSubtract);
1021     }
1022 
1023     /**
1024      * Returns a copy of this instant with the specified duration in nanoseconds subtracted.
1025      * <p>
1026      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
1027      *
1028      * @param nanosToSubtract  the nanoseconds to subtract, positive or negative
1029      * @return an {@code Instant} based on this instant with the specified nanoseconds subtracted, not null
1030      * @throws DateTimeException if the result exceeds the maximum or minimum instant
1031      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
1032      */
1033     public Instant minusNanos(long nanosToSubtract) {
1034         if (nanosToSubtract == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
1035             return plusNanos(Long.MAX_VALUE).plusNanos(1);
1036         }
1037         return plusNanos(-nanosToSubtract);
1038     }
1039 
1040     //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1041     /**
1042      * Queries this instant using the specified query.
1043      * <p>
1044      * This queries this instant using the specified query strategy object.
1045      * The {@code TemporalQuery} object defines the logic to be used to
1046      * obtain the result. Read the documentation of the query to understand
1047      * what the result of this method will be.
1048      * <p>
1049      * The result of this method is obtained by invoking the
1050      * {@link TemporalQuery#queryFrom(TemporalAccessor)} method on the
1051      * specified query passing {@code this} as the argument.
1052      *
1053      * @param <R> the type of the result
1054      * @param query  the query to invoke, not null
1055      * @return the query result, null may be returned (defined by the query)
1056      * @throws DateTimeException if unable to query (defined by the query)
1057      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs (defined by the query)
1058      */
1059     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
1060     @Override
1061     public <R> R query(TemporalQuery<R> query) {
1062         if (query == TemporalQueries.precision()) {
1063             return (R) NANOS;
1064         }
1065         // inline TemporalAccessor.super.query(query) as an optimization
1066         if (query == TemporalQueries.chronology() || query == TemporalQueries.zoneId() ||
1067                 query == TemporalQueries.zone() || query == TemporalQueries.offset() ||
1068                 query == TemporalQueries.localDate() || query == TemporalQueries.localTime()) {
1069             return null;
1070         }
1071         return query.queryFrom(this);
1072     }
1073 
1074     /**
1075      * Adjusts the specified temporal object to have this instant.
1076      * <p>
1077      * This returns a temporal object of the same observable type as the input
1078      * with the instant changed to be the same as this.
1079      * <p>
1080      * The adjustment is equivalent to using {@link Temporal#with(TemporalField, long)}
1081      * twice, passing {@link ChronoField#INSTANT_SECONDS} and
1082      * {@link ChronoField#NANO_OF_SECOND} as the fields.
1083      * <p>
1084      * In most cases, it is clearer to reverse the calling pattern by using
1085      * {@link Temporal#with(TemporalAdjuster)}:
1086      * <pre>
1087      *   // these two lines are equivalent, but the second approach is recommended
1088      *   temporal = thisInstant.adjustInto(temporal);
1089      *   temporal = temporal.with(thisInstant);
1090      * </pre>
1091      * <p>
1092      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
1093      *
1094      * @param temporal  the target object to be adjusted, not null
1095      * @return the adjusted object, not null
1096      * @throws DateTimeException if unable to make the adjustment
1097      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
1098      */
1099     @Override
1100     public Temporal adjustInto(Temporal temporal) {
1101         return temporal.with(INSTANT_SECONDS, seconds).with(NANO_OF_SECOND, nanos);
1102     }
1103 
1104     /**
1105      * Calculates the amount of time until another instant in terms of the specified unit.
1106      * <p>
1107      * This calculates the amount of time between two {@code Instant}
1108      * objects in terms of a single {@code TemporalUnit}.
1109      * The start and end points are {@code this} and the specified instant.
1110      * The result will be negative if the end is before the start.
1111      * The calculation returns a whole number, representing the number of
1112      * complete units between the two instants.
1113      * The {@code Temporal} passed to this method is converted to a
1114      * {@code Instant} using {@link #from(TemporalAccessor)}.
1115      * For example, the amount in seconds between two dates can be calculated
1116      * using {@code startInstant.until(endInstant, SECONDS)}.
1117      * <p>
1118      * There are two equivalent ways of using this method.
1119      * The first is to invoke this method.
1120      * The second is to use {@link TemporalUnit#between(Temporal, Temporal)}:
1121      * <pre>
1122      *   // these two lines are equivalent
1123      *   amount = start.until(end, SECONDS);
1124      *   amount = SECONDS.between(start, end);
1125      * </pre>
1126      * The choice should be made based on which makes the code more readable.
1127      * <p>
1128      * The calculation is implemented in this method for {@link ChronoUnit}.
1129      * The units {@code NANOS}, {@code MICROS}, {@code MILLIS}, {@code SECONDS},
1130      * {@code MINUTES}, {@code HOURS}, {@code HALF_DAYS} and {@code DAYS}
1131      * are supported. Other {@code ChronoUnit} values will throw an exception.
1132      * <p>
1133      * If the unit is not a {@code ChronoUnit}, then the result of this method
1134      * is obtained by invoking {@code TemporalUnit.between(Temporal, Temporal)}
1135      * passing {@code this} as the first argument and the converted input temporal
1136      * as the second argument.
1137      * <p>
1138      * This instance is immutable and unaffected by this method call.
1139      *
1140      * @param endExclusive  the end date, exclusive, which is converted to an {@code Instant}, not null
1141      * @param unit  the unit to measure the amount in, not null
1142      * @return the amount of time between this instant and the end instant
1143      * @throws DateTimeException if the amount cannot be calculated, or the end
1144      *  temporal cannot be converted to an {@code Instant}
1145      * @throws UnsupportedTemporalTypeException if the unit is not supported
1146      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
1147      */
1148     @Override
1149     public long until(Temporal endExclusive, TemporalUnit unit) {
1150         Instant end = Instant.from(endExclusive);
1151         if (unit instanceof ChronoUnit chronoUnit) {
1152             return switch (chronoUnit) {
1153                 case NANOS     -> nanosUntil(end);
1154                 case MICROS    -> microsUntil(end);
1155                 case MILLIS    -> millisUntil(end);
1156                 case SECONDS   -> secondsUntil(end);
1157                 case MINUTES   -> secondsUntil(end) / SECONDS_PER_MINUTE;
1158                 case HOURS     -> secondsUntil(end) / SECONDS_PER_HOUR;
1159                 case HALF_DAYS -> secondsUntil(end) / (12 * SECONDS_PER_HOUR);
1160                 case DAYS      -> secondsUntil(end) / (SECONDS_PER_DAY);
1161                 default -> throw new UnsupportedTemporalTypeException("Unsupported unit: " + unit);
1162             };
1163         }
1164         return unit.between(this, end);
1165     }
1166 
1167     private long nanosUntil(Instant end) {
1168         long secsDiff = Math.subtractExact(end.seconds, seconds);
1169         long totalNanos = Math.multiplyExact(secsDiff, NANOS_PER_SECOND);
1170         return Math.addExact(totalNanos, end.nanos - nanos);
1171     }
1172 
1173     private long microsUntil(Instant end) {
1174         long secsDiff = Math.subtractExact(end.seconds, seconds);
1175         long totalMicros = Math.multiplyExact(secsDiff, MICROS_PER_SECOND);
1176         return Math.addExact(totalMicros, (end.nanos - nanos) / 1000);
1177     }
1178 
1179     private long millisUntil(Instant end) {
1180         long secsDiff = Math.subtractExact(end.seconds, seconds);
1181         long totalMillis = Math.multiplyExact(secsDiff, MILLIS_PER_SECOND);
1182         return Math.addExact(totalMillis, (end.nanos - nanos) / 1000_000);
1183     }
1184 
1185     private long secondsUntil(Instant end) {
1186         long secsDiff = Math.subtractExact(end.seconds, seconds);
1187         long nanosDiff = end.nanos - nanos;
1188         if (secsDiff > 0 && nanosDiff < 0) {
1189             secsDiff--;
1190         } else if (secsDiff < 0 && nanosDiff > 0) {
1191             secsDiff++;
1192         }
1193         return secsDiff;
1194     }
1195 
1196     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1197     /**
1198      * Combines this instant with an offset to create an {@code OffsetDateTime}.
1199      * <p>
1200      * This returns an {@code OffsetDateTime} formed from this instant at the
1201      * specified offset from UTC/Greenwich. An exception will be thrown if the
1202      * instant is too large to fit into an offset date-time.
1203      * <p>
1204      * This method is equivalent to
1205      * {@link OffsetDateTime#ofInstant(Instant, ZoneId) OffsetDateTime.ofInstant(this, offset)}.
1206      *
1207      * @param offset  the offset to combine with, not null
1208      * @return the offset date-time formed from this instant and the specified offset, not null
1209      * @throws DateTimeException if the result exceeds the supported range
1210      */
1211     public OffsetDateTime atOffset(ZoneOffset offset) {
1212         return OffsetDateTime.ofInstant(this, offset);
1213     }
1214 
1215     /**
1216      * Combines this instant with a time-zone to create a {@code ZonedDateTime}.
1217      * <p>
1218      * This returns an {@code ZonedDateTime} formed from this instant at the
1219      * specified time-zone. An exception will be thrown if the instant is too
1220      * large to fit into a zoned date-time.
1221      * <p>
1222      * This method is equivalent to
1223      * {@link ZonedDateTime#ofInstant(Instant, ZoneId) ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(this, zone)}.
1224      *
1225      * @param zone  the zone to combine with, not null
1226      * @return the zoned date-time formed from this instant and the specified zone, not null
1227      * @throws DateTimeException if the result exceeds the supported range
1228      */
1229     public ZonedDateTime atZone(ZoneId zone) {
1230         return ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(this, zone);
1231     }
1232 
1233     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1234     /**
1235      * Converts this instant to the number of milliseconds from the epoch
1236      * of 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z.
1237      * <p>
1238      * If this instant represents a point on the time-line too far in the future
1239      * or past to fit in a {@code long} milliseconds, then an exception is thrown.
1240      * <p>
1241      * If this instant has greater than millisecond precision, then the conversion
1242      * will drop any excess precision information as though the amount in nanoseconds
1243      * was subject to integer division by one million.
1244      *
1245      * @return the number of milliseconds since the epoch of 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
1246      * @throws ArithmeticException if numeric overflow occurs
1247      */
1248     public long toEpochMilli() {
1249         if (seconds < 0 && nanos > 0) {
1250             long millis = Math.multiplyExact(seconds+1, 1000);
1251             long adjustment = nanos / 1000_000 - 1000;
1252             return Math.addExact(millis, adjustment);
1253         } else {
1254             long millis = Math.multiplyExact(seconds, 1000);
1255             return Math.addExact(millis, nanos / 1000_000);
1256         }
1257     }
1258 
1259     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1260     /**
1261      * Compares this instant to the specified instant.
1262      * <p>
1263      * The comparison is based on the time-line position of the instants.
1264      * It is "consistent with equals", as defined by {@link Comparable}.
1265      *
1266      * @param otherInstant  the other instant to compare to, not null
1267      * @return the comparator value, negative if less, positive if greater
1268      * @throws NullPointerException if otherInstant is null
1269      */
1270     @Override
1271     public int compareTo(Instant otherInstant) {
1272         int cmp = Long.compare(seconds, otherInstant.seconds);
1273         if (cmp != 0) {
1274             return cmp;
1275         }
1276         return nanos - otherInstant.nanos;
1277     }
1278 
1279     /**
1280      * Checks if this instant is after the specified instant.
1281      * <p>
1282      * The comparison is based on the time-line position of the instants.
1283      *
1284      * @param otherInstant  the other instant to compare to, not null
1285      * @return true if this instant is after the specified instant
1286      * @throws NullPointerException if otherInstant is null
1287      */
1288     public boolean isAfter(Instant otherInstant) {
1289         return compareTo(otherInstant) > 0;
1290     }
1291 
1292     /**
1293      * Checks if this instant is before the specified instant.
1294      * <p>
1295      * The comparison is based on the time-line position of the instants.
1296      *
1297      * @param otherInstant  the other instant to compare to, not null
1298      * @return true if this instant is before the specified instant
1299      * @throws NullPointerException if otherInstant is null
1300      */
1301     public boolean isBefore(Instant otherInstant) {
1302         return compareTo(otherInstant) < 0;
1303     }
1304 
1305     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1306     /**
1307      * Checks if this instant is equal to the specified instant.
1308      * <p>
1309      * The comparison is based on the time-line position of the instants.
1310      *
1311      * @param other  the other instant, null returns false
1312      * @return true if the other instant is equal to this one
1313      */
1314     @Override
1315     public boolean equals(Object other) {
1316         if (this == other) {
1317             return true;
1318         }
1319         return (other instanceof Instant otherInstant)
1320                 && this.seconds == otherInstant.seconds
1321                 && this.nanos == otherInstant.nanos;
1322     }
1323 
1324     /**
1325      * Returns a hash code for this instant.
1326      *
1327      * @return a suitable hash code
1328      */
1329     @Override
1330     public int hashCode() {
1331         return ((int) (seconds ^ (seconds >>> 32))) + 51 * nanos;
1332     }
1333 
1334     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1335     /**
1336      * A string representation of this instant using ISO-8601 representation.
1337      * <p>
1338      * The format used is the same as {@link DateTimeFormatter#ISO_INSTANT}.
1339      *
1340      * @return an ISO-8601 representation of this instant, not null
1341      */
1342     @Override
1343     public String toString() {
1344         return DateTimeFormatter.ISO_INSTANT.format(this);
1345     }
1346 
1347     // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
1348     /**
1349      * Writes the object using a
1350      * <a href="{@docRoot}/serialized-form.html#java.time.Ser">dedicated serialized form</a>.
1351      * @serialData
1352      * <pre>
1353      *  out.writeByte(2);  // identifies an Instant
1354      *  out.writeLong(seconds);
1355      *  out.writeInt(nanos);
1356      * </pre>
1357      *
1358      * @return the instance of {@code Ser}, not null
1359      */
1360     @java.io.Serial
1361     private Object writeReplace() {
1362         return new Ser(Ser.INSTANT_TYPE, this);
1363     }
1364 
1365     /**
1366      * Defend against malicious streams.
1367      *
1368      * @param s the stream to read
1369      * @throws InvalidObjectException always
1370      */
1371     @java.io.Serial
1372     private void readObject(ObjectInputStream s) throws InvalidObjectException {
1373         throw new InvalidObjectException("Deserialization via serialization delegate");
1374     }
1375 
1376     void writeExternal(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
1377         out.writeLong(seconds);
1378         out.writeInt(nanos);
1379     }
1380 
1381     static Instant readExternal(DataInput in) throws IOException {
1382         long seconds = in.readLong();
1383         int nanos = in.readInt();
1384         return Instant.ofEpochSecond(seconds, nanos);
1385     }
1386 
1387 }