1 /*
  2  * Copyright (c) 2009, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  4  *
  5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
  7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
  8  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
  9  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 10  *
 11  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 12  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 13  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 14  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 15  * accompanied this code).
 16  *
 17  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 18  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 19  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 20  *
 21  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 22  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 23  * questions.
 24  */
 25 
 26 package java.util;
 27 
 28 import jdk.internal.util.Preconditions;
 29 import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.ForceInline;
 30 
 31 import java.util.function.Supplier;
 32 
 33 /**
 34  * This class consists of {@code static} utility methods for operating
 35  * on objects, or checking certain conditions before operation.  These utilities
 36  * include {@code null}-safe or {@code null}-tolerant methods for computing the
 37  * hash code of an object, returning a string for an object, comparing two
 38  * objects, and checking if indexes or sub-range values are out of bounds.
 39  *
 40  * @since 1.7
 41  */
 42 public final class Objects {
 43     private Objects() {
 44         throw new AssertionError("No java.util.Objects instances for you!");
 45     }
 46 
 47     /**
 48      * {@return {@code true} if the arguments are equal to each other
 49      * and {@code false} otherwise}
 50      * Consequently, if both arguments are {@code null}, {@code true}
 51      * is returned.  Otherwise, if the first argument is not {@code
 52      * null}, equality is determined by calling the {@link
 53      * Object#equals equals} method of the first argument with the
 54      * second argument of this method. Otherwise, {@code false} is
 55      * returned.
 56      *
 57      * @param a an object
 58      * @param b an object to be compared with {@code a} for equality
 59      * @see Object#equals(Object)
 60      */
 61     public static boolean equals(Object a, Object b) {
 62         return (a == b) || (a != null && a.equals(b));
 63     }
 64 
 65    /**
 66     * {@return {@code true} if the arguments are deeply equal to each other
 67     * and {@code false} otherwise}
 68     *
 69     * Two {@code null} values are deeply equal.  If both arguments are
 70     * arrays, the algorithm in {@link Arrays#deepEquals(Object[],
 71     * Object[]) Arrays.deepEquals} is used to determine equality.
 72     * Otherwise, equality is determined by using the {@link
 73     * Object#equals equals} method of the first argument.
 74     *
 75     * @param a an object
 76     * @param b an object to be compared with {@code a} for deep equality
 77     * @see Arrays#deepEquals(Object[], Object[])
 78     * @see Objects#equals(Object, Object)
 79     */
 80     public static boolean deepEquals(Object a, Object b) {
 81         if (a == b)
 82             return true;
 83         else if (a == null || b == null)
 84             return false;
 85         else
 86             return Arrays.deepEquals0(a, b);
 87     }
 88 
 89     /**
 90      * {@return the hash code of a non-{@code null} argument and 0 for
 91      * a {@code null} argument}
 92      *
 93      * @param o an object
 94      * @see Object#hashCode
 95      */
 96     public static int hashCode(Object o) {
 97         return o != null ? o.hashCode() : 0;
 98     }
 99 
100    /**
101     * {@return a hash code for a sequence of input values} The hash
102     * code is generated as if all the input values were placed into an
103     * array, and that array were hashed by calling {@link
104     * Arrays#hashCode(Object[])}.
105     *
106     * <p>This method is useful for implementing {@link
107     * Object#hashCode()} on objects containing multiple fields. For
108     * example, if an object that has three fields, {@code x}, {@code
109     * y}, and {@code z}, one could write:
110     *
111     * <blockquote><pre>
112     * &#064;Override public int hashCode() {
113     *     return Objects.hash(x, y, z);
114     * }
115     * </pre></blockquote>
116     *
117     * <b>Warning: When a single object reference is supplied, the returned
118     * value does not equal the hash code of that object reference.</b> This
119     * value can be computed by calling {@link #hashCode(Object)}.
120     *
121     * @param values the values to be hashed
122     * @see Arrays#hashCode(Object[])
123     * @see List#hashCode
124     */
125     public static int hash(Object... values) {
126         return Arrays.hashCode(values);
127     }
128 
129     /**
130      * {@return the result of calling {@code toString} for a
131      * non-{@code null} argument and {@code "null"} for a
132      * {@code null} argument}
133      *
134      * @param o an object
135      * @see Object#toString
136      * @see String#valueOf(Object)
137      */
138     public static String toString(Object o) {
139         return String.valueOf(o);
140     }
141 
142     /**
143      * {@return the result of calling {@code toString} on the first
144      * argument if the first argument is not {@code null} and the
145      * second argument otherwise}
146      *
147      * @param o an object
148      * @param nullDefault string to return if the first argument is
149      *        {@code null}
150      * @see Objects#toString(Object)
151      */
152     public static String toString(Object o, String nullDefault) {
153         return (o != null) ? o.toString() : nullDefault;
154     }
155 
156     /**
157      * {@return a string equivalent to the string returned by {@code
158      * Object.toString} if that method and {@code hashCode} are not
159      * overridden}
160      *
161      * @implNote
162      * This method constructs a string for an object without calling
163      * any overridable methods of the object.
164      *
165      * @implSpec
166      * The method returns a string equivalent to:<br>
167      * {@code o.getClass().getName() + "@" + Integer.toHexString(System.identityHashCode(o))}
168      *
169      * @param o an object
170      * @throws NullPointerException if the argument is null
171      * @see Object#toString
172      * @see System#identityHashCode(Object)
173      * @since 19
174      */
175     public static String toIdentityString(Object o) {
176         requireNonNull(o);
177         return o.getClass().getName() + "@" + Integer.toHexString(System.identityHashCode(o));
178     }
179 
180     /**
181      * {@return 0 if the arguments are identical and {@code
182      * c.compare(a, b)} otherwise}
183      * Consequently, if both arguments are {@code null} 0
184      * is returned.
185      *
186      * <p>Note that if one of the arguments is {@code null}, a {@code
187      * NullPointerException} may or may not be thrown depending on
188      * what ordering policy, if any, the {@link Comparator Comparator}
189      * chooses to have for {@code null} values.
190      *
191      * @param <T> the type of the objects being compared
192      * @param a an object
193      * @param b an object to be compared with {@code a}
194      * @param c the {@code Comparator} to compare the first two arguments
195      * @see Comparable
196      * @see Comparator
197      */
198     public static <T> int compare(T a, T b, Comparator<? super T> c) {
199         return (a == b) ? 0 :  c.compare(a, b);
200     }
201 
202     /**
203      * Checks that the specified object reference is not {@code null}. This
204      * method is designed primarily for doing parameter validation in methods
205      * and constructors, as demonstrated below:
206      * <blockquote><pre>
207      * public Foo(Bar bar) {
208      *     this.bar = Objects.requireNonNull(bar);
209      * }
210      * </pre></blockquote>
211      *
212      * @param obj the object reference to check for nullity
213      * @param <T> the type of the reference
214      * @return {@code obj} if not {@code null}
215      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code obj} is {@code null}
216      */
217     @ForceInline
218     public static <T> T requireNonNull(T obj) {
219         if (obj == null)
220             throw new NullPointerException();
221         return obj;
222     }
223 
224     /**
225      * Checks that the specified object reference is not {@code null} and
226      * throws a customized {@link NullPointerException} if it is. This method
227      * is designed primarily for doing parameter validation in methods and
228      * constructors with multiple parameters, as demonstrated below:
229      * <blockquote><pre>
230      * public Foo(Bar bar, Baz baz) {
231      *     this.bar = Objects.requireNonNull(bar, "bar must not be null");
232      *     this.baz = Objects.requireNonNull(baz, "baz must not be null");
233      * }
234      * </pre></blockquote>
235      *
236      * @param obj     the object reference to check for nullity
237      * @param message detail message to be used in the event that a {@code
238      *                NullPointerException} is thrown
239      * @param <T> the type of the reference
240      * @return {@code obj} if not {@code null}
241      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code obj} is {@code null}
242      */
243     @ForceInline
244     public static <T> T requireNonNull(T obj, String message) {
245         if (obj == null)
246             throw new NullPointerException(message);
247         return obj;
248     }
249 
250     /**
251      * {@return {@code true} if the provided reference is {@code
252      * null}; {@code false} otherwise}
253      *
254      * @apiNote This method exists to be used as a
255      * {@link java.util.function.Predicate}, {@code filter(Objects::isNull)}
256      *
257      * @param obj a reference to be checked against {@code null}
258      *
259      * @see java.util.function.Predicate
260      * @since 1.8
261      */
262     public static boolean isNull(Object obj) {
263         return obj == null;
264     }
265 
266     /**
267      * {@return {@code true} if the provided reference is non-{@code null};
268      * {@code false} otherwise}
269      *
270      * @apiNote This method exists to be used as a
271      * {@link java.util.function.Predicate}, {@code filter(Objects::nonNull)}
272      *
273      * @param obj a reference to be checked against {@code null}
274      *
275      * @see java.util.function.Predicate
276      * @since 1.8
277      */
278     public static boolean nonNull(Object obj) {
279         return obj != null;
280     }
281 
282     /**
283      * {@return the first argument if it is non-{@code null} and
284      * otherwise the second argument if it is non-{@code null}}
285      *
286      * @param obj an object
287      * @param defaultObj a non-{@code null} object to return if the first argument
288      *                   is {@code null}
289      * @param <T> the type of the reference
290      * @throws NullPointerException if both {@code obj} is null and
291      *        {@code defaultObj} is {@code null}
292      * @since 9
293      */
294     public static <T> T requireNonNullElse(T obj, T defaultObj) {
295         return (obj != null) ? obj : requireNonNull(defaultObj, "defaultObj");
296     }
297 
298     /**
299      * {@return the first argument if it is non-{@code null} and
300      * otherwise the value from {@code supplier.get()} if it is
301      * non-{@code null}}
302      *
303      * @param obj an object
304      * @param supplier of a non-{@code null} object to return if the first argument
305      *                 is {@code null}
306      * @param <T> the type of the first argument and return type
307      * @throws NullPointerException if both {@code obj} is null and
308      *        either the {@code supplier} is {@code null} or
309      *        the {@code supplier.get()} value is {@code null}
310      * @since 9
311      */
312     public static <T> T requireNonNullElseGet(T obj, Supplier<? extends T> supplier) {
313         return (obj != null) ? obj
314                 : requireNonNull(requireNonNull(supplier, "supplier").get(), "supplier.get()");
315     }
316 
317     /**
318      * Checks that the specified object reference is not {@code null} and
319      * throws a customized {@link NullPointerException} if it is.
320      *
321      * <p>Unlike the method {@link #requireNonNull(Object, String)},
322      * this method allows creation of the message to be deferred until
323      * after the null check is made. While this may confer a
324      * performance advantage in the non-null case, when deciding to
325      * call this method care should be taken that the costs of
326      * creating the message supplier are less than the cost of just
327      * creating the string message directly.
328      *
329      * @param obj     the object reference to check for nullity
330      * @param messageSupplier supplier of the detail message to be
331      * used in the event that a {@code NullPointerException} is thrown
332      * @param <T> the type of the reference
333      * @return {@code obj} if not {@code null}
334      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code obj} is {@code null}
335      * @since 1.8
336      */
337     public static <T> T requireNonNull(T obj, Supplier<String> messageSupplier) {
338         if (obj == null)
339             throw new NullPointerException(messageSupplier == null ?
340                                            null : messageSupplier.get());
341         return obj;
342     }
343 
344     /**
345      * Checks if the {@code index} is within the bounds of the range from
346      * {@code 0} (inclusive) to {@code length} (exclusive).
347      *
348      * <p>The {@code index} is defined to be out of bounds if any of the
349      * following inequalities is true:
350      * <ul>
351      *  <li>{@code index < 0}</li>
352      *  <li>{@code index >= length}</li>
353      *  <li>{@code length < 0}, which is implied from the former inequalities</li>
354      * </ul>
355      *
356      * @param index the index
357      * @param length the upper-bound (exclusive) of the range
358      * @return {@code index} if it is within bounds of the range
359      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the {@code index} is out of bounds
360      * @since 9
361      */
362     @ForceInline
363     public static
364     int checkIndex(int index, int length) {
365         return Preconditions.checkIndex(index, length, null);
366     }
367 
368     /**
369      * Checks if the sub-range from {@code fromIndex} (inclusive) to
370      * {@code toIndex} (exclusive) is within the bounds of range from {@code 0}
371      * (inclusive) to {@code length} (exclusive).
372      *
373      * <p>The sub-range is defined to be out of bounds if any of the following
374      * inequalities is true:
375      * <ul>
376      *  <li>{@code fromIndex < 0}</li>
377      *  <li>{@code fromIndex > toIndex}</li>
378      *  <li>{@code toIndex > length}</li>
379      *  <li>{@code length < 0}, which is implied from the former inequalities</li>
380      * </ul>
381      *
382      * @param fromIndex the lower-bound (inclusive) of the sub-range
383      * @param toIndex the upper-bound (exclusive) of the sub-range
384      * @param length the upper-bound (exclusive) the range
385      * @return {@code fromIndex} if the sub-range within bounds of the range
386      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the sub-range is out of bounds
387      * @since 9
388      */
389     public static
390     int checkFromToIndex(int fromIndex, int toIndex, int length) {
391         return Preconditions.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, length, null);
392     }
393 
394     /**
395      * Checks if the sub-range from {@code fromIndex} (inclusive) to
396      * {@code fromIndex + size} (exclusive) is within the bounds of range from
397      * {@code 0} (inclusive) to {@code length} (exclusive).
398      *
399      * <p>The sub-range is defined to be out of bounds if any of the following
400      * inequalities is true:
401      * <ul>
402      *  <li>{@code fromIndex < 0}</li>
403      *  <li>{@code size < 0}</li>
404      *  <li>{@code fromIndex + size > length}, taking into account integer overflow</li>
405      *  <li>{@code length < 0}, which is implied from the former inequalities</li>
406      * </ul>
407      *
408      * @param fromIndex the lower-bound (inclusive) of the sub-interval
409      * @param size the size of the sub-range
410      * @param length the upper-bound (exclusive) of the range
411      * @return {@code fromIndex} if the sub-range within bounds of the range
412      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the sub-range is out of bounds
413      * @since 9
414      */
415     public static
416     int checkFromIndexSize(int fromIndex, int size, int length) {
417         return Preconditions.checkFromIndexSize(fromIndex, size, length, null);
418     }
419 
420     /**
421      * Checks if the {@code index} is within the bounds of the range from
422      * {@code 0} (inclusive) to {@code length} (exclusive).
423      *
424      * <p>The {@code index} is defined to be out of bounds if any of the
425      * following inequalities is true:
426      * <ul>
427      *  <li>{@code index < 0}</li>
428      *  <li>{@code index >= length}</li>
429      *  <li>{@code length < 0}, which is implied from the former inequalities</li>
430      * </ul>
431      *
432      * @param index the index
433      * @param length the upper-bound (exclusive) of the range
434      * @return {@code index} if it is within bounds of the range
435      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the {@code index} is out of bounds
436      * @since 16
437      */
438     @ForceInline
439     public static
440     long checkIndex(long index, long length) {
441         return Preconditions.checkIndex(index, length, null);
442     }
443 
444     /**
445      * Checks if the sub-range from {@code fromIndex} (inclusive) to
446      * {@code toIndex} (exclusive) is within the bounds of range from {@code 0}
447      * (inclusive) to {@code length} (exclusive).
448      *
449      * <p>The sub-range is defined to be out of bounds if any of the following
450      * inequalities is true:
451      * <ul>
452      *  <li>{@code fromIndex < 0}</li>
453      *  <li>{@code fromIndex > toIndex}</li>
454      *  <li>{@code toIndex > length}</li>
455      *  <li>{@code length < 0}, which is implied from the former inequalities</li>
456      * </ul>
457      *
458      * @param fromIndex the lower-bound (inclusive) of the sub-range
459      * @param toIndex the upper-bound (exclusive) of the sub-range
460      * @param length the upper-bound (exclusive) the range
461      * @return {@code fromIndex} if the sub-range within bounds of the range
462      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the sub-range is out of bounds
463      * @since 16
464      */
465     public static
466     long checkFromToIndex(long fromIndex, long toIndex, long length) {
467         return Preconditions.checkFromToIndex(fromIndex, toIndex, length, null);
468     }
469 
470     /**
471      * Checks if the sub-range from {@code fromIndex} (inclusive) to
472      * {@code fromIndex + size} (exclusive) is within the bounds of range from
473      * {@code 0} (inclusive) to {@code length} (exclusive).
474      *
475      * <p>The sub-range is defined to be out of bounds if any of the following
476      * inequalities is true:
477      * <ul>
478      *  <li>{@code fromIndex < 0}</li>
479      *  <li>{@code size < 0}</li>
480      *  <li>{@code fromIndex + size > length}, taking into account integer overflow</li>
481      *  <li>{@code length < 0}, which is implied from the former inequalities</li>
482      * </ul>
483      *
484      * @param fromIndex the lower-bound (inclusive) of the sub-interval
485      * @param size the size of the sub-range
486      * @param length the upper-bound (exclusive) of the range
487      * @return {@code fromIndex} if the sub-range within bounds of the range
488      * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the sub-range is out of bounds
489      * @since 16
490      */
491     public static
492     long checkFromIndexSize(long fromIndex, long size, long length) {
493         return Preconditions.checkFromIndexSize(fromIndex, size, length, null);
494     }
495 }