1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 2022, 2026, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * Copyright (c) 2024, Alibaba Group Holding Limited. All Rights Reserved.
   4  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   5  *
   6  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   7  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   8  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   9  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
  10  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
  11  *
  12  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  13  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  14  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  15  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  16  * accompanied this code).
  17  *
  18  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  19  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  20  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  21  *
  22  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  23  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  24  * questions.
  25  *
  26  */
  27 package jdk.internal.classfile.impl;
  28 
  29 import java.lang.classfile.Attribute;
  30 import java.lang.classfile.Attributes;
  31 import java.lang.classfile.Label;
  32 import java.lang.classfile.attribute.StackMapTableAttribute;
  33 import java.lang.classfile.constantpool.*;
  34 import java.lang.constant.ClassDesc;
  35 import java.lang.constant.MethodTypeDesc;
  36 import java.util.ArrayList;
  37 import java.util.Arrays;
  38 import java.util.List;
  39 import java.util.Objects;
  40 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
  41 
  42 import jdk.internal.classfile.impl.WritableField.UnsetField;
  43 import jdk.internal.constant.ClassOrInterfaceDescImpl;
  44 import jdk.internal.util.Preconditions;
  45 
  46 import static java.lang.classfile.ClassFile.*;
  47 import static java.lang.classfile.constantpool.PoolEntry.*;
  48 import static java.lang.constant.ConstantDescs.*;
  49 import static jdk.internal.classfile.impl.RawBytecodeHelper.*;
  50 
  51 /**
  52  * StackMapGenerator is responsible for stack map frames generation.
  53  * <p>
  54  * Stack map frames are computed from serialized bytecode similar way they are verified during class loading process.
  55  * <p>
  56  * The {@linkplain #generate() frames computation} consists of following steps:
  57  * <ol>
  58  * <li>{@linkplain #detectFrames() Detection} of mandatory stack map frames:<ul>
  59  *      <li>Mandatory stack map frame include all jump and switch instructions targets,
  60  *          offsets immediately following {@linkplain #noControlFlow(int) "no control flow"}
  61  *          and all exception table handlers.
  62  *      <li>Detection is performed in a single fast pass through the bytecode,
  63  *          with no auxiliary structures construction nor further instructions processing.
  64  * </ul>
  65  * <li>Generator loop {@linkplain #processMethod() processing bytecode instructions}:<ul>
  66  *      <li>Generator loop simulates sequence instructions {@linkplain #processBlock(RawBytecodeHelper) processing effect on the actual stack and locals}.
  67  *      <li>All mandatory {@linkplain Frame frames} detected in the step #1 are {@linkplain Frame#checkAssignableTo(Frame) retro-filled}
  68  *          (or {@linkplain Frame#merge(Type, Type[], int, Frame) reverse-merged} in subsequent processing)
  69  *          with the actual stack and locals for all matching jump, switch and exception handler targets.
  70  *      <li>All frames modified by reverse merges are marked as {@linkplain Frame#dirty dirty} for further processing.
  71  *      <li>Code blocks with not yet known entry frame content are skipped and related frames are also marked as dirty.
  72  *      <li>Generator loop process is repeated until all mandatory frames are cleared or until an error state is reached.
  73  *      <li>Generator loop always passes all instructions at least once to calculate {@linkplain #maxStack max stack}
  74  *          and {@linkplain #maxLocals max locals} code attributes.
  75  *      <li>More than one pass is usually not necessary, except for more complex bytecode sequences.<br>
  76  *          <i>(Note: experimental measurements showed that more than 99% of the cases required only single pass to clear all frames,
  77  *          less than 1% of the cases required second pass and remaining 0,01% of the cases required third pass to clear all frames.)</i>.
  78  * </ul>
  79  * <li>Dead code patching to pass class loading verification:<ul>
  80  *      <li>Dead code blocks are indicated by frames remaining without content after leaving the Generator loop.
  81  *      <li>Each dead code block is filled with <code>NOP</code> instructions, terminated with
  82  *          <code>ATHROW</code> instruction, and removed from exception handlers table.
  83  *      <li>Dead code block entry frame is set to <code>java.lang.Throwable</code> single stack item and no locals.
  84  * </ul>
  85  * </ol>
  86  * <p>
  87  * {@linkplain Frame#merge(Type, Type[], int, Frame) Reverse-merge} of the stack map frames
  88  * may in some situations require to determine {@linkplain ClassHierarchyImpl class hierarchy} relations.
  89  * <p>
  90  * Reverse-merge of individual {@linkplain Type types} is performed when a target frame has already been retro-filled
  91  * and it is necessary to adjust its existing stack entries and locals to also match actual stack map frame conditions.
  92  * Following tables describe how new target stack entry or local type is calculated, based on the actual frame stack entry or local ("from")
  93  * and actual value of the target stack entry or local ("to").
  94  *
  95  * <table border="1">
  96  * <caption>Reverse-merge of general type categories</caption>
  97  * <tr><th>to \ from<th>TOP<th>PRIMITIVE<th>UNINITIALIZED<th>REFERENCE
  98  * <tr><th>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP
  99  * <tr><th>PRIMITIVE<td>TOP<td><a href="#primitives">Reverse-merge of primitive types</a><td>TOP<td>TOP
 100  * <tr><th>UNINITIALIZED<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>Is NEW offset matching ? UNINITIALIZED : TOP<td>TOP
 101  * <tr><th>REFERENCE<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td><a href="#references">Reverse-merge of reference types</a>
 102  * </table>
 103  * <p>
 104  * <table id="primitives" border="1">
 105  * <caption>Reverse-merge of primitive types</caption>
 106  * <tr><th>to \ from<th>SHORT<th>BYTE<th>BOOLEAN<th>LONG<th>DOUBLE<th>FLOAT<th>INTEGER
 107  * <tr><th>SHORT<td>SHORT<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>SHORT
 108  * <tr><th>BYTE<td>TOP<td>BYTE<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>BYTE
 109  * <tr><th>BOOLEAN<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>BOOLEAN<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>BOOLEAN
 110  * <tr><th>LONG<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>LONG<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP
 111  * <tr><th>DOUBLE<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>DOUBLE<td>TOP<td>TOP
 112  * <tr><th>FLOAT<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>FLOAT<td>TOP
 113  * <tr><th>INTEGER<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>TOP<td>INTEGER
 114  * </table>
 115  * <p>
 116  * <table id="references" border="1">
 117  * <caption>Reverse merge of reference types</caption>
 118  * <tr><th>to \ from<th>NULL<th>j.l.Object<th>j.l.Cloneable<th>j.i.Serializable<th>ARRAY<th>INTERFACE*<th>OBJECT**
 119  * <tr><th>NULL<td>NULL<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Cloneable<td>j.i.Serializable<td>ARRAY<td>INTERFACE<td>OBJECT
 120  * <tr><th>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object
 121  * <tr><th>j.l.Cloneable<td>j.l.Cloneable<td>j.l.Cloneable<td>j.l.Cloneable<td>j.l.Cloneable<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Cloneable<td>j.l.Cloneable
 122  * <tr><th>j.i.Serializable<td>j.i.Serializable<td>j.i.Serializable<td>j.i.Serializable<td>j.i.Serializable<td>j.l.Object<td>j.i.Serializable<td>j.i.Serializable
 123  * <tr><th>ARRAY<td>ARRAY<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td><a href="#arrays">Reverse merge of arrays</a><td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object
 124  * <tr><th>INTERFACE*<td>INTERFACE<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object
 125  * <tr><th>OBJECT**<td>OBJECT<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>j.l.Object<td>Resolved common ancestor
 126  * <tr><td colspan="8">*any interface reference except for j.l.Cloneable and j.i.Serializable<br>**any object reference except for j.l.Object
 127  * </table>
 128  * <p id="arrays">
 129  * Array types are reverse-merged as reference to array type constructed from reverse-merged components.
 130  * Reference to j.l.Object is an alternate result when construction of the array type is not possible (when reverse-merge of components returned TOP or other non-reference and non-primitive type).
 131  * <p>
 132  * Custom class hierarchy resolver has been implemented as a part of the library to avoid heavy class loading
 133  * and to allow stack maps generation even for code with incomplete dependency classpath.
 134  * However stack maps generated with {@linkplain ClassHierarchyImpl#resolve(java.lang.constant.ClassDesc) warnings of unresolved dependencies} may later fail to verify during class loading process.
 135  * <p>
 136  * Focus of the whole algorithm is on high performance and low memory footprint:<ul>
 137  *      <li>It does not produce, collect nor visit any complex intermediate structures
 138  *          <i>(beside {@linkplain RawBytecodeHelper traversing} the {@linkplain #bytecode bytecode in binary form}).</i>
 139  *      <li>It works with only minimal mandatory stack map frames.
 140  *      <li>It does not spend time on any non-essential verifications.
 141  * </ul>
 142  */
 143 
 144 public final class StackMapGenerator {
 145 
 146     static StackMapGenerator of(DirectCodeBuilder dcb, BufWriterImpl buf) {
 147         return new StackMapGenerator(
 148                 dcb,
 149                 buf.thisClass().asSymbol(),
 150                 dcb.methodInfo.methodName().stringValue(),
 151                 dcb.methodInfo.methodTypeSymbol(),
 152                 (dcb.methodInfo.methodFlags() & ACC_STATIC) != 0,
 153                 dcb.bytecodesBufWriter.bytecodeView(),
 154                 dcb.constantPool,
 155                 dcb.context,
 156                 buf.getStrictInstanceFields(),
 157                 dcb.handlers);
 158     }
 159 
 160     private static final String OBJECT_INITIALIZER_NAME = "<init>";
 161     private static final int FLAG_THIS_UNINIT = 0x01;
 162     private static final int FRAME_DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
 163     private static final int T_BOOLEAN = 4, T_LONG = 11;
 164     private static final Frame[] EMPTY_FRAME_ARRAY = {};
 165 
 166     public static final int
 167             ITEM_TOP = 0,
 168             ITEM_INTEGER = 1,
 169             ITEM_FLOAT = 2,
 170             ITEM_DOUBLE = 3,
 171             ITEM_LONG = 4,
 172             ITEM_NULL = 5,
 173             ITEM_UNINITIALIZED_THIS = 6,
 174             ITEM_OBJECT = 7,
 175             ITEM_UNINITIALIZED = 8,
 176             ITEM_BOOLEAN = 9,
 177             ITEM_BYTE = 10,
 178             ITEM_SHORT = 11,
 179             ITEM_CHAR = 12,
 180             ITEM_LONG_2ND = 13,
 181             ITEM_DOUBLE_2ND = 14,
 182             ITEM_BOGUS = -1;
 183 
 184     // Ranges represented by these constants are inclusive on both ends
 185     public static final int
 186             SAME_FRAME_END = 63,
 187             SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_FRAME_START = 64,
 188             SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_FRAME_END = 127,
 189             RESERVED_END = 245,
 190             EARLY_LARVAL = 246,
 191             SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_EXTENDED = 247,
 192             CHOP_FRAME_START = 248,
 193             CHOP_FRAME_END = 250,
 194             SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED = 251,
 195             APPEND_FRAME_START = 252,
 196             APPEND_FRAME_END = 254,
 197             FULL_FRAME = 255;
 198 
 199     private static final Type[] ARRAY_FROM_BASIC_TYPE = {null, null, null, null,
 200         Type.BOOLEAN_ARRAY_TYPE, Type.CHAR_ARRAY_TYPE, Type.FLOAT_ARRAY_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE_ARRAY_TYPE,
 201         Type.BYTE_ARRAY_TYPE, Type.SHORT_ARRAY_TYPE, Type.INT_ARRAY_TYPE, Type.LONG_ARRAY_TYPE};
 202 
 203     static record RawExceptionCatch(int start, int end, int handler, Type catchType) {}
 204 
 205     private final Type thisType;
 206     private final String methodName;
 207     private final MethodTypeDesc methodDesc;
 208     private final RawBytecodeHelper.CodeRange bytecode;
 209     private final SplitConstantPool cp;
 210     private final boolean isStatic;
 211     private final LabelContext labelContext;
 212     private final List<AbstractPseudoInstruction.ExceptionCatchImpl> handlers;
 213     private final List<RawExceptionCatch> rawHandlers;
 214     private final ClassHierarchyImpl classHierarchy;
 215     private final UnsetField[] strictFieldsToPut; // exact-sized, do not modify this copy!
 216     private final boolean patchDeadCode;
 217     private Frame[] frames = EMPTY_FRAME_ARRAY;
 218     private int framesCount = 0;
 219     private final Frame currentFrame;
 220     private int maxStack, maxLocals;
 221 
 222     /**
 223      * Primary constructor of the <code>Generator</code> class.
 224      * New <code>Generator</code> instance must be created for each individual class/method.
 225      * Instance contains only immutable results, all the calculations are processed during instance construction.
 226      *
 227      * @param labelContext <code>LabelContext</code> instance used to resolve or patch <code>ExceptionHandler</code>
 228      * labels to bytecode offsets (or vice versa)
 229      * @param thisClass class to generate stack maps for
 230      * @param methodName method name to generate stack maps for
 231      * @param methodDesc method descriptor to generate stack maps for
 232      * @param isStatic information whether the method is static
 233      * @param bytecode R/W <code>ByteBuffer</code> wrapping method bytecode, the content is altered in case <code>Generator</code> detects  and patches dead code
 234      * @param cp R/W <code>ConstantPoolBuilder</code> instance used to resolve all involved CP entries and also generate new entries referenced from the generated stack maps
 235      * @param handlers R/W <code>ExceptionHandler</code> list used to detect mandatory frame offsets as well as to determine stack maps in exception handlers
 236      * and also to be altered when dead code is detected and must be excluded from exception handlers
 237      */
 238     public StackMapGenerator(LabelContext labelContext,
 239                      ClassDesc thisClass,
 240                      String methodName,
 241                      MethodTypeDesc methodDesc,
 242                      boolean isStatic,
 243                      RawBytecodeHelper.CodeRange bytecode,
 244                      SplitConstantPool cp,
 245                      ClassFileImpl context,
 246                      UnsetField[] strictFields,
 247                      List<AbstractPseudoInstruction.ExceptionCatchImpl> handlers) {
 248         this.thisType = Type.referenceType(thisClass);
 249         this.methodName = methodName;
 250         this.methodDesc = methodDesc;
 251         this.isStatic = isStatic;
 252         this.bytecode = bytecode;
 253         this.cp = cp;
 254         this.labelContext = labelContext;
 255         this.handlers = handlers;
 256         this.rawHandlers = new ArrayList<>(handlers.size());
 257         this.classHierarchy = new ClassHierarchyImpl(context.classHierarchyResolver());
 258         this.patchDeadCode = context.patchDeadCode();
 259         this.currentFrame = new Frame(classHierarchy);
 260         if (OBJECT_INITIALIZER_NAME.equals(methodName)) {
 261             this.strictFieldsToPut = strictFields;
 262         } else {
 263             this.strictFieldsToPut = UnsetField.EMPTY_ARRAY;
 264         }
 265         generate();
 266     }
 267 
 268     /**
 269      * Calculated maximum number of the locals required
 270      * @return maximum number of the locals required
 271      */
 272     public int maxLocals() {
 273         return maxLocals;
 274     }
 275 
 276     /**
 277      * Calculated maximum stack size required
 278      * @return maximum stack size required
 279      */
 280     public int maxStack() {
 281         return maxStack;
 282     }
 283 
 284     private Frame getFrame(int offset) {
 285         //binary search over frames ordered by offset
 286         int low = 0;
 287         int high = framesCount - 1;
 288         while (low <= high) {
 289             int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
 290             var f = frames[mid];
 291             if (f.offset < offset)
 292                 low = mid + 1;
 293             else if (f.offset > offset)
 294                 high = mid - 1;
 295             else
 296                 return f;
 297         }
 298         return null;
 299     }
 300 
 301     private void checkJumpTarget(Frame frame, int target) {
 302         frame.checkAssignableTo(getFrame(target));
 303     }
 304 
 305     private int exMin, exMax;
 306 
 307     private boolean isAnyFrameDirty() {
 308         for (int i = 0; i < framesCount; i++) {
 309             if (frames[i].dirty) return true;
 310         }
 311         return false;
 312     }
 313 
 314     private void generate() {
 315         exMin = bytecode.length();
 316         exMax = -1;
 317         if (!handlers.isEmpty()) {
 318             generateHandlers();
 319         }
 320         detectFrames();
 321         do {
 322             processMethod();
 323         } while (isAnyFrameDirty());
 324         maxLocals = currentFrame.frameMaxLocals;
 325         maxStack = currentFrame.frameMaxStack;
 326 
 327         //dead code patching
 328         for (int i = 0; i < framesCount; i++) {
 329             var frame = frames[i];
 330             if (frame.flags == -1) {
 331                 deadCodePatching(frame, i);
 332             }
 333         }
 334     }
 335 
 336     private void generateHandlers() {
 337         var labelContext = this.labelContext;
 338         for (int i = 0; i < handlers.size(); i++) {
 339             var exhandler = handlers.get(i);
 340             int start_pc = labelContext.labelToBci(exhandler.tryStart());
 341             int end_pc = labelContext.labelToBci(exhandler.tryEnd());
 342             int handler_pc = labelContext.labelToBci(exhandler.handler());
 343             if (start_pc >= 0 && end_pc >= 0 && end_pc > start_pc && handler_pc >= 0) {
 344                 if (start_pc < exMin) exMin = start_pc;
 345                 if (end_pc > exMax) exMax = end_pc;
 346                 var catchType = exhandler.catchType();
 347                 rawHandlers.add(new RawExceptionCatch(start_pc, end_pc, handler_pc,
 348                         catchType.isPresent() ? cpIndexToType(catchType.get().index(), cp)
 349                                 : Type.THROWABLE_TYPE));
 350             }
 351         }
 352     }
 353 
 354     private void deadCodePatching(Frame frame, int i) {
 355         if (!patchDeadCode) throw generatorError("Unable to generate stack map frame for dead code", frame.offset);
 356         //patch frame
 357         frame.pushStack(Type.THROWABLE_TYPE);
 358         if (maxStack < 1) maxStack = 1;
 359         int end = (i < framesCount - 1 ? frames[i + 1].offset : bytecode.length()) - 1;
 360         //patch bytecode
 361         var arr = bytecode.array();
 362         Arrays.fill(arr, frame.offset, end, (byte) NOP);
 363         arr[end] = (byte) ATHROW;
 364         //patch handlers
 365         removeRangeFromExcTable(frame.offset, end + 1);
 366     }
 367 
 368     private void removeRangeFromExcTable(int rangeStart, int rangeEnd) {
 369         var it = handlers.listIterator();
 370         while (it.hasNext()) {
 371             var e = it.next();
 372             int handlerStart = labelContext.labelToBci(e.tryStart());
 373             int handlerEnd = labelContext.labelToBci(e.tryEnd());
 374             if (rangeStart >= handlerEnd || rangeEnd <= handlerStart) {
 375                 //out of range
 376                 continue;
 377             }
 378             if (rangeStart <= handlerStart) {
 379               if (rangeEnd >= handlerEnd) {
 380                   //complete removal
 381                   it.remove();
 382               } else {
 383                   //cut from left
 384                   Label newStart = labelContext.newLabel();
 385                   labelContext.setLabelTarget(newStart, rangeEnd);
 386                   it.set(new AbstractPseudoInstruction.ExceptionCatchImpl(e.handler(), newStart, e.tryEnd(), e.catchType()));
 387               }
 388             } else if (rangeEnd >= handlerEnd) {
 389                 //cut from right
 390                 Label newEnd = labelContext.newLabel();
 391                 labelContext.setLabelTarget(newEnd, rangeStart);
 392                 it.set(new AbstractPseudoInstruction.ExceptionCatchImpl(e.handler(), e.tryStart(), newEnd, e.catchType()));
 393             } else {
 394                 //split
 395                 Label newStart = labelContext.newLabel();
 396                 labelContext.setLabelTarget(newStart, rangeEnd);
 397                 Label newEnd = labelContext.newLabel();
 398                 labelContext.setLabelTarget(newEnd, rangeStart);
 399                 it.set(new AbstractPseudoInstruction.ExceptionCatchImpl(e.handler(), e.tryStart(), newEnd, e.catchType()));
 400                 it.add(new AbstractPseudoInstruction.ExceptionCatchImpl(e.handler(), newStart, e.tryEnd(), e.catchType()));
 401             }
 402         }
 403     }
 404 
 405     /**
 406      * Getter of the generated <code>StackMapTableAttribute</code> or null if stack map is empty
 407      * @return <code>StackMapTableAttribute</code> or null if stack map is empty
 408      */
 409     public Attribute<? extends StackMapTableAttribute> stackMapTableAttribute() {
 410         return framesCount == 0 ? null : new UnboundAttribute.AdHocAttribute<>(Attributes.stackMapTable()) {
 411             @Override
 412             public void writeBody(BufWriterImpl b) {
 413                 if (framesCount != (char) framesCount) {
 414                     throw generatorError("Too many frames: " + framesCount);
 415                 }
 416                 b.writeU2(framesCount);
 417                 Frame prevFrame =  new Frame(classHierarchy);
 418                 prevFrame.setLocalsFromArg(methodName, methodDesc, isStatic, thisType, strictFieldsToPut);
 419                 prevFrame.trimAndCompress();
 420                 for (int i = 0; i < framesCount; i++) {
 421                     var fr = frames[i];
 422                     fr.trimAndCompress();
 423                     fr.writeTo(b, prevFrame, cp);
 424                     prevFrame = fr;
 425                 }
 426             }
 427 
 428             @Override
 429             public Utf8Entry attributeName() {
 430                 return cp.utf8Entry(Attributes.NAME_STACK_MAP_TABLE);
 431             }
 432         };
 433     }
 434 
 435     private static Type cpIndexToType(int index, ConstantPoolBuilder cp) {
 436         return Type.referenceType(cp.entryByIndex(index, ClassEntry.class).asSymbol());
 437     }
 438 
 439     private void processMethod() {
 440         var frames = this.frames;
 441         var currentFrame = this.currentFrame;
 442         currentFrame.setLocalsFromArg(methodName, methodDesc, isStatic, thisType, strictFieldsToPut);
 443         currentFrame.stackSize = 0;
 444         currentFrame.offset = -1;
 445         int stackmapIndex = 0;
 446         var bcs = bytecode.start();
 447         boolean ncf = false;
 448         while (bcs.next()) {
 449             currentFrame.offset = bcs.bci();
 450             if (stackmapIndex < framesCount) {
 451                 int thisOffset = frames[stackmapIndex].offset;
 452                 if (ncf && thisOffset > bcs.bci()) {
 453                     throw generatorError("Expecting a stack map frame");
 454                 }
 455                 if (thisOffset == bcs.bci()) {
 456                     Frame nextFrame = frames[stackmapIndex++];
 457                     if (!ncf) {
 458                         currentFrame.checkAssignableTo(nextFrame);
 459                     }
 460                     while (!nextFrame.dirty) { //skip unmatched frames
 461                         if (stackmapIndex == framesCount) return; //skip the rest of this round
 462                         nextFrame = frames[stackmapIndex++];
 463                     }
 464                     bcs.reset(nextFrame.offset); //skip code up-to the next frame
 465                     bcs.next();
 466                     currentFrame.offset = bcs.bci();
 467                     currentFrame.copyFrom(nextFrame);
 468                     nextFrame.dirty = false;
 469                 } else if (thisOffset < bcs.bci()) {
 470                     throw generatorError("Bad stack map offset");
 471                 }
 472             } else if (ncf) {
 473                 throw generatorError("Expecting a stack map frame");
 474             }
 475             ncf = processBlock(bcs);
 476         }
 477     }
 478 
 479     private boolean processBlock(RawBytecodeHelper bcs) {
 480         int opcode = bcs.opcode();
 481         boolean ncf = false;
 482         boolean this_uninit = false;
 483         boolean verified_exc_handlers = false;
 484         int bci = bcs.bci();
 485         Type type1, type2, type3, type4;
 486         if ((RawBytecodeHelper.isStoreIntoLocal(opcode) || (opcode == PUTFIELD && OBJECT_INITIALIZER_NAME.equals(methodName)))
 487                 && bci >= exMin && bci < exMax) {
 488             processExceptionHandlerTargets(bci, this_uninit);
 489             verified_exc_handlers = true;
 490         }
 491         switch (opcode) {
 492             case NOP -> {}
 493             case RETURN -> {
 494                 ncf = true;
 495             }
 496             case ACONST_NULL ->
 497                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.NULL_TYPE);
 498             case ICONST_M1, ICONST_0, ICONST_1, ICONST_2, ICONST_3, ICONST_4, ICONST_5, SIPUSH, BIPUSH ->
 499                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 500             case LCONST_0, LCONST_1 ->
 501                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 502             case FCONST_0, FCONST_1, FCONST_2 ->
 503                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.FLOAT_TYPE);
 504             case DCONST_0, DCONST_1 ->
 505                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
 506             case LDC ->
 507                 processLdc(bcs.getIndexU1());
 508             case LDC_W, LDC2_W ->
 509                 processLdc(bcs.getIndexU2());
 510             case ILOAD ->
 511                 currentFrame.checkLocal(bcs.getIndex()).pushStack(Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 512             case ILOAD_0, ILOAD_1, ILOAD_2, ILOAD_3 ->
 513                 currentFrame.checkLocal(opcode - ILOAD_0).pushStack(Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 514             case LLOAD ->
 515                 currentFrame.checkLocal(bcs.getIndex() + 1).pushStack(Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 516             case LLOAD_0, LLOAD_1, LLOAD_2, LLOAD_3 ->
 517                 currentFrame.checkLocal(opcode - LLOAD_0 + 1).pushStack(Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 518             case FLOAD ->
 519                 currentFrame.checkLocal(bcs.getIndex()).pushStack(Type.FLOAT_TYPE);
 520             case FLOAD_0, FLOAD_1, FLOAD_2, FLOAD_3 ->
 521                 currentFrame.checkLocal(opcode - FLOAD_0).pushStack(Type.FLOAT_TYPE);
 522             case DLOAD ->
 523                 currentFrame.checkLocal(bcs.getIndex() + 1).pushStack(Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
 524             case DLOAD_0, DLOAD_1, DLOAD_2, DLOAD_3 ->
 525                 currentFrame.checkLocal(opcode - DLOAD_0 + 1).pushStack(Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
 526             case ALOAD ->
 527                 currentFrame.pushStack(currentFrame.getLocal(bcs.getIndex()));
 528             case ALOAD_0, ALOAD_1, ALOAD_2, ALOAD_3 ->
 529                 currentFrame.pushStack(currentFrame.getLocal(opcode - ALOAD_0));
 530             case IALOAD, BALOAD, CALOAD, SALOAD ->
 531                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 532             case LALOAD ->
 533                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 534             case FALOAD ->
 535                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.FLOAT_TYPE);
 536             case DALOAD ->
 537                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
 538             case AALOAD ->
 539                 currentFrame.pushStack((type1 = currentFrame.decStack(1).popStack()) == Type.NULL_TYPE ? Type.NULL_TYPE : type1.getComponent());
 540             case ISTORE ->
 541                 currentFrame.decStack(1).setLocal(bcs.getIndex(), Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 542             case ISTORE_0, ISTORE_1, ISTORE_2, ISTORE_3 ->
 543                 currentFrame.decStack(1).setLocal(opcode - ISTORE_0, Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 544             case LSTORE ->
 545                 currentFrame.decStack(2).setLocal2(bcs.getIndex(), Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 546             case LSTORE_0, LSTORE_1, LSTORE_2, LSTORE_3 ->
 547                 currentFrame.decStack(2).setLocal2(opcode - LSTORE_0, Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 548             case FSTORE ->
 549                 currentFrame.decStack(1).setLocal(bcs.getIndex(), Type.FLOAT_TYPE);
 550             case FSTORE_0, FSTORE_1, FSTORE_2, FSTORE_3 ->
 551                 currentFrame.decStack(1).setLocal(opcode - FSTORE_0, Type.FLOAT_TYPE);
 552             case DSTORE ->
 553                 currentFrame.decStack(2).setLocal2(bcs.getIndex(), Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
 554             case DSTORE_0, DSTORE_1, DSTORE_2, DSTORE_3 ->
 555                 currentFrame.decStack(2).setLocal2(opcode - DSTORE_0, Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
 556             case ASTORE ->
 557                 currentFrame.setLocal(bcs.getIndex(), currentFrame.popStack());
 558             case ASTORE_0, ASTORE_1, ASTORE_2, ASTORE_3 ->
 559                 currentFrame.setLocal(opcode - ASTORE_0, currentFrame.popStack());
 560             case LASTORE, DASTORE ->
 561                 currentFrame.decStack(4);
 562             case IASTORE, BASTORE, CASTORE, SASTORE, FASTORE, AASTORE ->
 563                 currentFrame.decStack(3);
 564             case POP, MONITORENTER, MONITOREXIT ->
 565                 currentFrame.decStack(1);
 566             case POP2 ->
 567                 currentFrame.decStack(2);
 568             case DUP ->
 569                 currentFrame.pushStack(type1 = currentFrame.popStack()).pushStack(type1);
 570             case DUP_X1 -> {
 571                 type1 = currentFrame.popStack();
 572                 type2 = currentFrame.popStack();
 573                 currentFrame.pushStack(type1).pushStack(type2).pushStack(type1);
 574             }
 575             case DUP_X2 -> {
 576                 type1 = currentFrame.popStack();
 577                 type2 = currentFrame.popStack();
 578                 type3 = currentFrame.popStack();
 579                 currentFrame.pushStack(type1).pushStack(type3).pushStack(type2).pushStack(type1);
 580             }
 581             case DUP2 -> {
 582                 type1 = currentFrame.popStack();
 583                 type2 = currentFrame.popStack();
 584                 currentFrame.pushStack(type2).pushStack(type1).pushStack(type2).pushStack(type1);
 585             }
 586             case DUP2_X1 -> {
 587                 type1 = currentFrame.popStack();
 588                 type2 = currentFrame.popStack();
 589                 type3 = currentFrame.popStack();
 590                 currentFrame.pushStack(type2).pushStack(type1).pushStack(type3).pushStack(type2).pushStack(type1);
 591             }
 592             case DUP2_X2 -> {
 593                 type1 = currentFrame.popStack();
 594                 type2 = currentFrame.popStack();
 595                 type3 = currentFrame.popStack();
 596                 type4 = currentFrame.popStack();
 597                 currentFrame.pushStack(type2).pushStack(type1).pushStack(type4).pushStack(type3).pushStack(type2).pushStack(type1);
 598             }
 599             case SWAP -> {
 600                 type1 = currentFrame.popStack();
 601                 type2 = currentFrame.popStack();
 602                 currentFrame.pushStack(type1);
 603                 currentFrame.pushStack(type2);
 604             }
 605             case IADD, ISUB, IMUL, IDIV, IREM, ISHL, ISHR, IUSHR, IOR, IXOR, IAND ->
 606                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 607             case INEG, ARRAYLENGTH, INSTANCEOF ->
 608                 currentFrame.decStack(1).pushStack(Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 609             case LADD, LSUB, LMUL, LDIV, LREM, LAND, LOR, LXOR ->
 610                 currentFrame.decStack(4).pushStack(Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 611             case LNEG ->
 612                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 613             case LSHL, LSHR, LUSHR ->
 614                 currentFrame.decStack(3).pushStack(Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 615             case FADD, FSUB, FMUL, FDIV, FREM ->
 616                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.FLOAT_TYPE);
 617             case FNEG ->
 618                 currentFrame.decStack(1).pushStack(Type.FLOAT_TYPE);
 619             case DADD, DSUB, DMUL, DDIV, DREM ->
 620                 currentFrame.decStack(4).pushStack(Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
 621             case DNEG ->
 622                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
 623             case IINC ->
 624                 currentFrame.checkLocal(bcs.getIndex());
 625             case I2L ->
 626                 currentFrame.decStack(1).pushStack(Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 627             case L2I ->
 628                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 629             case I2F ->
 630                 currentFrame.decStack(1).pushStack(Type.FLOAT_TYPE);
 631             case I2D ->
 632                 currentFrame.decStack(1).pushStack(Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
 633             case L2F ->
 634                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.FLOAT_TYPE);
 635             case L2D ->
 636                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
 637             case F2I ->
 638                 currentFrame.decStack(1).pushStack(Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 639             case F2L ->
 640                 currentFrame.decStack(1).pushStack(Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 641             case F2D ->
 642                 currentFrame.decStack(1).pushStack(Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
 643             case D2L ->
 644                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 645             case D2F ->
 646                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.FLOAT_TYPE);
 647             case I2B, I2C, I2S ->
 648                 currentFrame.decStack(1).pushStack(Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 649             case LCMP, DCMPL, DCMPG ->
 650                 currentFrame.decStack(4).pushStack(Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 651             case FCMPL, FCMPG, D2I ->
 652                 currentFrame.decStack(2).pushStack(Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 653             case IF_ICMPEQ, IF_ICMPNE, IF_ICMPLT, IF_ICMPGE, IF_ICMPGT, IF_ICMPLE, IF_ACMPEQ, IF_ACMPNE ->
 654                 checkJumpTarget(currentFrame.decStack(2), bcs.dest());
 655             case IFEQ, IFNE, IFLT, IFGE, IFGT, IFLE, IFNULL, IFNONNULL ->
 656                 checkJumpTarget(currentFrame.decStack(1), bcs.dest());
 657             case GOTO -> {
 658                 checkJumpTarget(currentFrame, bcs.dest());
 659                 ncf = true;
 660             }
 661             case GOTO_W -> {
 662                 checkJumpTarget(currentFrame, bcs.destW());
 663                 ncf = true;
 664             }
 665             case TABLESWITCH, LOOKUPSWITCH -> {
 666                 processSwitch(bcs);
 667                 ncf = true;
 668             }
 669             case LRETURN, DRETURN -> {
 670                 currentFrame.decStack(2);
 671                 ncf = true;
 672             }
 673             case IRETURN, FRETURN, ARETURN, ATHROW -> {
 674                 currentFrame.decStack(1);
 675                 ncf = true;
 676             }
 677             case GETSTATIC, PUTSTATIC, GETFIELD, PUTFIELD ->
 678                 processFieldInstructions(bcs);
 679             case INVOKEVIRTUAL, INVOKESPECIAL, INVOKESTATIC, INVOKEINTERFACE, INVOKEDYNAMIC ->
 680                 this_uninit = processInvokeInstructions(bcs, (bci >= exMin && bci < exMax), this_uninit);
 681             case NEW ->
 682                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.uninitializedType(bci));
 683             case NEWARRAY ->
 684                 currentFrame.decStack(1).pushStack(getNewarrayType(bcs.getIndex()));
 685             case ANEWARRAY ->
 686                 processAnewarray(bcs.getIndexU2());
 687             case CHECKCAST ->
 688                 currentFrame.decStack(1).pushStack(cpIndexToType(bcs.getIndexU2(), cp));
 689             case MULTIANEWARRAY -> {
 690                 type1 = cpIndexToType(bcs.getIndexU2(), cp);
 691                 int dim = bcs.getU1Unchecked(bcs.bci() + 3);
 692                 for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++) {
 693                     currentFrame.popStack();
 694                 }
 695                 currentFrame.pushStack(type1);
 696             }
 697             case JSR, JSR_W, RET ->
 698                 throw generatorError("Instructions jsr, jsr_w, or ret must not appear in the class file version >= 51.0");
 699             default ->
 700                 throw generatorError(String.format("Bad instruction: %02x", opcode));
 701         }
 702         if (!verified_exc_handlers && bci >= exMin && bci < exMax) {
 703             processExceptionHandlerTargets(bci, this_uninit);
 704         }
 705         return ncf;
 706     }
 707 
 708     private void processExceptionHandlerTargets(int bci, boolean this_uninit) {
 709         for (var ex : rawHandlers) {
 710             if (bci == ex.start || (currentFrame.localsOrUnsetsChanged && bci > ex.start && bci < ex.end)) {
 711                 int flags = currentFrame.flags;
 712                 if (this_uninit) flags |= FLAG_THIS_UNINIT;
 713                 Frame newFrame = currentFrame.frameInExceptionHandler(flags, ex.catchType);
 714                 checkJumpTarget(newFrame, ex.handler);
 715             }
 716         }
 717         currentFrame.localsOrUnsetsChanged = false;
 718     }
 719 
 720     private void processLdc(int index) {
 721         switch (cp.entryByIndex(index).tag()) {
 722             case TAG_UTF8 ->
 723                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.OBJECT_TYPE);
 724             case TAG_STRING ->
 725                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.STRING_TYPE);
 726             case TAG_CLASS ->
 727                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.CLASS_TYPE);
 728             case TAG_INTEGER ->
 729                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.INTEGER_TYPE);
 730             case TAG_FLOAT ->
 731                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.FLOAT_TYPE);
 732             case TAG_DOUBLE ->
 733                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
 734             case TAG_LONG ->
 735                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
 736             case TAG_METHOD_HANDLE ->
 737                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.METHOD_HANDLE_TYPE);
 738             case TAG_METHOD_TYPE ->
 739                 currentFrame.pushStack(Type.METHOD_TYPE);
 740             case TAG_DYNAMIC ->
 741                 currentFrame.pushStack(cp.entryByIndex(index, ConstantDynamicEntry.class).typeSymbol());
 742             default ->
 743                 throw generatorError("CP entry #%d %s is not loadable constant".formatted(index, cp.entryByIndex(index).tag()));
 744         }
 745     }
 746 
 747     private void processSwitch(RawBytecodeHelper bcs) {
 748         int bci = bcs.bci();
 749         int alignedBci = RawBytecodeHelper.align(bci + 1);
 750         int defaultOffset = bcs.getIntUnchecked(alignedBci);
 751         int keys, delta;
 752         currentFrame.popStack();
 753         if (bcs.opcode() == TABLESWITCH) {
 754             int low = bcs.getIntUnchecked(alignedBci + 4);
 755             int high = bcs.getIntUnchecked(alignedBci + 2 * 4);
 756             if (low > high) {
 757                 throw generatorError("low must be less than or equal to high in tableswitch");
 758             }
 759             keys = high - low + 1;
 760             if (keys < 0) {
 761                 throw generatorError("too many keys in tableswitch");
 762             }
 763             delta = 1;
 764         } else {
 765             keys = bcs.getIntUnchecked(alignedBci + 4);
 766             if (keys < 0) {
 767                 throw generatorError("number of keys in lookupswitch less than 0");
 768             }
 769             delta = 2;
 770             for (int i = 0; i < (keys - 1); i++) {
 771                 int this_key = bcs.getIntUnchecked(alignedBci + (2 + 2 * i) * 4);
 772                 int next_key = bcs.getIntUnchecked(alignedBci + (2 + 2 * i + 2) * 4);
 773                 if (this_key >= next_key) {
 774                     throw generatorError("Bad lookupswitch instruction");
 775                 }
 776             }
 777         }
 778         int target = bci + defaultOffset;
 779         checkJumpTarget(currentFrame, target);
 780         for (int i = 0; i < keys; i++) {
 781             target = bci + bcs.getIntUnchecked(alignedBci + (3 + i * delta) * 4);
 782             checkJumpTarget(currentFrame, target);
 783         }
 784     }
 785 
 786     private void processFieldInstructions(RawBytecodeHelper bcs) {
 787         var nameAndType = cp.entryByIndex(bcs.getIndexU2(), MemberRefEntry.class).nameAndType();
 788         var desc = Util.fieldTypeSymbol(nameAndType.type());
 789         var currentFrame = this.currentFrame;
 790         switch (bcs.opcode()) {
 791             case GETSTATIC ->
 792                 currentFrame.pushStack(desc);
 793             case PUTSTATIC -> {
 794                 currentFrame.decStack(Util.isDoubleSlot(desc) ? 2 : 1);
 795             }
 796             case GETFIELD -> {
 797                 currentFrame.decStack(1);
 798                 currentFrame.pushStack(desc);
 799             }
 800             case PUTFIELD -> {
 801                 if (strictFieldsToPut.length > 0) {
 802                     currentFrame.putStrictField(nameAndType);
 803                 }
 804                 currentFrame.decStack(Util.isDoubleSlot(desc) ? 3 : 2);
 805             }
 806             default -> throw new AssertionError("Should not reach here");
 807         }
 808     }
 809 
 810     private boolean processInvokeInstructions(RawBytecodeHelper bcs, boolean inTryBlock, boolean thisUninit) {
 811         int index = bcs.getIndexU2();
 812         int opcode = bcs.opcode();
 813         var nameAndType = opcode == INVOKEDYNAMIC
 814                 ? cp.entryByIndex(index, InvokeDynamicEntry.class).nameAndType()
 815                 : cp.entryByIndex(index, MemberRefEntry.class).nameAndType();
 816         var mDesc = Util.methodTypeSymbol(nameAndType.type());
 817         int bci = bcs.bci();
 818         var currentFrame = this.currentFrame;
 819         currentFrame.decStack(Util.parameterSlots(mDesc));
 820         if (opcode != INVOKESTATIC && opcode != INVOKEDYNAMIC) {
 821             if (nameAndType.name().equalsString(OBJECT_INITIALIZER_NAME)) {
 822                 Type type = currentFrame.popStack();
 823                 if (type == Type.UNITIALIZED_THIS_TYPE) {
 824                     if (inTryBlock) {
 825                         processExceptionHandlerTargets(bci, true);
 826                     }
 827                     var owner = cp.entryByIndex(index, MemberRefEntry.class).owner();
 828                     if (!owner.name().equalsString(((ClassOrInterfaceDescImpl) thisType.sym).internalName())
 829                             && currentFrame.unsetFieldsSize != 0) {
 830                         throw generatorError("Unset fields mismatch");
 831                     }
 832                     currentFrame.initializeObject(type, thisType);
 833                     currentFrame.unsetFieldsSize = 0;
 834                     currentFrame.unsetFields = UnsetField.EMPTY_ARRAY;
 835                     thisUninit = true;
 836                 } else if (type.tag == ITEM_UNINITIALIZED) {
 837                     Type new_class_type = cpIndexToType(bcs.getU2(type.bci + 1), cp);
 838                     if (inTryBlock) {
 839                         processExceptionHandlerTargets(bci, thisUninit);
 840                     }
 841                     currentFrame.initializeObject(type, new_class_type);
 842                 } else {
 843                     throw generatorError("Bad operand type when invoking <init>");
 844                 }
 845             } else {
 846                 currentFrame.decStack(1);
 847             }
 848         }
 849         currentFrame.pushStack(mDesc.returnType());
 850         return thisUninit;
 851     }
 852 
 853     private Type getNewarrayType(int index) {
 854         if (index < T_BOOLEAN || index > T_LONG) throw generatorError("Illegal newarray instruction type %d".formatted(index));
 855         return ARRAY_FROM_BASIC_TYPE[index];
 856     }
 857 
 858     private void processAnewarray(int index) {
 859         currentFrame.popStack();
 860         currentFrame.pushStack(cpIndexToType(index, cp).toArray());
 861     }
 862 
 863     /**
 864      * {@return the generator error with attached details}
 865      * @param msg error message
 866      */
 867     private IllegalArgumentException generatorError(String msg) {
 868         return generatorError(msg, currentFrame.offset);
 869     }
 870 
 871     /**
 872      * {@return the generator error with attached details}
 873      * @param msg error message
 874      * @param offset bytecode offset where the error occurred
 875      */
 876     private IllegalArgumentException generatorError(String msg, int offset) {
 877         var sb = new StringBuilder("%s at bytecode offset %d of method %s(%s)".formatted(
 878                 msg,
 879                 offset,
 880                 methodName,
 881                 methodDesc.parameterList().stream().map(ClassDesc::displayName).collect(Collectors.joining(","))));
 882         Util.dumpMethod(cp, thisType.sym(), methodName, methodDesc, isStatic ? ACC_STATIC : 0, bytecode, sb::append);
 883         return new IllegalArgumentException(sb.toString());
 884     }
 885 
 886     /**
 887      * Performs detection of mandatory stack map frames in a single bytecode traversing pass
 888      * @return detected frames
 889      */
 890     private void detectFrames() {
 891         var bcs = bytecode.start();
 892         boolean no_control_flow = false;
 893         int opcode, bci = 0;
 894         while (bcs.next()) try {
 895             opcode = bcs.opcode();
 896             bci = bcs.bci();
 897             if (no_control_flow) {
 898                 addFrame(bci);
 899             }
 900             no_control_flow = switch (opcode) {
 901                 case GOTO -> {
 902                             addFrame(bcs.dest());
 903                             yield true;
 904                         }
 905                 case GOTO_W -> {
 906                             addFrame(bcs.destW());
 907                             yield true;
 908                         }
 909                 case IF_ICMPEQ, IF_ICMPNE, IF_ICMPLT, IF_ICMPGE,
 910                      IF_ICMPGT, IF_ICMPLE, IFEQ, IFNE,
 911                      IFLT, IFGE, IFGT, IFLE, IF_ACMPEQ,
 912                      IF_ACMPNE , IFNULL , IFNONNULL -> {
 913                             addFrame(bcs.dest());
 914                             yield false;
 915                         }
 916                 case TABLESWITCH, LOOKUPSWITCH -> {
 917                             int aligned_bci = RawBytecodeHelper.align(bci + 1);
 918                             int default_ofset = bcs.getIntUnchecked(aligned_bci);
 919                             int keys, delta;
 920                             if (bcs.opcode() == TABLESWITCH) {
 921                                 int low = bcs.getIntUnchecked(aligned_bci + 4);
 922                                 int high = bcs.getIntUnchecked(aligned_bci + 2 * 4);
 923                                 keys = high - low + 1;
 924                                 delta = 1;
 925                             } else {
 926                                 keys = bcs.getIntUnchecked(aligned_bci + 4);
 927                                 delta = 2;
 928                             }
 929                             addFrame(bci + default_ofset);
 930                             for (int i = 0; i < keys; i++) {
 931                                 addFrame(bci + bcs.getIntUnchecked(aligned_bci + (3 + i * delta) * 4));
 932                             }
 933                             yield true;
 934                         }
 935                 case IRETURN, LRETURN, FRETURN, DRETURN,
 936                      ARETURN, RETURN, ATHROW -> true;
 937                 default -> false;
 938             };
 939         } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
 940             throw generatorError("Detected branch target out of bytecode range", bci);
 941         }
 942         for (int i = 0; i < rawHandlers.size(); i++) try {
 943             addFrame(rawHandlers.get(i).handler());
 944         } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
 945             throw generatorError("Detected exception handler out of bytecode range");
 946         }
 947     }
 948 
 949     private void addFrame(int offset) {
 950         Preconditions.checkIndex(offset, bytecode.length(), RawBytecodeHelper.IAE_FORMATTER);
 951         var frames = this.frames;
 952         int i = 0, framesCount = this.framesCount;
 953         for (; i < framesCount; i++) {
 954             var frameOffset = frames[i].offset;
 955             if (frameOffset == offset) {
 956                 return;
 957             }
 958             if (frameOffset > offset) {
 959                 break;
 960             }
 961         }
 962         if (framesCount >= frames.length) {
 963             int newCapacity = framesCount + 8;
 964             this.frames = frames = framesCount == 0 ? new Frame[newCapacity] : Arrays.copyOf(frames, newCapacity);
 965         }
 966         if (i != framesCount) {
 967             System.arraycopy(frames, i, frames, i + 1, framesCount - i);
 968         }
 969         frames[i] = new Frame(offset, classHierarchy);
 970         this.framesCount = framesCount + 1;
 971     }
 972 
 973     private final class Frame {
 974 
 975         int offset;
 976         int localsSize, stackSize, unsetFieldsSize;
 977         int flags;
 978         int frameMaxStack = 0, frameMaxLocals = 0;
 979         boolean dirty = false;
 980         boolean localsOrUnsetsChanged = false;
 981 
 982         private final ClassHierarchyImpl classHierarchy;
 983 
 984         private Type[] locals, stack;
 985         private UnsetField[] unsetFields; // sorted, modifiable oversized array
 986 
 987         Frame(ClassHierarchyImpl classHierarchy) {
 988             this(-1, 0, 0, 0, 0, null, null, UnsetField.EMPTY_ARRAY, classHierarchy);
 989         }
 990 
 991         Frame(int offset, ClassHierarchyImpl classHierarchy) {
 992             this(offset, -1, 0, 0, 0, null, null, UnsetField.EMPTY_ARRAY, classHierarchy);
 993         }
 994 
 995         Frame(int offset, int flags, int locals_size, int stack_size, int unsetFieldsSize, Type[] locals, Type[] stack, UnsetField[] unsetFields, ClassHierarchyImpl classHierarchy) {
 996             this.offset = offset;
 997             this.localsSize = locals_size;
 998             this.stackSize = stack_size;
 999             this.unsetFieldsSize = unsetFieldsSize;
1000             this.flags = flags;
1001             this.locals = locals;
1002             this.stack = stack;
1003             this.unsetFields = unsetFields;
1004             this.classHierarchy = classHierarchy;
1005         }
1006 
1007         @Override
1008         public String toString() {
1009             return (dirty ? "frame* @" : "frame @") + offset +
1010                     " with locals " + (locals == null ? "[]" : Arrays.asList(locals).subList(0, localsSize)) +
1011                     " and stack " + (stack == null ? "[]" : Arrays.asList(stack).subList(0, stackSize)) +
1012                     " and unset fields " + (unsetFields == null ? "[]" : Arrays.asList(unsetFields).subList(0, unsetFieldsSize));
1013         }
1014 
1015         Frame pushStack(ClassDesc desc) {
1016             if (desc == CD_long)   return pushStack(Type.LONG_TYPE, Type.LONG2_TYPE);
1017             if (desc == CD_double) return pushStack(Type.DOUBLE_TYPE, Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE);
1018             return desc == CD_void ? this
1019                     : pushStack(
1020                     desc.isPrimitive()
1021                             ? (desc == CD_float ? Type.FLOAT_TYPE : Type.INTEGER_TYPE)
1022                             : Type.referenceType(desc));
1023         }
1024 
1025         Frame pushStack(Type type) {
1026             checkStack(stackSize);
1027             stack[stackSize++] = type;
1028             return this;
1029         }
1030 
1031         Frame pushStack(Type type1, Type type2) {
1032             checkStack(stackSize + 1);
1033             stack[stackSize++] = type1;
1034             stack[stackSize++] = type2;
1035             return this;
1036         }
1037 
1038         Type popStack() {
1039             if (stackSize < 1) throw generatorError("Operand stack underflow");
1040             return stack[--stackSize];
1041         }
1042 
1043         Frame decStack(int size) {
1044             stackSize -= size;
1045             if (stackSize < 0) throw generatorError("Operand stack underflow");
1046             return this;
1047         }
1048 
1049         Frame frameInExceptionHandler(int flags, Type excType) {
1050             return new Frame(offset, flags, localsSize, 1, unsetFieldsSize,
1051                     locals, new Type[] {excType}, unsetFields, classHierarchy);
1052         }
1053 
1054         void initializeObject(Type old_object, Type new_object) {
1055             int i;
1056             for (i = 0; i < localsSize; i++) {
1057                 if (locals[i].equals(old_object)) {
1058                     locals[i] = new_object;
1059                     localsOrUnsetsChanged = true;
1060                 }
1061             }
1062             for (i = 0; i < stackSize; i++) {
1063                 if (stack[i].equals(old_object)) {
1064                     stack[i] = new_object;
1065                 }
1066             }
1067             if (old_object == Type.UNITIALIZED_THIS_TYPE) {
1068                 flags &= ~FLAG_THIS_UNINIT;
1069                 assert flags == 0 : flags;
1070             }
1071         }
1072 
1073         Frame checkLocal(int index) {
1074             if (index >= frameMaxLocals) frameMaxLocals = index + 1;
1075             if (locals == null) {
1076                 locals = new Type[index + FRAME_DEFAULT_CAPACITY];
1077                 Arrays.fill(locals, Type.TOP_TYPE);
1078             } else if (index >= locals.length) {
1079                 int current = locals.length;
1080                 locals = Arrays.copyOf(locals, index + FRAME_DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
1081                 Arrays.fill(locals, current, locals.length, Type.TOP_TYPE);
1082             }
1083             return this;
1084         }
1085 
1086         void putStrictField(NameAndTypeEntry nat) {
1087             int shift = 0;
1088             var array = unsetFields;
1089             for (int i = 0; i < unsetFieldsSize; i++) {
1090                 var f = array[i];
1091                 if (f.name().equals(nat.name()) && f.type().equals(nat.type())) {
1092                     shift++;
1093                 } else if (shift != 0) {
1094                     array[i - shift] = array[i];
1095                     array[i] = null;
1096                 }
1097             }
1098             if (shift > 1) {
1099                 throw generatorError(nat + "; discovered " + shift);
1100             } else if (shift == 1) {
1101                 localsOrUnsetsChanged = true;
1102             }
1103             unsetFieldsSize -= shift;
1104         }
1105 
1106         private void checkStack(int index) {
1107             if (index >= frameMaxStack) frameMaxStack = index + 1;
1108             if (stack == null) {
1109                 stack = new Type[index + FRAME_DEFAULT_CAPACITY];
1110                 Arrays.fill(stack, Type.TOP_TYPE);
1111             } else if (index >= stack.length) {
1112                 int current = stack.length;
1113                 stack = Arrays.copyOf(stack, index + FRAME_DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
1114                 Arrays.fill(stack, current, stack.length, Type.TOP_TYPE);
1115             }
1116         }
1117 
1118         private void setLocalRawInternal(int index, Type type) {
1119             checkLocal(index);
1120             localsOrUnsetsChanged |= !type.equals(locals[index]);
1121             locals[index] = type;
1122         }
1123 
1124         void setLocalsFromArg(String name, MethodTypeDesc methodDesc, boolean isStatic, Type thisKlass, UnsetField[] strictFieldsToPut) {
1125             int localsSize = 0;
1126             // Pre-emptively create a locals array that encompass all parameter slots
1127             checkLocal(Util.parameterSlots(methodDesc) + (isStatic ? -1 : 0));
1128             Type type;
1129             Type[] locals = this.locals;
1130             if (!isStatic) {
1131                 if (OBJECT_INITIALIZER_NAME.equals(name) && !CD_Object.equals(thisKlass.sym)) {
1132                     int strictFieldCount = strictFieldsToPut.length;
1133                     this.unsetFields = UnsetField.copyArray(strictFieldsToPut, strictFieldCount);
1134                     this.unsetFieldsSize = strictFieldCount;
1135                     type = Type.UNITIALIZED_THIS_TYPE;
1136                     this.flags = FLAG_THIS_UNINIT;
1137                 } else {
1138                     this.unsetFields = UnsetField.EMPTY_ARRAY;
1139                     this.unsetFieldsSize = 0;
1140                     type = thisKlass;
1141                     this.flags = 0;
1142                 }
1143                 locals[localsSize++] = type;
1144             }
1145             for (int i = 0; i < methodDesc.parameterCount(); i++) {
1146                 var desc = methodDesc.parameterType(i);
1147                 if (desc == CD_long) {
1148                     locals[localsSize    ] = Type.LONG_TYPE;
1149                     locals[localsSize + 1] = Type.LONG2_TYPE;
1150                     localsSize += 2;
1151                 } else if (desc == CD_double) {
1152                     locals[localsSize    ] = Type.DOUBLE_TYPE;
1153                     locals[localsSize + 1] = Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE;
1154                     localsSize += 2;
1155                 } else {
1156                     if (!desc.isPrimitive()) {
1157                         type = Type.referenceType(desc);
1158                     } else if (desc == CD_float) {
1159                         type = Type.FLOAT_TYPE;
1160                     } else {
1161                         type = Type.INTEGER_TYPE;
1162                     }
1163                     locals[localsSize++] = type;
1164                 }
1165             }
1166             if (locals != null && localsSize < locals.length) {
1167                 Arrays.fill(locals, localsSize, locals.length, Type.TOP_TYPE);
1168             }
1169             this.localsSize = localsSize;
1170         }
1171 
1172         void copyFrom(Frame src) {
1173             if (locals != null && src.localsSize < locals.length) Arrays.fill(locals, src.localsSize, locals.length, Type.TOP_TYPE);
1174             localsSize = src.localsSize;
1175             checkLocal(src.localsSize - 1);
1176             if (src.localsSize > 0) System.arraycopy(src.locals, 0, locals, 0, src.localsSize);
1177             if (stack != null && src.stackSize < stack.length) Arrays.fill(stack, src.stackSize, stack.length, Type.TOP_TYPE);
1178             stackSize = src.stackSize;
1179             checkStack(src.stackSize - 1);
1180             if (src.stackSize > 0) System.arraycopy(src.stack, 0, stack, 0, src.stackSize);
1181             unsetFieldsSize = src.unsetFieldsSize;
1182             unsetFields = UnsetField.copyArray(src.unsetFields, src.unsetFieldsSize);
1183             flags = src.flags;
1184             localsOrUnsetsChanged = true;
1185         }
1186 
1187         void checkAssignableTo(Frame target) {
1188             int localsSize = this.localsSize;
1189             int stackSize = this.stackSize;
1190             int myUnsetFieldsSize = this.unsetFieldsSize;
1191             if (target.flags == -1) {
1192                 target.locals = locals == null ? null : locals.clone();
1193                 target.localsSize = localsSize;
1194                 if (stackSize > 0) {
1195                     target.stack = stack.clone();
1196                     target.stackSize = stackSize;
1197                 }
1198                 target.unsetFields = UnsetField.copyArray(this.unsetFields, myUnsetFieldsSize);
1199                 target.unsetFieldsSize = myUnsetFieldsSize;
1200                 target.flags = flags;
1201                 target.dirty = true;
1202             } else {
1203                 if (target.localsSize > localsSize) {
1204                     target.localsSize = localsSize;
1205                     target.dirty = true;
1206                 }
1207                 for (int i = 0; i < target.localsSize; i++) {
1208                     merge(locals[i], target.locals, i, target);
1209                 }
1210                 if (stackSize != target.stackSize) {
1211                     throw generatorError("Stack size mismatch");
1212                 }
1213                 for (int i = 0; i < target.stackSize; i++) {
1214                     if (merge(stack[i], target.stack, i, target) == Type.TOP_TYPE) {
1215                         throw generatorError("Stack content mismatch");
1216                     }
1217                 }
1218                 if (myUnsetFieldsSize != 0) {
1219                     mergeUnsetFields(target);
1220                 }
1221             }
1222         }
1223 
1224         private Type getLocalRawInternal(int index) {
1225             checkLocal(index);
1226             return locals[index];
1227         }
1228 
1229         Type getLocal(int index) {
1230             Type ret = getLocalRawInternal(index);
1231             if (index >= localsSize) {
1232                 localsSize = index + 1;
1233             }
1234             return ret;
1235         }
1236 
1237         void setLocal(int index, Type type) {
1238             Type old = getLocalRawInternal(index);
1239             if (old == Type.DOUBLE_TYPE || old == Type.LONG_TYPE) {
1240                 setLocalRawInternal(index + 1, Type.TOP_TYPE);
1241             }
1242             if (old == Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE || old == Type.LONG2_TYPE) {
1243                 setLocalRawInternal(index - 1, Type.TOP_TYPE);
1244             }
1245             setLocalRawInternal(index, type);
1246             if (index >= localsSize) {
1247                 localsSize = index + 1;
1248             }
1249         }
1250 
1251         void setLocal2(int index, Type type1, Type type2) {
1252             Type old = getLocalRawInternal(index + 1);
1253             if (old == Type.DOUBLE_TYPE || old == Type.LONG_TYPE) {
1254                 setLocalRawInternal(index + 2, Type.TOP_TYPE);
1255             }
1256             old = getLocalRawInternal(index);
1257             if (old == Type.DOUBLE2_TYPE || old == Type.LONG2_TYPE) {
1258                 setLocalRawInternal(index - 1, Type.TOP_TYPE);
1259             }
1260             setLocalRawInternal(index, type1);
1261             setLocalRawInternal(index + 1, type2);
1262             if (index >= localsSize - 1) {
1263                 localsSize = index + 2;
1264             }
1265         }
1266 
1267         private Type merge(Type me, Type[] toTypes, int i, Frame target) {
1268             var to = toTypes[i];
1269             var newTo = to.mergeFrom(me, classHierarchy);
1270             if (to != newTo && !to.equals(newTo)) {
1271                 toTypes[i] = newTo;
1272                 target.dirty = true;
1273             }
1274             return newTo;
1275         }
1276 
1277         // Merge this frame's unset fields into the target frame
1278         private void mergeUnsetFields(Frame target) {
1279             int myUnsetSize = unsetFieldsSize;
1280             int targetUnsetSize = target.unsetFieldsSize;
1281             var myUnsets = unsetFields;
1282             var targetUnsets = target.unsetFields;
1283             if (UnsetField.matches(myUnsets, myUnsetSize, targetUnsets, targetUnsetSize)) {
1284                 return; // no merge
1285             }
1286             // merge sort
1287             var merged = new UnsetField[StackMapGenerator.this.strictFieldsToPut.length];
1288             int mergedSize = 0;
1289             int i = 0;
1290             int j = 0;
1291             while (i < myUnsetSize && j < targetUnsetSize) {
1292                 var myCandidate = myUnsets[i];
1293                 var targetCandidate = targetUnsets[j];
1294                 var cmp = myCandidate.compareTo(targetCandidate);
1295                 if (cmp == 0) {
1296                     merged[mergedSize++] = myCandidate;
1297                     i++;
1298                     j++;
1299                 } else if (cmp < 0) {
1300                     merged[mergedSize++] = myCandidate;
1301                     i++;
1302                 } else {
1303                     merged[mergedSize++] = targetCandidate;
1304                     j++;
1305                 }
1306             }
1307             if (i < myUnsetSize) {
1308                 int len = myUnsetSize - i;
1309                 System.arraycopy(myUnsets, i, merged, mergedSize, len);
1310                 mergedSize += len;
1311             } else if (j < targetUnsetSize) {
1312                 int len = targetUnsetSize - j;
1313                 System.arraycopy(targetUnsets, j, merged, mergedSize, len);
1314                 mergedSize += len;
1315             }
1316 
1317             target.unsetFieldsSize = mergedSize;
1318             target.unsetFields = merged;
1319             target.dirty = true;
1320         }
1321 
1322         private static int trimAndCompress(Type[] types, int count) {
1323             while (count > 0 && types[count - 1] == Type.TOP_TYPE) count--;
1324             int compressed = 0;
1325             for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
1326                 if (!types[i].isCategory2_2nd()) {
1327                     if (compressed != i) {
1328                         types[compressed] = types[i];
1329                     }
1330                     compressed++;
1331                 }
1332             }
1333             return compressed;
1334         }
1335 
1336         void trimAndCompress() {
1337             localsSize = trimAndCompress(locals, localsSize);
1338             stackSize = trimAndCompress(stack, stackSize);
1339         }
1340 
1341         boolean hasUninitializedThis() {
1342             int size = this.localsSize;
1343             var localVars = this.locals;
1344             for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
1345                 if (localVars[i] == Type.UNITIALIZED_THIS_TYPE)
1346                     return true;
1347             }
1348             return false;
1349         }
1350 
1351         private static boolean equals(Type[] l1, Type[] l2, int commonSize) {
1352             if (l1 == null || l2 == null) return commonSize == 0;
1353             return Arrays.equals(l1, 0, commonSize, l2, 0, commonSize);
1354         }
1355 
1356         // In sync with StackMapDecoder::needsLarvalFrameForTransition
1357         private boolean needsLarvalFrame(Frame prevFrame) {
1358             if (UnsetField.matches(unsetFields, unsetFieldsSize, prevFrame.unsetFields, prevFrame.unsetFieldsSize))
1359                 return false;
1360             if (!hasUninitializedThis()) {
1361                 assert unsetFieldsSize == 0 : this; // Should have been handled by processInvokeInstructions
1362                 return false;
1363             }
1364             return true;
1365         }
1366 
1367         void writeTo(BufWriterImpl out, Frame prevFrame, ConstantPoolBuilder cp) {
1368             // enclosing frames
1369             if (needsLarvalFrame(prevFrame)) {
1370                 out.writeU1U2(EARLY_LARVAL, unsetFieldsSize);
1371                 for (int i = 0; i < unsetFieldsSize; i++) {
1372                     var f = unsetFields[i];
1373                     out.writeIndex(cp.nameAndTypeEntry(f.name(), f.type()));
1374                 }
1375             }
1376             // base frame
1377             int localsSize = this.localsSize;
1378             int stackSize = this.stackSize;
1379             int offsetDelta = offset - prevFrame.offset - 1;
1380             if (stackSize == 0) {
1381                 int commonLocalsSize = localsSize > prevFrame.localsSize ? prevFrame.localsSize : localsSize;
1382                 int diffLocalsSize = localsSize - prevFrame.localsSize;
1383                 if (-3 <= diffLocalsSize && diffLocalsSize <= 3 && equals(locals, prevFrame.locals, commonLocalsSize)) {
1384                     if (diffLocalsSize == 0 && offsetDelta <= SAME_FRAME_END) { //same frame
1385                         out.writeU1(offsetDelta);
1386                     } else {   //chop, same extended or append frame
1387                         out.writeU1U2(SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED + diffLocalsSize, offsetDelta);
1388                         for (int i=commonLocalsSize; i<localsSize; i++) locals[i].writeTo(out, cp);
1389                     }
1390                     return;
1391                 }
1392             } else if (stackSize == 1 && localsSize == prevFrame.localsSize && equals(locals, prevFrame.locals, localsSize)) {
1393                 if (offsetDelta <= SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_FRAME_END  - SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_FRAME_START) {  //same locals 1 stack item frame
1394                     out.writeU1(SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_FRAME_START + offsetDelta);
1395                 } else {  //same locals 1 stack item extended frame
1396                     out.writeU1U2(SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_EXTENDED, offsetDelta);
1397                 }
1398                 stack[0].writeTo(out, cp);
1399                 return;
1400             }
1401             //full frame
1402             out.writeU1U2U2(FULL_FRAME, offsetDelta, localsSize);
1403             for (int i=0; i<localsSize; i++) locals[i].writeTo(out, cp);
1404             out.writeU2(stackSize);
1405             for (int i=0; i<stackSize; i++) stack[i].writeTo(out, cp);
1406         }
1407     }
1408 
1409     private static record Type(int tag, ClassDesc sym, int bci) {
1410 
1411         //singleton types
1412         static final Type TOP_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_TOP),
1413                 NULL_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_NULL),
1414                 INTEGER_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_INTEGER),
1415                 FLOAT_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_FLOAT),
1416                 LONG_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_LONG),
1417                 LONG2_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_LONG_2ND),
1418                 DOUBLE_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_DOUBLE),
1419                 BOOLEAN_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_BOOLEAN),
1420                 BYTE_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_BYTE),
1421                 CHAR_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_CHAR),
1422                 SHORT_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_SHORT),
1423                 DOUBLE2_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_DOUBLE_2ND),
1424                 UNITIALIZED_THIS_TYPE = simpleType(ITEM_UNINITIALIZED_THIS);
1425 
1426         //frequently used types to reduce footprint
1427         static final Type OBJECT_TYPE = referenceType(CD_Object),
1428             THROWABLE_TYPE = referenceType(CD_Throwable),
1429             INT_ARRAY_TYPE = referenceType(CD_int.arrayType()),
1430             BOOLEAN_ARRAY_TYPE = referenceType(CD_boolean.arrayType()),
1431             BYTE_ARRAY_TYPE = referenceType(CD_byte.arrayType()),
1432             CHAR_ARRAY_TYPE = referenceType(CD_char.arrayType()),
1433             SHORT_ARRAY_TYPE = referenceType(CD_short.arrayType()),
1434             LONG_ARRAY_TYPE = referenceType(CD_long.arrayType()),
1435             DOUBLE_ARRAY_TYPE = referenceType(CD_double.arrayType()),
1436             FLOAT_ARRAY_TYPE = referenceType(CD_float.arrayType()),
1437             STRING_TYPE = referenceType(CD_String),
1438             CLASS_TYPE = referenceType(CD_Class),
1439             METHOD_HANDLE_TYPE = referenceType(CD_MethodHandle),
1440             METHOD_TYPE = referenceType(CD_MethodType);
1441 
1442         private static Type simpleType(int tag) {
1443             return new Type(tag, null, 0);
1444         }
1445 
1446         static Type referenceType(ClassDesc desc) {
1447             return new Type(ITEM_OBJECT, desc, 0);
1448         }
1449 
1450         static Type uninitializedType(int bci) {
1451             return new Type(ITEM_UNINITIALIZED, null, bci);
1452         }
1453 
1454         @Override //mandatory override to avoid use of method reference during JDK bootstrap
1455         public boolean equals(Object o) {
1456             return (o instanceof Type t) && t.tag == tag && t.bci == bci && Objects.equals(sym, t.sym);
1457         }
1458 
1459         boolean isCategory2_2nd() {
1460             return this == DOUBLE2_TYPE || this == LONG2_TYPE;
1461         }
1462 
1463         boolean isReference() {
1464             return tag == ITEM_OBJECT || this == NULL_TYPE;
1465         }
1466 
1467         boolean isObject() {
1468             return tag == ITEM_OBJECT && sym.isClassOrInterface();
1469         }
1470 
1471         boolean isArray() {
1472             return tag == ITEM_OBJECT && sym.isArray();
1473         }
1474 
1475         Type mergeFrom(Type from, ClassHierarchyImpl context) {
1476             if (this == TOP_TYPE || this == from || equals(from)) {
1477                 return this;
1478             } else {
1479                 return switch (tag) {
1480                     case ITEM_BOOLEAN, ITEM_BYTE, ITEM_CHAR, ITEM_SHORT ->
1481                         from == INTEGER_TYPE ? this : TOP_TYPE;
1482                     default ->
1483                         isReference() && from.isReference() ? mergeReferenceFrom(from, context) : TOP_TYPE;
1484                 };
1485             }
1486         }
1487 
1488         Type mergeComponentFrom(Type from, ClassHierarchyImpl context) {
1489             if (this == TOP_TYPE || this == from || equals(from)) {
1490                 return this;
1491             } else {
1492                 return switch (tag) {
1493                     case ITEM_BOOLEAN, ITEM_BYTE, ITEM_CHAR, ITEM_SHORT ->
1494                         TOP_TYPE;
1495                     default ->
1496                         isReference() && from.isReference() ? mergeReferenceFrom(from, context) : TOP_TYPE;
1497                 };
1498             }
1499         }
1500 
1501         private static final ClassDesc CD_Cloneable = ClassOrInterfaceDescImpl.ofValidated("Ljava/lang/Cloneable;");
1502         private static final ClassDesc CD_Serializable = ClassOrInterfaceDescImpl.ofValidated("Ljava/io/Serializable;");
1503 
1504         private Type mergeReferenceFrom(Type from, ClassHierarchyImpl context) {
1505             if (from == NULL_TYPE) {
1506                 return this;
1507             } else if (this == NULL_TYPE) {
1508                 return from;
1509             } else if (sym.equals(from.sym)) {
1510                 return this;
1511             } else if (isObject()) {
1512                 if (CD_Object.equals(sym)) {
1513                     return this;
1514                 }
1515                 if (context.isInterface(sym)) {
1516                     if (!from.isArray() || CD_Cloneable.equals(sym) || CD_Serializable.equals(sym)) {
1517                         return this;
1518                     }
1519                 } else if (from.isObject()) {
1520                     var anc = context.commonAncestor(sym, from.sym);
1521                     return anc == null ? this : Type.referenceType(anc);
1522                 }
1523             } else if (isArray() && from.isArray()) {
1524                 Type compThis = getComponent();
1525                 Type compFrom = from.getComponent();
1526                 if (compThis != TOP_TYPE && compFrom != TOP_TYPE) {
1527                     return  compThis.mergeComponentFrom(compFrom, context).toArray();
1528                 }
1529             }
1530             return OBJECT_TYPE;
1531         }
1532 
1533         Type toArray() {
1534             return switch (tag) {
1535                 case ITEM_BOOLEAN -> BOOLEAN_ARRAY_TYPE;
1536                 case ITEM_BYTE -> BYTE_ARRAY_TYPE;
1537                 case ITEM_CHAR -> CHAR_ARRAY_TYPE;
1538                 case ITEM_SHORT -> SHORT_ARRAY_TYPE;
1539                 case ITEM_INTEGER -> INT_ARRAY_TYPE;
1540                 case ITEM_LONG -> LONG_ARRAY_TYPE;
1541                 case ITEM_FLOAT -> FLOAT_ARRAY_TYPE;
1542                 case ITEM_DOUBLE -> DOUBLE_ARRAY_TYPE;
1543                 case ITEM_OBJECT -> Type.referenceType(sym.arrayType());
1544                 default -> OBJECT_TYPE;
1545             };
1546         }
1547 
1548         Type getComponent() {
1549             if (isArray()) {
1550                 var comp = sym.componentType();
1551                 if (comp.isPrimitive()) {
1552                     return switch (comp.descriptorString().charAt(0)) {
1553                         case 'Z' -> Type.BOOLEAN_TYPE;
1554                         case 'B' -> Type.BYTE_TYPE;
1555                         case 'C' -> Type.CHAR_TYPE;
1556                         case 'S' -> Type.SHORT_TYPE;
1557                         case 'I' -> Type.INTEGER_TYPE;
1558                         case 'J' -> Type.LONG_TYPE;
1559                         case 'F' -> Type.FLOAT_TYPE;
1560                         case 'D' -> Type.DOUBLE_TYPE;
1561                         default -> Type.TOP_TYPE;
1562                     };
1563                 }
1564                 return Type.referenceType(comp);
1565             }
1566             return Type.TOP_TYPE;
1567         }
1568 
1569         void writeTo(BufWriterImpl bw, ConstantPoolBuilder cp) {
1570             switch (tag) {
1571                 case ITEM_OBJECT ->
1572                     bw.writeU1U2(tag, cp.classEntry(sym).index());
1573                 case ITEM_UNINITIALIZED ->
1574                     bw.writeU1U2(tag, bci);
1575                 default ->
1576                     bw.writeU1(tag);
1577             }
1578         }
1579     }
1580 }