1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 1999, 2026, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
   8  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   9  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
  10  *
  11  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  12  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  13  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  14  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  15  * accompanied this code).
  16  *
  17  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  18  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  19  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  20  *
  21  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  22  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  23  * questions.
  24  */
  25 
  26 package com.sun.tools.javac.jvm;
  27 
  28 import java.util.HashMap;
  29 import java.util.Map;
  30 import java.util.Set;
  31 
  32 import com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.PoolConstant.LoadableConstant;
  33 import com.sun.tools.javac.tree.TreeInfo.PosKind;
  34 import com.sun.tools.javac.util.*;
  35 import com.sun.tools.javac.util.JCDiagnostic.DiagnosticPosition;
  36 import com.sun.tools.javac.util.List;
  37 import com.sun.tools.javac.code.*;
  38 import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Attribute.TypeCompound;
  39 import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Symbol.VarSymbol;
  40 import com.sun.tools.javac.comp.*;
  41 import com.sun.tools.javac.tree.*;
  42 
  43 import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Symbol.*;
  44 import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Type.*;
  45 import com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.Code.*;
  46 import com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.Items.*;
  47 import com.sun.tools.javac.resources.CompilerProperties.Errors;
  48 import com.sun.tools.javac.tree.JCTree.*;
  49 
  50 import static com.sun.tools.javac.code.Flags.*;
  51 import static com.sun.tools.javac.code.Kinds.Kind.*;
  52 import static com.sun.tools.javac.code.TypeTag.*;
  53 import static com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.ByteCodes.*;
  54 import static com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.CRTFlags.*;
  55 import static com.sun.tools.javac.main.Option.*;
  56 import static com.sun.tools.javac.tree.JCTree.Tag.*;
  57 
  58 /** This pass maps flat Java (i.e. without inner classes) to bytecodes.
  59  *
  60  *  <p><b>This is NOT part of any supported API.
  61  *  If you write code that depends on this, you do so at your own risk.
  62  *  This code and its internal interfaces are subject to change or
  63  *  deletion without notice.</b>
  64  */
  65 public class Gen extends JCTree.Visitor {
  66     protected static final Context.Key<Gen> genKey = new Context.Key<>();
  67 
  68     private final Log log;
  69     private final Symtab syms;
  70     private final Check chk;
  71     private final Resolve rs;
  72     private final TreeMaker make;
  73     private final Names names;
  74     private final Target target;
  75     private final String accessDollar;
  76     private final Types types;
  77     private final Lower lower;
  78     private final Annotate annotate;
  79     private final StringConcat concat;
  80     private final LocalProxyVarsGen localProxyVarsGen;
  81 
  82     /** Format of stackmap tables to be generated. */
  83     private final Code.StackMapFormat stackMap;
  84 
  85     /** A type that serves as the expected type for all method expressions.
  86      */
  87     private final Type methodType;
  88 
  89     public static Gen instance(Context context) {
  90         Gen instance = context.get(genKey);
  91         if (instance == null)
  92             instance = new Gen(context);
  93         return instance;
  94     }
  95 
  96     /** Constant pool writer, set by genClass.
  97      */
  98     final PoolWriter poolWriter;
  99 
 100     private final UnsetFieldsInfo unsetFieldsInfo;
 101 
 102     @SuppressWarnings("this-escape")
 103     protected Gen(Context context) {
 104         context.put(genKey, this);
 105 
 106         names = Names.instance(context);
 107         log = Log.instance(context);
 108         syms = Symtab.instance(context);
 109         chk = Check.instance(context);
 110         rs = Resolve.instance(context);
 111         make = TreeMaker.instance(context);
 112         target = Target.instance(context);
 113         types = Types.instance(context);
 114         concat = StringConcat.instance(context);
 115         localProxyVarsGen = LocalProxyVarsGen.instance(context);
 116 
 117         methodType = new MethodType(null, null, null, syms.methodClass);
 118         accessDollar = "access" + target.syntheticNameChar();
 119         lower = Lower.instance(context);
 120 
 121         Options options = Options.instance(context);
 122         lineDebugInfo =
 123             options.isUnset(G_CUSTOM) ||
 124             options.isSet(G_CUSTOM, "lines");
 125         varDebugInfo =
 126             options.isUnset(G_CUSTOM)
 127             ? options.isSet(G)
 128             : options.isSet(G_CUSTOM, "vars");
 129         genCrt = options.isSet(XJCOV);
 130         debugCode = options.isSet("debug.code");
 131         disableVirtualizedPrivateInvoke = options.isSet("disableVirtualizedPrivateInvoke");
 132         poolWriter = new PoolWriter(types, names);
 133         unsetFieldsInfo = UnsetFieldsInfo.instance(context);
 134 
 135         // ignore cldc because we cannot have both stackmap formats
 136         this.stackMap = StackMapFormat.JSR202;
 137         annotate = Annotate.instance(context);
 138         qualifiedSymbolCache = new HashMap<>();
 139         Preview preview = Preview.instance(context);
 140         Source source = Source.instance(context);
 141         allowValueClasses = (!preview.isPreview(Source.Feature.VALUE_CLASSES) || preview.isEnabled()) &&
 142                 Source.Feature.VALUE_CLASSES.allowedInSource(source);
 143     }
 144 
 145     /** Switches
 146      */
 147     private final boolean lineDebugInfo;
 148     private final boolean varDebugInfo;
 149     private final boolean genCrt;
 150     private final boolean debugCode;
 151     private boolean disableVirtualizedPrivateInvoke;
 152     private final boolean allowValueClasses;
 153 
 154     /** Code buffer, set by genMethod.
 155      */
 156     private Code code;
 157 
 158     /** Items structure, set by genMethod.
 159      */
 160     private Items items;
 161 
 162     /** Environment for symbol lookup, set by genClass
 163      */
 164     private Env<AttrContext> attrEnv;
 165 
 166     /** The top level tree.
 167      */
 168     private JCCompilationUnit toplevel;
 169 
 170     /** The number of code-gen errors in this class.
 171      */
 172     private int nerrs = 0;
 173 
 174     boolean inCondSwitchExpression;
 175     Chain switchExpressionTrueChain;
 176     Chain switchExpressionFalseChain;
 177     List<LocalItem> stackBeforeSwitchExpression;
 178     LocalItem switchResult;
 179     PatternMatchingCatchConfiguration patternMatchingCatchConfiguration =
 180             new PatternMatchingCatchConfiguration(Set.of(), null, null, null);
 181 
 182     /** Cache the symbol to reflect the qualifying type.
 183      *  key: corresponding type
 184      *  value: qualified symbol
 185      */
 186     Map<Type, Symbol> qualifiedSymbolCache;
 187 
 188     /** Generate code to load an integer constant.
 189      *  @param n     The integer to be loaded.
 190      */
 191     void loadIntConst(int n) {
 192         items.makeImmediateItem(syms.intType, n).load();
 193     }
 194 
 195     /** The opcode that loads a zero constant of a given type code.
 196      *  @param tc   The given type code (@see ByteCode).
 197      */
 198     public static int zero(int tc) {
 199         switch(tc) {
 200         case INTcode: case BYTEcode: case SHORTcode: case CHARcode:
 201             return iconst_0;
 202         case LONGcode:
 203             return lconst_0;
 204         case FLOATcode:
 205             return fconst_0;
 206         case DOUBLEcode:
 207             return dconst_0;
 208         default:
 209             throw new AssertionError("zero");
 210         }
 211     }
 212 
 213     /** The opcode that loads a one constant of a given type code.
 214      *  @param tc   The given type code (@see ByteCode).
 215      */
 216     public static int one(int tc) {
 217         return zero(tc) + 1;
 218     }
 219 
 220     /** Generate code to load -1 of the given type code (either int or long).
 221      *  @param tc   The given type code (@see ByteCode).
 222      */
 223     void emitMinusOne(int tc) {
 224         if (tc == LONGcode) {
 225             items.makeImmediateItem(syms.longType, Long.valueOf(-1)).load();
 226         } else {
 227             code.emitop0(iconst_m1);
 228         }
 229     }
 230 
 231     /** Construct a symbol to reflect the qualifying type that should
 232      *  appear in the byte code as per JLS 13.1.
 233      *
 234      *  For {@literal target >= 1.2}: Clone a method with the qualifier as owner (except
 235      *  for those cases where we need to work around VM bugs).
 236      *
 237      *  For {@literal target <= 1.1}: If qualified variable or method is defined in a
 238      *  non-accessible class, clone it with the qualifier class as owner.
 239      *
 240      *  @param sym    The accessed symbol
 241      *  @param site   The qualifier's type.
 242      */
 243     Symbol binaryQualifier(Symbol sym, Type site) {
 244 
 245         if (site.hasTag(ARRAY)) {
 246             if (sym == syms.lengthVar ||
 247                 sym.owner != syms.arrayClass)
 248                 return sym;
 249             // array clone can be qualified by the array type in later targets
 250             Symbol qualifier;
 251             if ((qualifier = qualifiedSymbolCache.get(site)) == null) {
 252                 qualifier = new ClassSymbol(Flags.PUBLIC, site.tsym.name, site, syms.noSymbol);
 253                 qualifiedSymbolCache.put(site, qualifier);
 254             }
 255             return sym.clone(qualifier);
 256         }
 257 
 258         if (sym.owner == site.tsym ||
 259             (sym.flags() & (STATIC | SYNTHETIC)) == (STATIC | SYNTHETIC)) {
 260             return sym;
 261         }
 262 
 263         // leave alone methods inherited from Object
 264         // JLS 13.1.
 265         if (sym.owner == syms.objectType.tsym)
 266             return sym;
 267 
 268         return sym.clone(site.tsym);
 269     }
 270 
 271     /** Insert a reference to given type in the constant pool,
 272      *  checking for an array with too many dimensions;
 273      *  return the reference's index.
 274      *  @param type   The type for which a reference is inserted.
 275      */
 276     int makeRef(DiagnosticPosition pos, Type type) {
 277         return poolWriter.putClass(checkDimension(pos, type));
 278     }
 279 
 280     /** Check if the given type is an array with too many dimensions.
 281      */
 282     private Type checkDimension(DiagnosticPosition pos, Type t) {
 283         checkDimensionInternal(pos, t);
 284         return t;
 285     }
 286 
 287     private void checkDimensionInternal(DiagnosticPosition pos, Type t) {
 288         switch (t.getTag()) {
 289         case METHOD:
 290             checkDimension(pos, t.getReturnType());
 291             for (List<Type> args = t.getParameterTypes(); args.nonEmpty(); args = args.tail)
 292                 checkDimension(pos, args.head);
 293             break;
 294         case ARRAY:
 295             if (types.dimensions(t) > ClassFile.MAX_DIMENSIONS) {
 296                 log.error(pos, Errors.LimitDimensions);
 297                 nerrs++;
 298             }
 299             break;
 300         default:
 301             break;
 302         }
 303     }
 304 
 305     /** Create a temporary variable.
 306      *  @param type   The variable's type.
 307      */
 308     LocalItem makeTemp(Type type) {
 309         VarSymbol v = new VarSymbol(Flags.SYNTHETIC,
 310                                     names.empty,
 311                                     type,
 312                                     env.enclMethod.sym);
 313         code.newLocal(v);
 314         return items.makeLocalItem(v);
 315     }
 316 
 317     /** Generate code to call a non-private method or constructor.
 318      *  @param pos         Position to be used for error reporting.
 319      *  @param site        The type of which the method is a member.
 320      *  @param name        The method's name.
 321      *  @param argtypes    The method's argument types.
 322      *  @param isStatic    A flag that indicates whether we call a
 323      *                     static or instance method.
 324      */
 325     void callMethod(DiagnosticPosition pos,
 326                     Type site, Name name, List<Type> argtypes,
 327                     boolean isStatic) {
 328         Symbol msym = rs.
 329             resolveInternalMethod(pos, attrEnv, site, name, argtypes, null);
 330         if (isStatic) items.makeStaticItem(msym).invoke();
 331         else items.makeMemberItem(msym, name == names.init).invoke();
 332     }
 333 
 334     /** Is the given method definition an access method
 335      *  resulting from a qualified super? This is signified by an odd
 336      *  access code.
 337      */
 338     private boolean isAccessSuper(JCMethodDecl enclMethod) {
 339         return
 340             (enclMethod.mods.flags & SYNTHETIC) != 0 &&
 341             isOddAccessName(enclMethod.name);
 342     }
 343 
 344     /** Does given name start with "access$" and end in an odd digit?
 345      */
 346     private boolean isOddAccessName(Name name) {
 347         final String string = name.toString();
 348         return
 349             string.startsWith(accessDollar) &&
 350             (string.charAt(string.length() - 1) & 1) != 0;
 351     }
 352 
 353 /* ************************************************************************
 354  * Non-local exits
 355  *************************************************************************/
 356 
 357     /** Generate code to invoke the finalizer associated with given
 358      *  environment.
 359      *  Any calls to finalizers are appended to the environments `cont' chain.
 360      *  Mark beginning of gap in catch all range for finalizer.
 361      */
 362     void genFinalizer(Env<GenContext> env) {
 363         if (code.isAlive() && env.info.finalize != null)
 364             env.info.finalize.gen();
 365     }
 366 
 367     /** Generate code to call all finalizers of structures aborted by
 368      *  a non-local
 369      *  exit.  Return target environment of the non-local exit.
 370      *  @param target      The tree representing the structure that's aborted
 371      *  @param env         The environment current at the non-local exit.
 372      */
 373     Env<GenContext> unwind(JCTree target, Env<GenContext> env) {
 374         Env<GenContext> env1 = env;
 375         while (true) {
 376             genFinalizer(env1);
 377             if (env1.tree == target) break;
 378             env1 = env1.next;
 379         }
 380         return env1;
 381     }
 382 
 383     /** Mark end of gap in catch-all range for finalizer.
 384      *  @param env   the environment which might contain the finalizer
 385      *               (if it does, env.info.gaps != null).
 386      */
 387     void endFinalizerGap(Env<GenContext> env) {
 388         if (env.info.gaps != null && env.info.gaps.length() % 2 == 1)
 389             env.info.gaps.append(code.curCP());
 390     }
 391 
 392     /** Mark end of all gaps in catch-all ranges for finalizers of environments
 393      *  lying between, and including to two environments.
 394      *  @param from    the most deeply nested environment to mark
 395      *  @param to      the least deeply nested environment to mark
 396      */
 397     void endFinalizerGaps(Env<GenContext> from, Env<GenContext> to) {
 398         Env<GenContext> last = null;
 399         while (last != to) {
 400             endFinalizerGap(from);
 401             last = from;
 402             from = from.next;
 403         }
 404     }
 405 
 406     /** Do any of the structures aborted by a non-local exit have
 407      *  finalizers that require an empty stack?
 408      *  @param target      The tree representing the structure that's aborted
 409      *  @param env         The environment current at the non-local exit.
 410      */
 411     boolean hasFinally(JCTree target, Env<GenContext> env) {
 412         while (env.tree != target) {
 413             if (env.tree.hasTag(TRY) && env.info.finalize.hasFinalizer())
 414                 return true;
 415             env = env.next;
 416         }
 417         return false;
 418     }
 419 
 420 /* ************************************************************************
 421  * Normalizing class-members.
 422  *************************************************************************/
 423 
 424     /** Distribute member initializer code into constructors and {@code <clinit>}
 425      *  method.
 426      *  @param defs         The list of class member declarations.
 427      *  @param c            The enclosing class.
 428      */
 429     List<JCTree> normalizeDefs(List<JCTree> defs, ClassSymbol c) {
 430         ListBuffer<JCStatement> initCode = new ListBuffer<>();
 431         // only used for value classes
 432         ListBuffer<JCStatement> initBlocks = new ListBuffer<>();
 433         ListBuffer<Attribute.TypeCompound> initTAs = new ListBuffer<>();
 434         ListBuffer<JCStatement> clinitCode = new ListBuffer<>();
 435         ListBuffer<Attribute.TypeCompound> clinitTAs = new ListBuffer<>();
 436         ListBuffer<JCTree> methodDefs = new ListBuffer<>();
 437         // Sort definitions into three listbuffers:
 438         //  - initCode for instance initializers
 439         //  - clinitCode for class initializers
 440         //  - methodDefs for method definitions
 441         for (List<JCTree> l = defs; l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail) {
 442             JCTree def = l.head;
 443             switch (def.getTag()) {
 444             case BLOCK:
 445                 JCBlock block = (JCBlock)def;
 446                 if ((block.flags & STATIC) != 0)
 447                     clinitCode.append(block);
 448                 else if ((block.flags & SYNTHETIC) == 0) {
 449                     if (c.isValueClass()) {
 450                         initBlocks.append(block);
 451                     } else {
 452                         initCode.append(block);
 453                     }
 454                 }
 455                 break;
 456             case METHODDEF:
 457                 methodDefs.append(def);
 458                 break;
 459             case VARDEF:
 460                 JCVariableDecl vdef = (JCVariableDecl) def;
 461                 VarSymbol sym = vdef.sym;
 462                 checkDimension(vdef.pos(), sym.type);
 463                 if (vdef.init != null) {
 464                     if ((sym.flags() & STATIC) == 0) {
 465                         // Always initialize instance variables.
 466                         JCStatement init = make.at(vdef.pos()).
 467                             Assignment(sym, vdef.init);
 468                         initCode.append(init);
 469                         init.endpos = vdef.endpos;
 470                         initTAs.addAll(getAndRemoveNonFieldTAs(sym));
 471                     } else if (sym.getConstValue() == null) {
 472                         // Initialize class (static) variables only if
 473                         // they are not compile-time constants.
 474                         JCStatement init = make.at(vdef.pos).
 475                             Assignment(sym, vdef.init);
 476                         clinitCode.append(init);
 477                         init.endpos = vdef.endpos;
 478                         clinitTAs.addAll(getAndRemoveNonFieldTAs(sym));
 479                     } else {
 480                         checkStringConstant(vdef.init.pos(), sym.getConstValue());
 481                         /* if the init contains a reference to an external class, add it to the
 482                          * constant's pool
 483                          */
 484                         vdef.init.accept(classReferenceVisitor);
 485                     }
 486                 }
 487                 break;
 488             default:
 489                 Assert.error();
 490             }
 491         }
 492         // Insert any instance initializers into all constructors.
 493         if (initCode.length() != 0 || initBlocks.length() != 0) {
 494             initTAs.addAll(c.getInitTypeAttributes());
 495             List<Attribute.TypeCompound> initTAlist = initTAs.toList();
 496             for (JCTree t : methodDefs) {
 497                 normalizeMethod((JCMethodDecl)t, initCode.toList(), initBlocks.toList(), initTAlist);
 498             }
 499         }
 500         // If there are class initializers, create a <clinit> method
 501         // that contains them as its body.
 502         if (clinitCode.length() != 0) {
 503             MethodSymbol clinit = new MethodSymbol(
 504                 STATIC | (c.flags() & STRICTFP),
 505                 names.clinit,
 506                 new MethodType(
 507                     List.nil(), syms.voidType,
 508                     List.nil(), syms.methodClass),
 509                 c);
 510             c.members().enter(clinit);
 511             List<JCStatement> clinitStats = clinitCode.toList();
 512             JCBlock block = make.at(clinitStats.head.pos()).Block(0, clinitStats);
 513             block.bracePos = TreeInfo.endPos(clinitStats.last());
 514             methodDefs.append(make.MethodDef(clinit, block));
 515 
 516             if (!clinitTAs.isEmpty())
 517                 clinit.appendUniqueTypeAttributes(clinitTAs.toList());
 518             if (!c.getClassInitTypeAttributes().isEmpty())
 519                 clinit.appendUniqueTypeAttributes(c.getClassInitTypeAttributes());
 520         }
 521         // Return all method definitions.
 522         return methodDefs.toList();
 523     }
 524 
 525     private List<Attribute.TypeCompound> getAndRemoveNonFieldTAs(VarSymbol sym) {
 526         List<TypeCompound> tas = sym.getRawTypeAttributes();
 527         ListBuffer<Attribute.TypeCompound> fieldTAs = new ListBuffer<>();
 528         ListBuffer<Attribute.TypeCompound> nonfieldTAs = new ListBuffer<>();
 529         for (TypeCompound ta : tas) {
 530             Assert.check(ta.getPosition().type != TargetType.UNKNOWN);
 531             if (ta.getPosition().type == TargetType.FIELD) {
 532                 fieldTAs.add(ta);
 533             } else {
 534                 nonfieldTAs.add(ta);
 535             }
 536         }
 537         sym.setTypeAttributes(fieldTAs.toList());
 538         return nonfieldTAs.toList();
 539     }
 540 
 541     /** Check a constant value and report if it is a string that is
 542      *  too large.
 543      */
 544     private void checkStringConstant(DiagnosticPosition pos, Object constValue) {
 545         if (nerrs != 0 || // only complain about a long string once
 546             constValue == null ||
 547             !(constValue instanceof String str) ||
 548             str.length() < PoolWriter.MAX_STRING_LENGTH)
 549             return;
 550         log.error(pos, Errors.LimitString);
 551         nerrs++;
 552     }
 553 
 554     /** Insert instance initializer code into constructors prior to the super() call.
 555      *  @param md        The tree potentially representing a
 556      *                   constructor's definition.
 557      *  @param initCode  The list of instance initializer statements.
 558      *  @param initTAs  Type annotations from the initializer expression.
 559      */
 560     void normalizeMethod(JCMethodDecl md, List<JCStatement> initCode, List<JCStatement> initBlocks,  List<TypeCompound> initTAs) {
 561         Set<Symbol> fieldsWithInits;
 562         List<JCStatement> inits;
 563         if ((fieldsWithInits = localProxyVarsGen.initializersAlreadyInConst.get(md)) != null) {
 564             ListBuffer<JCStatement> newInitCode = new ListBuffer<>();
 565             for (JCStatement init : initCode) {
 566                 Symbol sym = ((JCIdent)((JCAssign)((JCExpressionStatement)init).expr).lhs).sym;
 567                 if (!fieldsWithInits.contains(sym)) {
 568                     newInitCode.add(init);
 569                 }
 570             }
 571             inits = newInitCode.toList();
 572             localProxyVarsGen.initializersAlreadyInConst.remove(md);
 573         } else {
 574             inits = initCode;
 575         }
 576         if (TreeInfo.isConstructor(md) && TreeInfo.hasConstructorCall(md, names._super)) {
 577             // We are seeing a constructor that has a super() call.
 578             // Find the super() invocation and append the given initializer code.
 579             if (allowValueClasses & (md.sym.owner.isValueClass() || ((md.sym.owner.flags_field & RECORD) != 0))) {
 580                 rewriteInitializersIfNeeded(md, inits);
 581                 md.body.stats = inits.appendList(md.body.stats);
 582                 TreeInfo.mapSuperCalls(md.body, supercall -> make.Block(0, initBlocks.prepend(supercall)));
 583             } else {
 584                 TreeInfo.mapSuperCalls(md.body, supercall -> make.Block(0, inits.prepend(supercall)));
 585             }
 586 
 587             if (md.body.bracePos == Position.NOPOS)
 588                 md.body.bracePos = TreeInfo.endPos(md.body.stats.last());
 589 
 590             md.sym.appendUniqueTypeAttributes(initTAs);
 591         }
 592     }
 593 
 594     void rewriteInitializersIfNeeded(JCMethodDecl md, List<JCStatement> initCode) {
 595         if (lower.initializerOuterThis.containsKey(md.sym.owner)) {
 596             InitializerVisitor initializerVisitor = new InitializerVisitor(md, lower.initializerOuterThis.get(md.sym.owner));
 597             for (JCStatement init : initCode) {
 598                 initializerVisitor.scan(init);
 599             }
 600         }
 601     }
 602 
 603     public static class InitializerVisitor extends TreeScanner {
 604         JCMethodDecl md;
 605         Set<JCExpression> exprSet;
 606 
 607         public InitializerVisitor(JCMethodDecl md, Set<JCExpression> exprSet) {
 608             this.md = md;
 609             this.exprSet = exprSet;
 610         }
 611 
 612         @Override
 613         public void visitTree(JCTree tree) {}
 614 
 615         @Override
 616         public void visitIdent(JCIdent tree) {
 617             if (exprSet.contains(tree)) {
 618                 for (JCVariableDecl param: md.params) {
 619                     if (param.name == tree.name &&
 620                             ((param.sym.flags_field & (MANDATED | NOOUTERTHIS)) == (MANDATED | NOOUTERTHIS))) {
 621                         tree.sym = param.sym;
 622                     }
 623                 }
 624             }
 625         }
 626     }
 627 
 628 /* ************************************************************************
 629  * Traversal methods
 630  *************************************************************************/
 631 
 632     /** Visitor argument: The current environment.
 633      */
 634     Env<GenContext> env;
 635 
 636     /** Visitor argument: The expected type (prototype).
 637      */
 638     Type pt;
 639 
 640     /** Visitor result: The item representing the computed value.
 641      */
 642     Item result;
 643 
 644     /** Visitor method: generate code for a definition, catching and reporting
 645      *  any completion failures.
 646      *  @param tree    The definition to be visited.
 647      *  @param env     The environment current at the definition.
 648      */
 649     public void genDef(JCTree tree, Env<GenContext> env) {
 650         Env<GenContext> prevEnv = this.env;
 651         try {
 652             this.env = env;
 653             tree.accept(this);
 654         } catch (CompletionFailure ex) {
 655             chk.completionError(tree.pos(), ex);
 656         } finally {
 657             this.env = prevEnv;
 658         }
 659     }
 660 
 661     /** Derived visitor method: check whether CharacterRangeTable
 662      *  should be emitted, if so, put a new entry into CRTable
 663      *  and call method to generate bytecode.
 664      *  If not, just call method to generate bytecode.
 665      *  @see    #genStat(JCTree, Env)
 666      *
 667      *  @param  tree     The tree to be visited.
 668      *  @param  env      The environment to use.
 669      *  @param  crtFlags The CharacterRangeTable flags
 670      *                   indicating type of the entry.
 671      */
 672     public void genStat(JCTree tree, Env<GenContext> env, int crtFlags) {
 673         if (!genCrt) {
 674             genStat(tree, env);
 675             return;
 676         }
 677         int startpc = code.curCP();
 678         genStat(tree, env);
 679         if (tree.hasTag(Tag.BLOCK)) crtFlags |= CRT_BLOCK;
 680         code.crt.put(tree, crtFlags, startpc, code.curCP());
 681     }
 682 
 683     /** Derived visitor method: generate code for a statement.
 684      */
 685     public void genStat(JCTree tree, Env<GenContext> env) {
 686         if (code.isAlive()) {
 687             code.statBegin(tree.pos);
 688             genDef(tree, env);
 689         } else if (env.info.isSwitch && tree.hasTag(VARDEF)) {
 690             // variables whose declarations are in a switch
 691             // can be used even if the decl is unreachable.
 692             code.newLocal(((JCVariableDecl) tree).sym);
 693         }
 694     }
 695 
 696     /** Derived visitor method: check whether CharacterRangeTable
 697      *  should be emitted, if so, put a new entry into CRTable
 698      *  and call method to generate bytecode.
 699      *  If not, just call method to generate bytecode.
 700      *  @see    #genStats(List, Env)
 701      *
 702      *  @param  trees    The list of trees to be visited.
 703      *  @param  env      The environment to use.
 704      *  @param  crtFlags The CharacterRangeTable flags
 705      *                   indicating type of the entry.
 706      */
 707     public void genStats(List<JCStatement> trees, Env<GenContext> env, int crtFlags) {
 708         if (!genCrt) {
 709             genStats(trees, env);
 710             return;
 711         }
 712         if (trees.length() == 1) {        // mark one statement with the flags
 713             genStat(trees.head, env, crtFlags | CRT_STATEMENT);
 714         } else {
 715             int startpc = code.curCP();
 716             genStats(trees, env);
 717             code.crt.put(trees, crtFlags, startpc, code.curCP());
 718         }
 719     }
 720 
 721     /** Derived visitor method: generate code for a list of statements.
 722      */
 723     public void genStats(List<? extends JCTree> trees, Env<GenContext> env) {
 724         for (List<? extends JCTree> l = trees; l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail)
 725             genStat(l.head, env, CRT_STATEMENT);
 726     }
 727 
 728     /** Derived visitor method: check whether CharacterRangeTable
 729      *  should be emitted, if so, put a new entry into CRTable
 730      *  and call method to generate bytecode.
 731      *  If not, just call method to generate bytecode.
 732      *  @see    #genCond(JCTree,boolean)
 733      *
 734      *  @param  tree     The tree to be visited.
 735      *  @param  crtFlags The CharacterRangeTable flags
 736      *                   indicating type of the entry.
 737      */
 738     public CondItem genCond(JCTree tree, int crtFlags) {
 739         if (!genCrt) return genCond(tree, false);
 740         int startpc = code.curCP();
 741         CondItem item = genCond(tree, (crtFlags & CRT_FLOW_CONTROLLER) != 0);
 742         code.crt.put(tree, crtFlags, startpc, code.curCP());
 743         return item;
 744     }
 745 
 746     /** Derived visitor method: generate code for a boolean
 747      *  expression in a control-flow context.
 748      *  @param _tree         The expression to be visited.
 749      *  @param markBranches The flag to indicate that the condition is
 750      *                      a flow controller so produced conditions
 751      *                      should contain a proper tree to generate
 752      *                      CharacterRangeTable branches for them.
 753      */
 754     public CondItem genCond(JCTree _tree, boolean markBranches) {
 755         JCTree inner_tree = TreeInfo.skipParens(_tree);
 756         if (inner_tree.hasTag(CONDEXPR)) {
 757             JCConditional tree = (JCConditional)inner_tree;
 758             CondItem cond = genCond(tree.cond, CRT_FLOW_CONTROLLER);
 759             if (cond.isTrue()) {
 760                 code.resolve(cond.trueJumps);
 761                 CondItem result = genCond(tree.truepart, CRT_FLOW_TARGET);
 762                 if (markBranches) result.tree = tree.truepart;
 763                 return result;
 764             }
 765             if (cond.isFalse()) {
 766                 code.resolve(cond.falseJumps);
 767                 CondItem result = genCond(tree.falsepart, CRT_FLOW_TARGET);
 768                 if (markBranches) result.tree = tree.falsepart;
 769                 return result;
 770             }
 771             Chain secondJumps = cond.jumpFalse();
 772             code.resolve(cond.trueJumps);
 773             CondItem first = genCond(tree.truepart, CRT_FLOW_TARGET);
 774             if (markBranches) first.tree = tree.truepart;
 775             Chain falseJumps = first.jumpFalse();
 776             code.resolve(first.trueJumps);
 777             Chain trueJumps = code.branch(goto_);
 778             code.resolve(secondJumps);
 779             CondItem second = genCond(tree.falsepart, CRT_FLOW_TARGET);
 780             CondItem result = items.makeCondItem(second.opcode,
 781                                       Code.mergeChains(trueJumps, second.trueJumps),
 782                                       Code.mergeChains(falseJumps, second.falseJumps));
 783             if (markBranches) result.tree = tree.falsepart;
 784             return result;
 785         } else if (inner_tree.hasTag(SWITCH_EXPRESSION)) {
 786             code.resolvePending();
 787 
 788             boolean prevInCondSwitchExpression = inCondSwitchExpression;
 789             Chain prevSwitchExpressionTrueChain = switchExpressionTrueChain;
 790             Chain prevSwitchExpressionFalseChain = switchExpressionFalseChain;
 791             try {
 792                 inCondSwitchExpression = true;
 793                 switchExpressionTrueChain = null;
 794                 switchExpressionFalseChain = null;
 795                 try {
 796                     doHandleSwitchExpression((JCSwitchExpression) inner_tree);
 797                 } catch (CompletionFailure ex) {
 798                     chk.completionError(_tree.pos(), ex);
 799                     code.state.stacksize = 1;
 800                 }
 801                 CondItem result = items.makeCondItem(goto_,
 802                                                      switchExpressionTrueChain,
 803                                                      switchExpressionFalseChain);
 804                 if (markBranches) result.tree = _tree;
 805                 return result;
 806             } finally {
 807                 inCondSwitchExpression = prevInCondSwitchExpression;
 808                 switchExpressionTrueChain = prevSwitchExpressionTrueChain;
 809                 switchExpressionFalseChain = prevSwitchExpressionFalseChain;
 810             }
 811         } else if (inner_tree.hasTag(LETEXPR) && ((LetExpr) inner_tree).needsCond) {
 812             code.resolvePending();
 813 
 814             LetExpr tree = (LetExpr) inner_tree;
 815             int limit = code.nextreg;
 816             int prevLetExprStart = code.setLetExprStackPos(code.state.stacksize);
 817             try {
 818                 genStats(tree.defs, env);
 819             } finally {
 820                 code.setLetExprStackPos(prevLetExprStart);
 821             }
 822             CondItem result = genCond(tree.expr, markBranches);
 823             code.endScopes(limit);
 824             //make sure variables defined in the let expression are not included
 825             //in the defined variables for jumps that go outside of this let
 826             //expression:
 827             undefineVariablesInChain(result.falseJumps, limit);
 828             undefineVariablesInChain(result.trueJumps, limit);
 829             return result;
 830         } else {
 831             CondItem result = genExpr(_tree, syms.booleanType).mkCond();
 832             if (markBranches) result.tree = _tree;
 833             return result;
 834         }
 835     }
 836         //where:
 837         private void undefineVariablesInChain(Chain toClear, int limit) {
 838             while (toClear != null) {
 839                 toClear.state.defined.excludeFrom(limit);
 840                 toClear = toClear.next;
 841             }
 842         }
 843 
 844     public Code getCode() {
 845         return code;
 846     }
 847 
 848     public Items getItems() {
 849         return items;
 850     }
 851 
 852     public Env<AttrContext> getAttrEnv() {
 853         return attrEnv;
 854     }
 855 
 856     /** Visitor class for expressions which might be constant expressions.
 857      *  This class is a subset of TreeScanner. Intended to visit trees pruned by
 858      *  Lower as long as constant expressions looking for references to any
 859      *  ClassSymbol. Any such reference will be added to the constant pool so
 860      *  automated tools can detect class dependencies better.
 861      */
 862     class ClassReferenceVisitor extends JCTree.Visitor {
 863 
 864         @Override
 865         public void visitTree(JCTree tree) {}
 866 
 867         @Override
 868         public void visitBinary(JCBinary tree) {
 869             tree.lhs.accept(this);
 870             tree.rhs.accept(this);
 871         }
 872 
 873         @Override
 874         public void visitSelect(JCFieldAccess tree) {
 875             if (tree.selected.type.hasTag(CLASS)) {
 876                 makeRef(tree.selected.pos(), tree.selected.type);
 877             }
 878         }
 879 
 880         @Override
 881         public void visitIdent(JCIdent tree) {
 882             if (tree.sym.owner instanceof ClassSymbol classSymbol) {
 883                 poolWriter.putClass(classSymbol);
 884             }
 885         }
 886 
 887         @Override
 888         public void visitConditional(JCConditional tree) {
 889             tree.cond.accept(this);
 890             tree.truepart.accept(this);
 891             tree.falsepart.accept(this);
 892         }
 893 
 894         @Override
 895         public void visitUnary(JCUnary tree) {
 896             tree.arg.accept(this);
 897         }
 898 
 899         @Override
 900         public void visitParens(JCParens tree) {
 901             tree.expr.accept(this);
 902         }
 903 
 904         @Override
 905         public void visitTypeCast(JCTypeCast tree) {
 906             tree.expr.accept(this);
 907         }
 908     }
 909 
 910     private ClassReferenceVisitor classReferenceVisitor = new ClassReferenceVisitor();
 911 
 912     /** Visitor method: generate code for an expression, catching and reporting
 913      *  any completion failures.
 914      *  @param tree    The expression to be visited.
 915      *  @param pt      The expression's expected type (proto-type).
 916      */
 917     public Item genExpr(JCTree tree, Type pt) {
 918         if (!code.isAlive()) {
 919             return items.makeStackItem(pt);
 920         }
 921 
 922         Type prevPt = this.pt;
 923         try {
 924             if (tree.type.constValue() != null) {
 925                 // Short circuit any expressions which are constants
 926                 tree.accept(classReferenceVisitor);
 927                 checkStringConstant(tree.pos(), tree.type.constValue());
 928                 Symbol sym = TreeInfo.symbol(tree);
 929                 if (sym != null && isConstantDynamic(sym)) {
 930                     result = items.makeDynamicItem(sym);
 931                 } else {
 932                     result = items.makeImmediateItem(tree.type, tree.type.constValue());
 933                 }
 934             } else {
 935                 this.pt = pt;
 936                 tree.accept(this);
 937             }
 938             return result.coerce(pt);
 939         } catch (CompletionFailure ex) {
 940             chk.completionError(tree.pos(), ex);
 941             code.state.stacksize = 1;
 942             return items.makeStackItem(pt);
 943         } finally {
 944             this.pt = prevPt;
 945         }
 946     }
 947 
 948     public boolean isConstantDynamic(Symbol sym) {
 949         return sym.kind == VAR &&
 950                 sym instanceof DynamicVarSymbol dynamicVarSymbol &&
 951                 dynamicVarSymbol.isDynamic();
 952     }
 953 
 954     /** Derived visitor method: generate code for a list of method arguments.
 955      *  @param trees    The argument expressions to be visited.
 956      *  @param pts      The expression's expected types (i.e. the formal parameter
 957      *                  types of the invoked method).
 958      */
 959     public void genArgs(List<JCExpression> trees, List<Type> pts) {
 960         for (List<JCExpression> l = trees; l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail) {
 961             genExpr(l.head, pts.head).load();
 962             pts = pts.tail;
 963         }
 964         // require lists be of same length
 965         Assert.check(pts.isEmpty());
 966     }
 967 
 968 /* ************************************************************************
 969  * Visitor methods for statements and definitions
 970  *************************************************************************/
 971 
 972     /** Thrown when the byte code size exceeds limit.
 973      */
 974     public static class CodeSizeOverflow extends RuntimeException {
 975         private static final long serialVersionUID = 0;
 976         public CodeSizeOverflow() {}
 977     }
 978 
 979     public void visitMethodDef(JCMethodDecl tree) {
 980         // Create a new local environment that points pack at method
 981         // definition.
 982         Env<GenContext> localEnv = env.dup(tree);
 983         localEnv.enclMethod = tree;
 984         // The expected type of every return statement in this method
 985         // is the method's return type.
 986         this.pt = tree.sym.erasure(types).getReturnType();
 987 
 988         checkDimension(tree.pos(), tree.sym.erasure(types));
 989         genMethod(tree, localEnv, false);
 990     }
 991 //where
 992         /** Generate code for a method.
 993          *  @param tree     The tree representing the method definition.
 994          *  @param env      The environment current for the method body.
 995          *  @param fatcode  A flag that indicates whether all jumps are
 996          *                  within 32K.  We first invoke this method under
 997          *                  the assumption that fatcode == false, i.e. all
 998          *                  jumps are within 32K.  If this fails, fatcode
 999          *                  is set to true and we try again.
1000          */
1001         void genMethod(JCMethodDecl tree, Env<GenContext> env, boolean fatcode) {
1002             MethodSymbol meth = tree.sym;
1003             int extras = 0;
1004             // Count up extra parameters
1005             if (meth.isConstructor()) {
1006                 extras++;
1007                 if (meth.enclClass().isInner() &&
1008                     !meth.enclClass().isStatic()) {
1009                     extras++;
1010                 }
1011             } else if ((tree.mods.flags & STATIC) == 0) {
1012                 extras++;
1013             }
1014             //      System.err.println("Generating " + meth + " in " + meth.owner); //DEBUG
1015             if (Code.width(types.erasure(env.enclMethod.sym.type).getParameterTypes()) + extras >
1016                 ClassFile.MAX_PARAMETERS) {
1017                 log.error(tree.pos(), Errors.LimitParameters);
1018                 nerrs++;
1019             }
1020 
1021             else if (tree.body != null) {
1022                 // Create a new code structure and initialize it.
1023                 int startpcCrt = initCode(tree, env, fatcode);
1024                 Set<VarSymbol> prevUnsetFields = code.currentUnsetFields;
1025                 if (meth.isConstructor()) {
1026                     code.currentUnsetFields = unsetFieldsInfo.getUnsetFields(env.enclClass.sym, tree.body);
1027                     code.initialUnsetFields = unsetFieldsInfo.getUnsetFields(env.enclClass.sym, tree.body);
1028                 }
1029 
1030                 try {
1031                     genStat(tree.body, env);
1032                 } catch (CodeSizeOverflow e) {
1033                     // Failed due to code limit, try again with jsr/ret
1034                     startpcCrt = initCode(tree, env, fatcode);
1035                     genStat(tree.body, env);
1036                 } finally {
1037                     code.currentUnsetFields = prevUnsetFields;
1038                 }
1039 
1040                 if (code.state.stacksize != 0) {
1041                     log.error(tree.body.pos(), Errors.StackSimError(tree.sym));
1042                     throw new AssertionError();
1043                 }
1044 
1045                 // If last statement could complete normally, insert a
1046                 // return at the end.
1047                 if (code.isAlive()) {
1048                     code.statBegin(TreeInfo.endPos(tree.body));
1049                     if (env.enclMethod == null ||
1050                         env.enclMethod.sym.type.getReturnType().hasTag(VOID)) {
1051                         code.emitop0(return_);
1052                     } else {
1053                         // sometime dead code seems alive (4415991);
1054                         // generate a small loop instead
1055                         int startpc = code.entryPoint();
1056                         CondItem c = items.makeCondItem(goto_);
1057                         code.resolve(c.jumpTrue(), startpc);
1058                     }
1059                 }
1060                 if (genCrt)
1061                     code.crt.put(tree.body,
1062                                  CRT_BLOCK,
1063                                  startpcCrt,
1064                                  code.curCP());
1065 
1066                 code.endScopes(0);
1067 
1068                 // If we exceeded limits, panic
1069                 if (code.checkLimits(tree.pos(), log)) {
1070                     nerrs++;
1071                     return;
1072                 }
1073 
1074                 // If we generated short code but got a long jump, do it again
1075                 // with fatCode = true.
1076                 if (!fatcode && code.fatcode) genMethod(tree, env, true);
1077 
1078                 // Clean up
1079                 if(stackMap == StackMapFormat.JSR202) {
1080                     code.lastFrame = null;
1081                     code.frameBeforeLast = null;
1082                 }
1083 
1084                 // Compress exception table
1085                 code.compressCatchTable();
1086 
1087                 // Fill in type annotation positions for exception parameters
1088                 code.fillExceptionParameterPositions();
1089             }
1090         }
1091 
1092         private int initCode(JCMethodDecl tree, Env<GenContext> env, boolean fatcode) {
1093             MethodSymbol meth = tree.sym;
1094 
1095             // Create a new code structure.
1096             meth.code = code = new Code(meth,
1097                                         fatcode,
1098                                         lineDebugInfo ? toplevel.lineMap : null,
1099                                         varDebugInfo,
1100                                         stackMap,
1101                                         debugCode,
1102                                         genCrt ? new CRTable(tree) : null,
1103                                         syms,
1104                                         types,
1105                                         poolWriter,
1106                                         allowValueClasses);
1107             items = new Items(poolWriter, code, syms, types);
1108             if (code.debugCode) {
1109                 System.err.println(meth + " for body " + tree);
1110             }
1111 
1112             // If method is not static, create a new local variable address
1113             // for `this'.
1114             if ((tree.mods.flags & STATIC) == 0) {
1115                 Type selfType = meth.owner.type;
1116                 if (meth.isConstructor() && selfType != syms.objectType)
1117                     selfType = UninitializedType.uninitializedThis(selfType);
1118                 code.setDefined(
1119                         code.newLocal(
1120                             new VarSymbol(FINAL, names._this, selfType, meth.owner)));
1121             }
1122 
1123             // Mark all parameters as defined from the beginning of
1124             // the method.
1125             for (List<JCVariableDecl> l = tree.params; l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail) {
1126                 checkDimension(l.head.pos(), l.head.sym.type);
1127                 code.setDefined(code.newLocal(l.head.sym));
1128             }
1129 
1130             // Get ready to generate code for method body.
1131             int startpcCrt = genCrt ? code.curCP() : 0;
1132             code.entryPoint();
1133 
1134             // Suppress initial stackmap
1135             code.pendingStackMap = false;
1136 
1137             return startpcCrt;
1138         }
1139 
1140     public void visitVarDef(JCVariableDecl tree) {
1141         VarSymbol v = tree.sym;
1142         if (tree.init != null) {
1143             checkStringConstant(tree.init.pos(), v.getConstValue());
1144             if (v.getConstValue() == null || varDebugInfo) {
1145                 Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1146                 code.newLocal(v);
1147                 genExpr(tree.init, v.erasure(types)).load();
1148                 items.makeLocalItem(v).store();
1149                 Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1150             }
1151         } else {
1152             code.newLocal(v);
1153         }
1154         checkDimension(tree.pos(), v.type);
1155     }
1156 
1157     public void visitSkip(JCSkip tree) {
1158     }
1159 
1160     public void visitBlock(JCBlock tree) {
1161         /* this method is heavily invoked, as expected, for deeply nested blocks, if blocks doesn't happen to have
1162          * patterns there will be an unnecessary tax on memory consumption every time this method is executed, for this
1163          * reason we have created helper methods and here at a higher level we just discriminate depending on the
1164          * presence, or not, of patterns in a given block
1165          */
1166         if (tree.patternMatchingCatch != null) {
1167             visitBlockWithPatterns(tree);
1168         } else {
1169             internalVisitBlock(tree);
1170         }
1171     }
1172 
1173     private void visitBlockWithPatterns(JCBlock tree) {
1174         PatternMatchingCatchConfiguration prevConfiguration = patternMatchingCatchConfiguration;
1175         try {
1176             patternMatchingCatchConfiguration =
1177                     new PatternMatchingCatchConfiguration(tree.patternMatchingCatch.calls2Handle(),
1178                                                          new ListBuffer<int[]>(),
1179                                                          tree.patternMatchingCatch.handler(),
1180                                                          code.state.dup());
1181             internalVisitBlock(tree);
1182         } finally {
1183             generatePatternMatchingCatch(env);
1184             patternMatchingCatchConfiguration = prevConfiguration;
1185         }
1186     }
1187 
1188     private void generatePatternMatchingCatch(Env<GenContext> env) {
1189         if (patternMatchingCatchConfiguration.handler != null &&
1190             !patternMatchingCatchConfiguration.ranges.isEmpty()) {
1191             Chain skipCatch = code.branch(goto_);
1192             JCCatch handler = patternMatchingCatchConfiguration.handler();
1193             code.entryPoint(patternMatchingCatchConfiguration.startState(),
1194                             handler.param.sym.type);
1195             genPatternMatchingCatch(handler,
1196                                     env,
1197                                     patternMatchingCatchConfiguration.ranges.toList());
1198             code.resolve(skipCatch);
1199         }
1200     }
1201 
1202     private void internalVisitBlock(JCBlock tree) {
1203         int limit = code.nextreg;
1204         Env<GenContext> localEnv = env.dup(tree, new GenContext());
1205         genStats(tree.stats, localEnv);
1206         // End the scope of all block-local variables in variable info.
1207         if (!env.tree.hasTag(METHODDEF)) {
1208             code.statBegin(tree.bracePos);
1209             code.endScopes(limit);
1210             code.pendingStatPos = Position.NOPOS;
1211         }
1212     }
1213 
1214     public void visitDoLoop(JCDoWhileLoop tree) {
1215         genLoop(tree, tree.body, tree.cond, List.nil(), false);
1216     }
1217 
1218     public void visitWhileLoop(JCWhileLoop tree) {
1219         genLoop(tree, tree.body, tree.cond, List.nil(), true);
1220     }
1221 
1222     public void visitForLoop(JCForLoop tree) {
1223         int limit = code.nextreg;
1224         genStats(tree.init, env);
1225         genLoop(tree, tree.body, tree.cond, tree.step, true);
1226         code.endScopes(limit);
1227     }
1228     //where
1229         /** Generate code for a loop.
1230          *  @param loop       The tree representing the loop.
1231          *  @param body       The loop's body.
1232          *  @param cond       The loop's controlling condition.
1233          *  @param step       "Step" statements to be inserted at end of
1234          *                    each iteration.
1235          *  @param testFirst  True if the loop test belongs before the body.
1236          */
1237         private void genLoop(JCStatement loop,
1238                              JCStatement body,
1239                              JCExpression cond,
1240                              List<JCExpressionStatement> step,
1241                              boolean testFirst) {
1242             Set<VarSymbol> prevCodeUnsetFields = code.currentUnsetFields;
1243             try {
1244                 genLoopHelper(loop, body, cond, step, testFirst);
1245             } finally {
1246                 code.currentUnsetFields = prevCodeUnsetFields;
1247             }
1248         }
1249 
1250         private void genLoopHelper(JCStatement loop,
1251                              JCStatement body,
1252                              JCExpression cond,
1253                              List<JCExpressionStatement> step,
1254                              boolean testFirst) {
1255             Env<GenContext> loopEnv = env.dup(loop, new GenContext());
1256             int startpc = code.entryPoint();
1257             if (testFirst) { //while or for loop
1258                 CondItem c;
1259                 if (cond != null) {
1260                     code.statBegin(cond.pos);
1261                     Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1262                     c = genCond(TreeInfo.skipParens(cond), CRT_FLOW_CONTROLLER);
1263                 } else {
1264                     c = items.makeCondItem(goto_);
1265                 }
1266                 Chain loopDone = c.jumpFalse();
1267                 code.resolve(c.trueJumps);
1268                 Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1269                 genStat(body, loopEnv, CRT_STATEMENT | CRT_FLOW_TARGET);
1270                 code.resolve(loopEnv.info.cont);
1271                 genStats(step, loopEnv);
1272                 code.resolve(code.branch(goto_), startpc);
1273                 code.resolve(loopDone);
1274             } else {
1275                 genStat(body, loopEnv, CRT_STATEMENT | CRT_FLOW_TARGET);
1276                 code.resolve(loopEnv.info.cont);
1277                 genStats(step, loopEnv);
1278                 if (code.isAlive()) {
1279                     CondItem c;
1280                     if (cond != null) {
1281                         code.statBegin(cond.pos);
1282                         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1283                         c = genCond(TreeInfo.skipParens(cond), CRT_FLOW_CONTROLLER);
1284                     } else {
1285                         c = items.makeCondItem(goto_);
1286                     }
1287                     code.resolve(c.jumpTrue(), startpc);
1288                     Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1289                     code.resolve(c.falseJumps);
1290                 }
1291             }
1292             code.resolve(loopEnv.info.exit);
1293         }
1294 
1295     public void visitForeachLoop(JCEnhancedForLoop tree) {
1296         throw new AssertionError(); // should have been removed by Lower.
1297     }
1298 
1299     public void visitLabelled(JCLabeledStatement tree) {
1300         Env<GenContext> localEnv = env.dup(tree, new GenContext());
1301         genStat(tree.body, localEnv, CRT_STATEMENT);
1302         code.resolve(localEnv.info.exit);
1303     }
1304 
1305     public void visitSwitch(JCSwitch tree) {
1306         handleSwitch(tree, tree.selector, tree.cases, tree.patternSwitch);
1307     }
1308 
1309     @Override
1310     public void visitSwitchExpression(JCSwitchExpression tree) {
1311         code.resolvePending();
1312         boolean prevInCondSwitchExpression = inCondSwitchExpression;
1313         Set<VarSymbol> prevCodeUnsetFields = code.currentUnsetFields;
1314         try {
1315             inCondSwitchExpression = false;
1316             doHandleSwitchExpression(tree);
1317         } finally {
1318             inCondSwitchExpression = prevInCondSwitchExpression;
1319             code.currentUnsetFields = prevCodeUnsetFields;
1320         }
1321         result = items.makeStackItem(pt);
1322     }
1323 
1324     private void doHandleSwitchExpression(JCSwitchExpression tree) {
1325         List<LocalItem> prevStackBeforeSwitchExpression = stackBeforeSwitchExpression;
1326         LocalItem prevSwitchResult = switchResult;
1327         int limit = code.nextreg;
1328         try {
1329             stackBeforeSwitchExpression = List.nil();
1330             switchResult = null;
1331             if (hasTry(tree)) {
1332                 //if the switch expression contains try-catch, the catch handlers need to have
1333                 //an empty stack. So stash whole stack to local variables, and restore it before
1334                 //breaks:
1335                 while (code.state.stacksize > 0) {
1336                     Type type = code.state.peek();
1337                     Name varName = names.fromString(target.syntheticNameChar() +
1338                                                     "stack" +
1339                                                     target.syntheticNameChar() +
1340                                                     tree.pos +
1341                                                     target.syntheticNameChar() +
1342                                                     code.state.stacksize);
1343                     VarSymbol var = new VarSymbol(Flags.SYNTHETIC, varName, type,
1344                                                   this.env.enclMethod.sym);
1345                     LocalItem item = items.new LocalItem(type, code.newLocal(var));
1346                     stackBeforeSwitchExpression = stackBeforeSwitchExpression.prepend(item);
1347                     item.store();
1348                 }
1349                 switchResult = makeTemp(tree.type);
1350             }
1351             int prevLetExprStart = code.setLetExprStackPos(code.state.stacksize);
1352             try {
1353                 handleSwitch(tree, tree.selector, tree.cases, tree.patternSwitch);
1354             } finally {
1355                 code.setLetExprStackPos(prevLetExprStart);
1356             }
1357         } finally {
1358             stackBeforeSwitchExpression = prevStackBeforeSwitchExpression;
1359             switchResult = prevSwitchResult;
1360             code.endScopes(limit);
1361         }
1362     }
1363     //where:
1364         private boolean hasTry(JCSwitchExpression tree) {
1365             class HasTryScanner extends TreeScanner {
1366                 private boolean hasTry;
1367 
1368                 @Override
1369                 public void visitTry(JCTry tree) {
1370                     hasTry = true;
1371                 }
1372 
1373                 @Override
1374                 public void visitSynchronized(JCSynchronized tree) {
1375                     hasTry = true;
1376                 }
1377 
1378                 @Override
1379                 public void visitClassDef(JCClassDecl tree) {
1380                 }
1381 
1382                 @Override
1383                 public void visitLambda(JCLambda tree) {
1384                 }
1385             };
1386 
1387             HasTryScanner hasTryScanner = new HasTryScanner();
1388 
1389             hasTryScanner.scan(tree);
1390             return hasTryScanner.hasTry;
1391         }
1392 
1393     private void handleSwitch(JCTree swtch, JCExpression selector, List<JCCase> cases,
1394                               boolean patternSwitch) {
1395         Set<VarSymbol> prevCodeUnsetFields = code.currentUnsetFields;
1396         try {
1397             handleSwitchHelper(swtch, selector, cases, patternSwitch);
1398         } finally {
1399             code.currentUnsetFields = prevCodeUnsetFields;
1400         }
1401     }
1402 
1403     void handleSwitchHelper(JCTree swtch, JCExpression selector, List<JCCase> cases,
1404                       boolean patternSwitch) {
1405         int limit = code.nextreg;
1406         Assert.check(!selector.type.hasTag(CLASS));
1407         int switchStart = patternSwitch ? code.entryPoint() : -1;
1408         int startpcCrt = genCrt ? code.curCP() : 0;
1409         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1410         Item sel = genExpr(selector, syms.intType);
1411         if (cases.isEmpty()) {
1412             // We are seeing:  switch <sel> {}
1413             sel.load().drop();
1414             if (genCrt)
1415                 code.crt.put(TreeInfo.skipParens(selector),
1416                         CRT_FLOW_CONTROLLER, startpcCrt, code.curCP());
1417         } else {
1418             // We are seeing a nonempty switch.
1419             sel.load();
1420             if (genCrt)
1421                 code.crt.put(TreeInfo.skipParens(selector),
1422                         CRT_FLOW_CONTROLLER, startpcCrt, code.curCP());
1423             Env<GenContext> switchEnv = env.dup(swtch, new GenContext());
1424             switchEnv.info.isSwitch = true;
1425 
1426             // Compute number of labels and minimum and maximum label values.
1427             // For each case, store its label in an array.
1428             int lo = Integer.MAX_VALUE;  // minimum label.
1429             int hi = Integer.MIN_VALUE;  // maximum label.
1430             int nlabels = 0;               // number of labels.
1431 
1432             int[] labels = new int[cases.length()];  // the label array.
1433             int defaultIndex = -1;     // the index of the default clause.
1434 
1435             List<JCCase> l = cases;
1436             for (int i = 0; i < labels.length; i++) {
1437                 if (l.head.labels.head instanceof JCConstantCaseLabel constLabel) {
1438                     Assert.check(l.head.labels.size() == 1);
1439                     int val = ((Number) constLabel.expr.type.constValue()).intValue();
1440                     labels[i] = val;
1441                     if (val < lo) lo = val;
1442                     if (hi < val) hi = val;
1443                     nlabels++;
1444                 } else {
1445                     Assert.check(defaultIndex == -1);
1446                     defaultIndex = i;
1447                 }
1448                 l = l.tail;
1449             }
1450 
1451             // Determine whether to issue a tableswitch or a lookupswitch
1452             // instruction.
1453             long table_space_cost = 4 + ((long) hi - lo + 1); // words
1454             long table_time_cost = 3; // comparisons
1455             long lookup_space_cost = 3 + 2 * (long) nlabels;
1456             long lookup_time_cost = nlabels;
1457             int opcode =
1458                     nlabels > 0 &&
1459                             table_space_cost + 3 * table_time_cost <=
1460                                     lookup_space_cost + 3 * lookup_time_cost
1461                             ?
1462                             tableswitch : lookupswitch;
1463 
1464             int startpc = code.curCP();    // the position of the selector operation
1465             code.emitop0(opcode);
1466             code.align(4);
1467             int tableBase = code.curCP();  // the start of the jump table
1468             int[] offsets = null;          // a table of offsets for a lookupswitch
1469             code.emit4(-1);                // leave space for default offset
1470             if (opcode == tableswitch) {
1471                 code.emit4(lo);            // minimum label
1472                 code.emit4(hi);            // maximum label
1473                 for (long i = lo; i <= hi; i++) {  // leave space for jump table
1474                     code.emit4(-1);
1475                 }
1476             } else {
1477                 code.emit4(nlabels);    // number of labels
1478                 for (int i = 0; i < nlabels; i++) {
1479                     code.emit4(-1); code.emit4(-1); // leave space for lookup table
1480                 }
1481                 offsets = new int[labels.length];
1482             }
1483             Code.State stateSwitch = code.state.dup();
1484             code.markDead();
1485 
1486             // For each case do:
1487             l = cases;
1488             for (int i = 0; i < labels.length; i++) {
1489                 JCCase c = l.head;
1490                 l = l.tail;
1491 
1492                 int pc = code.entryPoint(stateSwitch);
1493                 // Insert offset directly into code or else into the
1494                 // offsets table.
1495                 if (i != defaultIndex) {
1496                     if (opcode == tableswitch) {
1497                         code.put4(
1498                                 tableBase + 4 * (labels[i] - lo + 3),
1499                                 pc - startpc);
1500                     } else {
1501                         offsets[i] = pc - startpc;
1502                     }
1503                 } else {
1504                     code.put4(tableBase, pc - startpc);
1505                 }
1506 
1507                 // Generate code for the statements in this case.
1508                 genStats(c.stats, switchEnv, CRT_FLOW_TARGET);
1509             }
1510 
1511             if (switchEnv.info.cont != null) {
1512                 Assert.check(patternSwitch);
1513                 code.resolve(switchEnv.info.cont, switchStart);
1514             }
1515 
1516             // Resolve all breaks.
1517             code.resolve(switchEnv.info.exit);
1518 
1519             // If we have not set the default offset, we do so now.
1520             if (code.get4(tableBase) == -1) {
1521                 code.put4(tableBase, code.entryPoint(stateSwitch) - startpc);
1522             }
1523 
1524             if (opcode == tableswitch) {
1525                 // Let any unfilled slots point to the default case.
1526                 int defaultOffset = code.get4(tableBase);
1527                 for (long i = lo; i <= hi; i++) {
1528                     int t = (int)(tableBase + 4 * (i - lo + 3));
1529                     if (code.get4(t) == -1)
1530                         code.put4(t, defaultOffset);
1531                 }
1532             } else {
1533                 // Sort non-default offsets and copy into lookup table.
1534                 if (defaultIndex >= 0)
1535                     for (int i = defaultIndex; i < labels.length - 1; i++) {
1536                         labels[i] = labels[i+1];
1537                         offsets[i] = offsets[i+1];
1538                     }
1539                 if (nlabels > 0)
1540                     qsort2(labels, offsets, 0, nlabels - 1);
1541                 for (int i = 0; i < nlabels; i++) {
1542                     int caseidx = tableBase + 8 * (i + 1);
1543                     code.put4(caseidx, labels[i]);
1544                     code.put4(caseidx + 4, offsets[i]);
1545                 }
1546             }
1547 
1548             if (swtch instanceof JCSwitchExpression) {
1549                 // Emit line position for the end of a switch expression
1550                 code.statBegin(TreeInfo.endPos(swtch));
1551             }
1552         }
1553         code.endScopes(limit);
1554     }
1555 //where
1556         /** Sort (int) arrays of keys and values
1557          */
1558        static void qsort2(int[] keys, int[] values, int lo, int hi) {
1559             int i = lo;
1560             int j = hi;
1561             int pivot = keys[(i+j)/2];
1562             do {
1563                 while (keys[i] < pivot) i++;
1564                 while (pivot < keys[j]) j--;
1565                 if (i <= j) {
1566                     int temp1 = keys[i];
1567                     keys[i] = keys[j];
1568                     keys[j] = temp1;
1569                     int temp2 = values[i];
1570                     values[i] = values[j];
1571                     values[j] = temp2;
1572                     i++;
1573                     j--;
1574                 }
1575             } while (i <= j);
1576             if (lo < j) qsort2(keys, values, lo, j);
1577             if (i < hi) qsort2(keys, values, i, hi);
1578         }
1579 
1580     public void visitSynchronized(JCSynchronized tree) {
1581         int limit = code.nextreg;
1582         // Generate code to evaluate lock and save in temporary variable.
1583         final LocalItem lockVar = makeTemp(syms.objectType);
1584         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1585         genExpr(tree.lock, tree.lock.type).load().duplicate();
1586         lockVar.store();
1587 
1588         // Generate code to enter monitor.
1589         code.emitop0(monitorenter);
1590         code.state.lock(lockVar.reg);
1591 
1592         // Generate code for a try statement with given body, no catch clauses
1593         // in a new environment with the "exit-monitor" operation as finalizer.
1594         final Env<GenContext> syncEnv = env.dup(tree, new GenContext());
1595         syncEnv.info.finalize = new GenFinalizer() {
1596             void gen() {
1597                 genLast();
1598                 Assert.check(syncEnv.info.gaps.length() % 2 == 0);
1599                 syncEnv.info.gaps.append(code.curCP());
1600             }
1601             void genLast() {
1602                 if (code.isAlive()) {
1603                     lockVar.load();
1604                     code.emitop0(monitorexit);
1605                     code.state.unlock(lockVar.reg);
1606                 }
1607             }
1608         };
1609         syncEnv.info.gaps = new ListBuffer<>();
1610         genTry(tree.body, List.nil(), syncEnv);
1611         code.endScopes(limit);
1612     }
1613 
1614     public void visitTry(final JCTry tree) {
1615         // Generate code for a try statement with given body and catch clauses,
1616         // in a new environment which calls the finally block if there is one.
1617         final Env<GenContext> tryEnv = env.dup(tree, new GenContext());
1618         final Env<GenContext> oldEnv = env;
1619         tryEnv.info.finalize = new GenFinalizer() {
1620             void gen() {
1621                 Assert.check(tryEnv.info.gaps.length() % 2 == 0);
1622                 tryEnv.info.gaps.append(code.curCP());
1623                 genLast();
1624             }
1625             void genLast() {
1626                 if (tree.finalizer != null)
1627                     genStat(tree.finalizer, oldEnv, CRT_BLOCK);
1628             }
1629             boolean hasFinalizer() {
1630                 return tree.finalizer != null;
1631             }
1632 
1633             @Override
1634             void afterBody() {
1635                 if (tree.finalizer != null && (tree.finalizer.flags & BODY_ONLY_FINALIZE) != 0) {
1636                     //for body-only finally, remove the GenFinalizer after try body
1637                     //so that the finally is not generated to catch bodies:
1638                     tryEnv.info.finalize = null;
1639                 }
1640             }
1641 
1642         };
1643         tryEnv.info.gaps = new ListBuffer<>();
1644         genTry(tree.body, tree.catchers, tryEnv);
1645     }
1646     //where
1647         /** Generate code for a try or synchronized statement
1648          *  @param body      The body of the try or synchronized statement.
1649          *  @param catchers  The list of catch clauses.
1650          *  @param env       The current environment of the body.
1651          */
1652         void genTry(JCTree body, List<JCCatch> catchers, Env<GenContext> env) {
1653             Set<VarSymbol> prevCodeUnsetFields = code.currentUnsetFields;
1654             try {
1655                 genTryHelper(body, catchers, env);
1656             } finally {
1657                 code.currentUnsetFields = prevCodeUnsetFields;
1658             }
1659         }
1660 
1661         void genTryHelper(JCTree body, List<JCCatch> catchers, Env<GenContext> env) {
1662             int limit = code.nextreg;
1663             int startpc = code.curCP();
1664             Code.State stateTry = code.state.dup();
1665             genStat(body, env, CRT_BLOCK);
1666             int endpc = code.curCP();
1667             List<Integer> gaps = env.info.gaps.toList();
1668             code.statBegin(TreeInfo.endPos(body));
1669             genFinalizer(env);
1670             code.statBegin(TreeInfo.endPos(env.tree));
1671             Chain exitChain;
1672             boolean actualTry = env.tree.hasTag(TRY);
1673             if (startpc == endpc && actualTry) {
1674                 exitChain = code.branch(dontgoto);
1675             } else {
1676                 exitChain = code.branch(goto_);
1677             }
1678             endFinalizerGap(env);
1679             env.info.finalize.afterBody();
1680             boolean hasFinalizer =
1681                     env.info.finalize != null &&
1682                             env.info.finalize.hasFinalizer();
1683             if (startpc != endpc) for (List<JCCatch> l = catchers; l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail) {
1684                 // start off with exception on stack
1685                 code.entryPoint(stateTry, l.head.param.sym.type);
1686                 genCatch(l.head, env, startpc, endpc, gaps);
1687                 genFinalizer(env);
1688                 if (hasFinalizer || l.tail.nonEmpty()) {
1689                     code.statBegin(TreeInfo.endPos(env.tree));
1690                     exitChain = Code.mergeChains(exitChain,
1691                             code.branch(goto_));
1692                 }
1693                 endFinalizerGap(env);
1694             }
1695             if (hasFinalizer && (startpc != endpc || !actualTry)) {
1696                 // Create a new register segment to avoid allocating
1697                 // the same variables in finalizers and other statements.
1698                 code.newRegSegment();
1699 
1700                 // Add a catch-all clause.
1701 
1702                 // start off with exception on stack
1703                 int catchallpc = code.entryPoint(stateTry, syms.throwableType);
1704 
1705                 // Register all exception ranges for catch all clause.
1706                 // The range of the catch all clause is from the beginning
1707                 // of the try or synchronized block until the present
1708                 // code pointer excluding all gaps in the current
1709                 // environment's GenContext.
1710                 int startseg = startpc;
1711                 while (env.info.gaps.nonEmpty()) {
1712                     int endseg = env.info.gaps.next().intValue();
1713                     registerCatch(body.pos(), startseg, endseg,
1714                             catchallpc, 0);
1715                     startseg = env.info.gaps.next().intValue();
1716                 }
1717                 code.statBegin(TreeInfo.finalizerPos(env.tree, PosKind.FIRST_STAT_POS));
1718                 code.markStatBegin();
1719 
1720                 Item excVar = makeTemp(syms.throwableType);
1721                 excVar.store();
1722                 genFinalizer(env);
1723                 code.resolvePending();
1724                 code.statBegin(TreeInfo.finalizerPos(env.tree, PosKind.END_POS));
1725                 code.markStatBegin();
1726 
1727                 excVar.load();
1728                 registerCatch(body.pos(), startseg,
1729                         env.info.gaps.next().intValue(),
1730                         catchallpc, 0);
1731                 code.emitop0(athrow);
1732                 code.markDead();
1733 
1734                 // If there are jsr's to this finalizer, ...
1735                 if (env.info.cont != null) {
1736                     // Resolve all jsr's.
1737                     code.resolve(env.info.cont);
1738 
1739                     // Mark statement line number
1740                     code.statBegin(TreeInfo.finalizerPos(env.tree, PosKind.FIRST_STAT_POS));
1741                     code.markStatBegin();
1742 
1743                     // Save return address.
1744                     LocalItem retVar = makeTemp(syms.throwableType);
1745                     retVar.store();
1746 
1747                     // Generate finalizer code.
1748                     env.info.finalize.genLast();
1749 
1750                     // Return.
1751                     code.emitop1w(ret, retVar.reg);
1752                     code.markDead();
1753                 }
1754             }
1755             // Resolve all breaks.
1756             code.resolve(exitChain);
1757 
1758             code.endScopes(limit);
1759         }
1760 
1761         /** Generate code for a catch clause.
1762          *  @param tree     The catch clause.
1763          *  @param env      The environment current in the enclosing try.
1764          *  @param startpc  Start pc of try-block.
1765          *  @param endpc    End pc of try-block.
1766          */
1767         void genCatch(JCCatch tree,
1768                       Env<GenContext> env,
1769                       int startpc, int endpc,
1770                       List<Integer> gaps) {
1771             if (startpc != endpc) {
1772                 List<Pair<List<Attribute.TypeCompound>, JCExpression>> catchTypeExprs
1773                         = catchTypesWithAnnotations(tree);
1774                 while (gaps.nonEmpty()) {
1775                     for (Pair<List<Attribute.TypeCompound>, JCExpression> subCatch1 : catchTypeExprs) {
1776                         JCExpression subCatch = subCatch1.snd;
1777                         int catchType = makeRef(tree.pos(), subCatch.type);
1778                         int end = gaps.head.intValue();
1779                         registerCatch(tree.pos(),
1780                                       startpc,  end, code.curCP(),
1781                                       catchType);
1782                         for (Attribute.TypeCompound tc :  subCatch1.fst) {
1783                                 tc.position.setCatchInfo(catchType, startpc);
1784                         }
1785                     }
1786                     gaps = gaps.tail;
1787                     startpc = gaps.head.intValue();
1788                     gaps = gaps.tail;
1789                 }
1790                 if (startpc < endpc) {
1791                     for (Pair<List<Attribute.TypeCompound>, JCExpression> subCatch1 : catchTypeExprs) {
1792                         JCExpression subCatch = subCatch1.snd;
1793                         int catchType = makeRef(tree.pos(), subCatch.type);
1794                         registerCatch(tree.pos(),
1795                                       startpc, endpc, code.curCP(),
1796                                       catchType);
1797                         for (Attribute.TypeCompound tc :  subCatch1.fst) {
1798                             tc.position.setCatchInfo(catchType, startpc);
1799                         }
1800                     }
1801                 }
1802                 genCatchBlock(tree, env);
1803             }
1804         }
1805         void genPatternMatchingCatch(JCCatch tree,
1806                                      Env<GenContext> env,
1807                                      List<int[]> ranges) {
1808             for (int[] range : ranges) {
1809                 JCExpression subCatch = tree.param.vartype;
1810                 int catchType = makeRef(tree.pos(), subCatch.type);
1811                 registerCatch(tree.pos(),
1812                               range[0], range[1], code.curCP(),
1813                               catchType);
1814             }
1815             genCatchBlock(tree, env);
1816         }
1817         void genCatchBlock(JCCatch tree, Env<GenContext> env) {
1818             VarSymbol exparam = tree.param.sym;
1819             code.statBegin(tree.pos);
1820             code.markStatBegin();
1821             int limit = code.nextreg;
1822             code.newLocal(exparam);
1823             items.makeLocalItem(exparam).store();
1824             code.statBegin(TreeInfo.firstStatPos(tree.body));
1825             genStat(tree.body, env, CRT_BLOCK);
1826             code.endScopes(limit);
1827             code.statBegin(TreeInfo.endPos(tree.body));
1828         }
1829         // where
1830         List<Pair<List<Attribute.TypeCompound>, JCExpression>> catchTypesWithAnnotations(JCCatch tree) {
1831             return TreeInfo.isMultiCatch(tree) ?
1832                     catchTypesWithAnnotationsFromMulticatch((JCTypeUnion)tree.param.vartype, tree.param.sym.getRawTypeAttributes()) :
1833                     List.of(new Pair<>(tree.param.sym.getRawTypeAttributes(), tree.param.vartype));
1834         }
1835         // where
1836         List<Pair<List<Attribute.TypeCompound>, JCExpression>> catchTypesWithAnnotationsFromMulticatch(JCTypeUnion tree, List<TypeCompound> first) {
1837             List<JCExpression> alts = tree.alternatives;
1838             List<Pair<List<TypeCompound>, JCExpression>> res = List.of(new Pair<>(first, alts.head));
1839             alts = alts.tail;
1840 
1841             while(alts != null && alts.head != null) {
1842                 JCExpression alt = alts.head;
1843                 if (alt instanceof JCAnnotatedType annotatedType) {
1844                     res = res.prepend(new Pair<>(annotate.fromAnnotations(annotatedType.annotations), alt));
1845                 } else {
1846                     res = res.prepend(new Pair<>(List.nil(), alt));
1847                 }
1848                 alts = alts.tail;
1849             }
1850             return res.reverse();
1851         }
1852 
1853         /** Register a catch clause in the "Exceptions" code-attribute.
1854          */
1855         void registerCatch(DiagnosticPosition pos,
1856                            int startpc, int endpc,
1857                            int handler_pc, int catch_type) {
1858             char startpc1 = (char)startpc;
1859             char endpc1 = (char)endpc;
1860             char handler_pc1 = (char)handler_pc;
1861             if (startpc1 == startpc &&
1862                 endpc1 == endpc &&
1863                 handler_pc1 == handler_pc) {
1864                 code.addCatch(startpc1, endpc1, handler_pc1,
1865                               (char)catch_type);
1866             } else {
1867                 log.error(pos, Errors.LimitCodeTooLargeForTryStmt);
1868                 nerrs++;
1869             }
1870         }
1871 
1872     public void visitIf(JCIf tree) {
1873         Set<VarSymbol> prevCodeUnsetFields = code.currentUnsetFields;
1874         try {
1875             visitIfHelper(tree);
1876         } finally {
1877             code.currentUnsetFields = prevCodeUnsetFields;
1878         }
1879     }
1880 
1881     public void visitIfHelper(JCIf tree) {
1882         int limit = code.nextreg;
1883         Chain thenExit = null;
1884         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1885         CondItem c = genCond(TreeInfo.skipParens(tree.cond),
1886                 CRT_FLOW_CONTROLLER);
1887         Chain elseChain = c.jumpFalse();
1888         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1889         if (!c.isFalse()) {
1890             code.resolve(c.trueJumps);
1891             genStat(tree.thenpart, env, CRT_STATEMENT | CRT_FLOW_TARGET);
1892             thenExit = code.branch(goto_);
1893         }
1894         if (elseChain != null) {
1895             code.resolve(elseChain);
1896             if (tree.elsepart != null) {
1897                 genStat(tree.elsepart, env,CRT_STATEMENT | CRT_FLOW_TARGET);
1898             }
1899         }
1900         code.resolve(thenExit);
1901         code.endScopes(limit);
1902         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1903     }
1904 
1905     public void visitExec(JCExpressionStatement tree) {
1906         // Optimize x++ to ++x and x-- to --x.
1907         JCExpression e = tree.expr;
1908         switch (e.getTag()) {
1909             case POSTINC:
1910                 ((JCUnary) e).setTag(PREINC);
1911                 break;
1912             case POSTDEC:
1913                 ((JCUnary) e).setTag(PREDEC);
1914                 break;
1915         }
1916         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1917         genExpr(tree.expr, tree.expr.type).drop();
1918         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1919     }
1920 
1921     public void visitBreak(JCBreak tree) {
1922         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1923         final Env<GenContext> targetEnv = unwindBreak(tree.target);
1924         targetEnv.info.addExit(code.branch(goto_));
1925         endFinalizerGaps(env, targetEnv);
1926     }
1927 
1928     public void visitYield(JCYield tree) {
1929         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1930         final Env<GenContext> targetEnv;
1931         if (inCondSwitchExpression) {
1932             CondItem value = genCond(tree.value, CRT_FLOW_TARGET);
1933             Chain falseJumps = value.jumpFalse();
1934 
1935             code.resolve(value.trueJumps);
1936             Env<GenContext> localEnv = unwindBreak(tree.target);
1937             reloadStackBeforeSwitchExpr();
1938             Chain trueJumps = code.branch(goto_);
1939 
1940             endFinalizerGaps(env, localEnv);
1941 
1942             code.resolve(falseJumps);
1943             targetEnv = unwindBreak(tree.target);
1944             reloadStackBeforeSwitchExpr();
1945             falseJumps = code.branch(goto_);
1946 
1947             if (switchExpressionTrueChain == null) {
1948                 switchExpressionTrueChain = trueJumps;
1949             } else {
1950                 switchExpressionTrueChain =
1951                         Code.mergeChains(switchExpressionTrueChain, trueJumps);
1952             }
1953             if (switchExpressionFalseChain == null) {
1954                 switchExpressionFalseChain = falseJumps;
1955             } else {
1956                 switchExpressionFalseChain =
1957                         Code.mergeChains(switchExpressionFalseChain, falseJumps);
1958             }
1959         } else {
1960             genExpr(tree.value, pt).load();
1961             if (switchResult != null)
1962                 switchResult.store();
1963 
1964             targetEnv = unwindBreak(tree.target);
1965 
1966             if (code.isAlive()) {
1967                 reloadStackBeforeSwitchExpr();
1968                 if (switchResult != null)
1969                     switchResult.load();
1970 
1971                 targetEnv.info.addExit(code.branch(goto_));
1972                 code.markDead();
1973             }
1974         }
1975         endFinalizerGaps(env, targetEnv);
1976     }
1977     //where:
1978         /** As side-effect, might mark code as dead disabling any further emission.
1979          */
1980         private Env<GenContext> unwindBreak(JCTree target) {
1981             int tmpPos = code.pendingStatPos;
1982             Env<GenContext> targetEnv = unwind(target, env);
1983             code.pendingStatPos = tmpPos;
1984             return targetEnv;
1985         }
1986 
1987         private void reloadStackBeforeSwitchExpr() {
1988             for (LocalItem li : stackBeforeSwitchExpression)
1989                 li.load();
1990         }
1991 
1992     public void visitContinue(JCContinue tree) {
1993         int tmpPos = code.pendingStatPos;
1994         Env<GenContext> targetEnv = unwind(tree.target, env);
1995         code.pendingStatPos = tmpPos;
1996         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
1997         targetEnv.info.addCont(code.branch(goto_));
1998         endFinalizerGaps(env, targetEnv);
1999     }
2000 
2001     public void visitReturn(JCReturn tree) {
2002         int limit = code.nextreg;
2003         final Env<GenContext> targetEnv;
2004 
2005         /* Save and then restore the location of the return in case a finally
2006          * is expanded (with unwind()) in the middle of our bytecodes.
2007          */
2008         int tmpPos = code.pendingStatPos;
2009         if (tree.expr != null) {
2010             Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
2011             Item r = genExpr(tree.expr, pt).load();
2012             if (hasFinally(env.enclMethod, env)) {
2013                 r = makeTemp(pt);
2014                 r.store();
2015             }
2016             targetEnv = unwind(env.enclMethod, env);
2017             code.pendingStatPos = tmpPos;
2018             r.load();
2019             code.emitop0(ireturn + Code.truncate(Code.typecode(pt)));
2020         } else {
2021             targetEnv = unwind(env.enclMethod, env);
2022             code.pendingStatPos = tmpPos;
2023             code.emitop0(return_);
2024         }
2025         endFinalizerGaps(env, targetEnv);
2026         code.endScopes(limit);
2027     }
2028 
2029     public void visitThrow(JCThrow tree) {
2030         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
2031         genExpr(tree.expr, tree.expr.type).load();
2032         code.emitop0(athrow);
2033         Assert.check(code.isStatementStart());
2034     }
2035 
2036 /* ************************************************************************
2037  * Visitor methods for expressions
2038  *************************************************************************/
2039 
2040     public void visitApply(JCMethodInvocation tree) {
2041         setTypeAnnotationPositions(tree.pos);
2042         // Generate code for method.
2043         Item m = genExpr(tree.meth, methodType);
2044         // Generate code for all arguments, where the expected types are
2045         // the parameters of the method's external type (that is, any implicit
2046         // outer instance of a super(...) call appears as first parameter).
2047         MethodSymbol msym = (MethodSymbol)TreeInfo.symbol(tree.meth);
2048         genArgs(tree.args,
2049                 msym.externalType(types).getParameterTypes());
2050         if (!msym.isDynamic()) {
2051             code.statBegin(tree.pos);
2052         }
2053         if (patternMatchingCatchConfiguration.invocations().contains(tree)) {
2054             int start = code.curCP();
2055             result = m.invoke();
2056             patternMatchingCatchConfiguration.ranges().add(new int[] {start, code.curCP()});
2057         } else {
2058             if (msym.isConstructor() && TreeInfo.isConstructorCall(tree)) {
2059                 //if this is a this(...) or super(...) call, there is a pending
2060                 //"uninitialized this" before this call. One catch handler cannot
2061                 //handle exceptions that may come from places with "uninitialized this"
2062                 //and (initialized) this, hence generate one set of handlers here
2063                 //for the "uninitialized this" case, and another set of handlers
2064                 //will be generated at the end of the method for the initialized this,
2065                 //if needed:
2066                 generatePatternMatchingCatch(env);
2067                 result = m.invoke();
2068                 patternMatchingCatchConfiguration =
2069                         patternMatchingCatchConfiguration.restart(code.state.dup());
2070             } else {
2071                 result = m.invoke();
2072             }
2073         }
2074     }
2075 
2076     public void visitConditional(JCConditional tree) {
2077         Chain thenExit = null;
2078         code.statBegin(tree.cond.pos);
2079         CondItem c = genCond(tree.cond, CRT_FLOW_CONTROLLER);
2080         Chain elseChain = c.jumpFalse();
2081         if (!c.isFalse()) {
2082             code.resolve(c.trueJumps);
2083             int startpc = genCrt ? code.curCP() : 0;
2084             code.statBegin(tree.truepart.pos);
2085             genExpr(tree.truepart, pt).load();
2086             if (genCrt) code.crt.put(tree.truepart, CRT_FLOW_TARGET,
2087                                      startpc, code.curCP());
2088             thenExit = code.branch(goto_);
2089         }
2090         if (elseChain != null) {
2091             code.resolve(elseChain);
2092             int startpc = genCrt ? code.curCP() : 0;
2093             code.statBegin(tree.falsepart.pos);
2094             genExpr(tree.falsepart, pt).load();
2095             if (genCrt) code.crt.put(tree.falsepart, CRT_FLOW_TARGET,
2096                                      startpc, code.curCP());
2097         }
2098         code.resolve(thenExit);
2099         result = items.makeStackItem(pt);
2100     }
2101 
2102     private void setTypeAnnotationPositions(int treePos) {
2103         MethodSymbol meth = code.meth;
2104         boolean initOrClinit = code.meth.getKind() == javax.lang.model.element.ElementKind.CONSTRUCTOR
2105                 || code.meth.getKind() == javax.lang.model.element.ElementKind.STATIC_INIT;
2106 
2107         for (Attribute.TypeCompound ta : meth.getRawTypeAttributes()) {
2108             if (ta.hasUnknownPosition())
2109                 ta.tryFixPosition();
2110 
2111             if (ta.position.matchesPos(treePos))
2112                 ta.position.updatePosOffset(code.cp);
2113         }
2114 
2115         if (!initOrClinit)
2116             return;
2117 
2118         for (Attribute.TypeCompound ta : meth.owner.getRawTypeAttributes()) {
2119             if (ta.hasUnknownPosition())
2120                 ta.tryFixPosition();
2121 
2122             if (ta.position.matchesPos(treePos))
2123                 ta.position.updatePosOffset(code.cp);
2124         }
2125 
2126         ClassSymbol clazz = meth.enclClass();
2127         for (Symbol s : new com.sun.tools.javac.model.FilteredMemberList(clazz.members())) {
2128             if (!s.getKind().isField())
2129                 continue;
2130 
2131             for (Attribute.TypeCompound ta : s.getRawTypeAttributes()) {
2132                 if (ta.hasUnknownPosition())
2133                     ta.tryFixPosition();
2134 
2135                 if (ta.position.matchesPos(treePos))
2136                     ta.position.updatePosOffset(code.cp);
2137             }
2138         }
2139     }
2140 
2141     public void visitNewClass(JCNewClass tree) {
2142         // Enclosing instances or anonymous classes should have been eliminated
2143         // by now.
2144         Assert.check(tree.encl == null && tree.def == null);
2145         setTypeAnnotationPositions(tree.pos);
2146 
2147         code.emitop2(new_, checkDimension(tree.pos(), tree.type), PoolWriter::putClass);
2148         code.emitop0(dup);
2149 
2150         // Generate code for all arguments, where the expected types are
2151         // the parameters of the constructor's external type (that is,
2152         // any implicit outer instance appears as first parameter).
2153         genArgs(tree.args, tree.constructor.externalType(types).getParameterTypes());
2154 
2155         items.makeMemberItem(tree.constructor, true).invoke();
2156         result = items.makeStackItem(tree.type);
2157     }
2158 
2159     public void visitNewArray(JCNewArray tree) {
2160         setTypeAnnotationPositions(tree.pos);
2161 
2162         if (tree.elems != null) {
2163             Type elemtype = types.elemtype(tree.type);
2164             loadIntConst(tree.elems.length());
2165             Item arr = makeNewArray(tree.pos(), tree.type, 1);
2166             int i = 0;
2167             for (List<JCExpression> l = tree.elems; l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail) {
2168                 arr.duplicate();
2169                 loadIntConst(i);
2170                 i++;
2171                 genExpr(l.head, elemtype).load();
2172                 items.makeIndexedItem(elemtype).store();
2173             }
2174             result = arr;
2175         } else {
2176             for (List<JCExpression> l = tree.dims; l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail) {
2177                 genExpr(l.head, syms.intType).load();
2178             }
2179             result = makeNewArray(tree.pos(), tree.type, tree.dims.length());
2180         }
2181     }
2182 //where
2183         /** Generate code to create an array with given element type and number
2184          *  of dimensions.
2185          */
2186         Item makeNewArray(DiagnosticPosition pos, Type type, int ndims) {
2187             Type elemtype = types.elemtype(type);
2188             if (types.dimensions(type) > ClassFile.MAX_DIMENSIONS) {
2189                 log.error(pos, Errors.LimitDimensions);
2190                 nerrs++;
2191             }
2192             int elemcode = Code.arraycode(elemtype);
2193             if (elemcode == 0 || (elemcode == 1 && ndims == 1)) {
2194                 code.emitAnewarray(makeRef(pos, elemtype), type);
2195             } else if (elemcode == 1) {
2196                 code.emitMultianewarray(ndims, makeRef(pos, type), type);
2197             } else {
2198                 code.emitNewarray(elemcode, type);
2199             }
2200             return items.makeStackItem(type);
2201         }
2202 
2203     public void visitParens(JCParens tree) {
2204         result = genExpr(tree.expr, tree.expr.type);
2205     }
2206 
2207     public void visitAssign(JCAssign tree) {
2208         Item l = genExpr(tree.lhs, tree.lhs.type);
2209         genExpr(tree.rhs, tree.lhs.type).load();
2210         Set<VarSymbol> tmpUnsetSymbols = unsetFieldsInfo.getUnsetFields(env.enclClass.sym, tree);
2211         code.currentUnsetFields = tmpUnsetSymbols != null ? tmpUnsetSymbols : code.currentUnsetFields;
2212         if (tree.rhs.type.hasTag(BOT)) {
2213             /* This is just a case of widening reference conversion that per 5.1.5 simply calls
2214                for "regarding a reference as having some other type in a manner that can be proved
2215                correct at compile time."
2216             */
2217             code.state.forceStackTop(tree.lhs.type);
2218         }
2219         result = items.makeAssignItem(l);
2220     }
2221 
2222     public void visitAssignop(JCAssignOp tree) {
2223         OperatorSymbol operator = tree.operator;
2224         Item l;
2225         if (operator.opcode == string_add) {
2226             l = concat.makeConcat(tree);
2227         } else {
2228             // Generate code for first expression
2229             l = genExpr(tree.lhs, tree.lhs.type);
2230 
2231             // If we have an increment of -32768 to +32767 of a local
2232             // int variable we can use an incr instruction instead of
2233             // proceeding further.
2234             if ((tree.hasTag(PLUS_ASG) || tree.hasTag(MINUS_ASG)) &&
2235                 l instanceof LocalItem localItem &&
2236                 tree.lhs.type.getTag().isSubRangeOf(INT) &&
2237                 tree.rhs.type.getTag().isSubRangeOf(INT) &&
2238                 tree.rhs.type.constValue() != null) {
2239                 int ival = ((Number) tree.rhs.type.constValue()).intValue();
2240                 if (tree.hasTag(MINUS_ASG)) ival = -ival;
2241                 localItem.incr(ival);
2242                 result = l;
2243                 return;
2244             }
2245             // Otherwise, duplicate expression, load one copy
2246             // and complete binary operation.
2247             l.duplicate();
2248             l.coerce(operator.type.getParameterTypes().head).load();
2249             completeBinop(tree.lhs, tree.rhs, operator).coerce(tree.lhs.type);
2250         }
2251         result = items.makeAssignItem(l);
2252     }
2253 
2254     public void visitUnary(JCUnary tree) {
2255         OperatorSymbol operator = tree.operator;
2256         if (tree.hasTag(NOT)) {
2257             CondItem od = genCond(tree.arg, false);
2258             result = od.negate();
2259         } else {
2260             Item od = genExpr(tree.arg, operator.type.getParameterTypes().head);
2261             switch (tree.getTag()) {
2262             case POS:
2263                 result = od.load();
2264                 break;
2265             case NEG:
2266                 result = od.load();
2267                 code.emitop0(operator.opcode);
2268                 break;
2269             case COMPL:
2270                 result = od.load();
2271                 emitMinusOne(od.typecode);
2272                 code.emitop0(operator.opcode);
2273                 break;
2274             case PREINC: case PREDEC:
2275                 od.duplicate();
2276                 if (od instanceof LocalItem localItem &&
2277                     (operator.opcode == iadd || operator.opcode == isub)) {
2278                     localItem.incr(tree.hasTag(PREINC) ? 1 : -1);
2279                     result = od;
2280                 } else {
2281                     od.load();
2282                     code.emitop0(one(od.typecode));
2283                     code.emitop0(operator.opcode);
2284                     // Perform narrowing primitive conversion if byte,
2285                     // char, or short.  Fix for 4304655.
2286                     if (od.typecode != INTcode &&
2287                         Code.truncate(od.typecode) == INTcode)
2288                       code.emitop0(int2byte + od.typecode - BYTEcode);
2289                     result = items.makeAssignItem(od);
2290                 }
2291                 break;
2292             case POSTINC: case POSTDEC:
2293                 od.duplicate();
2294                 if (od instanceof LocalItem localItem &&
2295                     (operator.opcode == iadd || operator.opcode == isub)) {
2296                     Item res = od.load();
2297                     localItem.incr(tree.hasTag(POSTINC) ? 1 : -1);
2298                     result = res;
2299                 } else {
2300                     Item res = od.load();
2301                     od.stash(od.typecode);
2302                     code.emitop0(one(od.typecode));
2303                     code.emitop0(operator.opcode);
2304                     // Perform narrowing primitive conversion if byte,
2305                     // char, or short.  Fix for 4304655.
2306                     if (od.typecode != INTcode &&
2307                         Code.truncate(od.typecode) == INTcode)
2308                       code.emitop0(int2byte + od.typecode - BYTEcode);
2309                     od.store();
2310                     result = res;
2311                 }
2312                 break;
2313             case NULLCHK:
2314                 result = od.load();
2315                 code.emitop0(dup);
2316                 genNullCheck(tree);
2317                 break;
2318             default:
2319                 Assert.error();
2320             }
2321         }
2322     }
2323 
2324     /** Generate a null check from the object value at stack top. */
2325     private void genNullCheck(JCTree tree) {
2326         code.statBegin(tree.pos);
2327         callMethod(tree.pos(), syms.objectsType, names.requireNonNull,
2328                    List.of(syms.objectType), true);
2329         code.emitop0(pop);
2330     }
2331 
2332     public void visitBinary(JCBinary tree) {
2333         OperatorSymbol operator = tree.operator;
2334         if (operator.opcode == string_add) {
2335             result = concat.makeConcat(tree);
2336         } else if (tree.hasTag(AND)) {
2337             CondItem lcond = genCond(tree.lhs, CRT_FLOW_CONTROLLER);
2338             if (!lcond.isFalse()) {
2339                 Chain falseJumps = lcond.jumpFalse();
2340                 code.resolve(lcond.trueJumps);
2341                 CondItem rcond = genCond(tree.rhs, CRT_FLOW_TARGET);
2342                 result = items.
2343                     makeCondItem(rcond.opcode,
2344                                  rcond.trueJumps,
2345                                  Code.mergeChains(falseJumps,
2346                                                   rcond.falseJumps));
2347             } else {
2348                 result = lcond;
2349             }
2350         } else if (tree.hasTag(OR)) {
2351             CondItem lcond = genCond(tree.lhs, CRT_FLOW_CONTROLLER);
2352             if (!lcond.isTrue()) {
2353                 Chain trueJumps = lcond.jumpTrue();
2354                 code.resolve(lcond.falseJumps);
2355                 CondItem rcond = genCond(tree.rhs, CRT_FLOW_TARGET);
2356                 result = items.
2357                     makeCondItem(rcond.opcode,
2358                                  Code.mergeChains(trueJumps, rcond.trueJumps),
2359                                  rcond.falseJumps);
2360             } else {
2361                 result = lcond;
2362             }
2363         } else {
2364             Item od = genExpr(tree.lhs, operator.type.getParameterTypes().head);
2365             od.load();
2366             result = completeBinop(tree.lhs, tree.rhs, operator);
2367         }
2368     }
2369 
2370 
2371         /** Complete generating code for operation, with left operand
2372          *  already on stack.
2373          *  @param lhs       The tree representing the left operand.
2374          *  @param rhs       The tree representing the right operand.
2375          *  @param operator  The operator symbol.
2376          */
2377         Item completeBinop(JCTree lhs, JCTree rhs, OperatorSymbol operator) {
2378             MethodType optype = (MethodType)operator.type;
2379             int opcode = operator.opcode;
2380             if (opcode >= if_icmpeq && opcode <= if_icmple &&
2381                     rhs.type.constValue() instanceof Number number &&
2382                     number.intValue() == 0) {
2383                 opcode = opcode + (ifeq - if_icmpeq);
2384             } else if (opcode >= if_acmpeq && opcode <= if_acmpne &&
2385                        TreeInfo.isNull(rhs)) {
2386                 opcode = opcode + (if_acmp_null - if_acmpeq);
2387             } else {
2388                 // The expected type of the right operand is
2389                 // the second parameter type of the operator, except for
2390                 // shifts with long shiftcount, where we convert the opcode
2391                 // to a short shift and the expected type to int.
2392                 Type rtype = operator.erasure(types).getParameterTypes().tail.head;
2393                 if (opcode >= ishll && opcode <= lushrl) {
2394                     opcode = opcode + (ishl - ishll);
2395                     rtype = syms.intType;
2396                 }
2397                 // Generate code for right operand and load.
2398                 genExpr(rhs, rtype).load();
2399                 // If there are two consecutive opcode instructions,
2400                 // emit the first now.
2401                 if (opcode >= (1 << preShift)) {
2402                     code.emitop0(opcode >> preShift);
2403                     opcode = opcode & 0xFF;
2404                 }
2405             }
2406             if (opcode >= ifeq && opcode <= if_acmpne ||
2407                 opcode == if_acmp_null || opcode == if_acmp_nonnull) {
2408                 return items.makeCondItem(opcode);
2409             } else {
2410                 code.emitop0(opcode);
2411                 return items.makeStackItem(optype.restype);
2412             }
2413         }
2414 
2415     public void visitTypeCast(JCTypeCast tree) {
2416         result = genExpr(tree.expr, tree.clazz.type).load();
2417         setTypeAnnotationPositions(tree.pos);
2418         // Additional code is only needed if we cast to a reference type
2419         // which is not statically a supertype of the expression's type.
2420         // For basic types, the coerce(...) in genExpr(...) will do
2421         // the conversion.
2422         if (!tree.clazz.type.isPrimitive() &&
2423            !types.isSameType(tree.expr.type, tree.clazz.type) &&
2424            types.asSuper(tree.expr.type, tree.clazz.type.tsym) == null) {
2425             code.emitop2(checkcast, checkDimension(tree.pos(), tree.clazz.type), PoolWriter::putClass);
2426         }
2427     }
2428 
2429     public void visitWildcard(JCWildcard tree) {
2430         throw new AssertionError(this.getClass().getName());
2431     }
2432 
2433     public void visitTypeTest(JCInstanceOf tree) {
2434         genExpr(tree.expr, tree.expr.type).load();
2435         setTypeAnnotationPositions(tree.pos);
2436         code.emitop2(instanceof_, makeRef(tree.pos(), tree.pattern.type));
2437         result = items.makeStackItem(syms.booleanType);
2438     }
2439 
2440     public void visitIndexed(JCArrayAccess tree) {
2441         genExpr(tree.indexed, tree.indexed.type).load();
2442         genExpr(tree.index, syms.intType).load();
2443         result = items.makeIndexedItem(tree.type);
2444     }
2445 
2446     public void visitIdent(JCIdent tree) {
2447         Symbol sym = tree.sym;
2448         if (tree.name == names._this || tree.name == names._super) {
2449             Item res = tree.name == names._this
2450                 ? items.makeThisItem()
2451                 : items.makeSuperItem();
2452             if (sym.kind == MTH) {
2453                 // Generate code to address the constructor.
2454                 res.load();
2455                 res = items.makeMemberItem(sym, true);
2456             }
2457             result = res;
2458        } else if (isInvokeDynamic(sym) || isConstantDynamic(sym)) {
2459             if (isConstantDynamic(sym)) {
2460                 setTypeAnnotationPositions(tree.pos);
2461             }
2462             result = items.makeDynamicItem(sym);
2463         } else if (sym.kind == VAR && (sym.owner.kind == MTH || sym.owner.kind == VAR)) {
2464             result = items.makeLocalItem((VarSymbol)sym);
2465         } else if ((sym.flags() & STATIC) != 0) {
2466             if (!isAccessSuper(env.enclMethod))
2467                 sym = binaryQualifier(sym, env.enclClass.type);
2468             result = items.makeStaticItem(sym);
2469         } else {
2470             items.makeThisItem().load();
2471             sym = binaryQualifier(sym, env.enclClass.type);
2472             result = items.makeMemberItem(sym, nonVirtualForPrivateAccess(sym));
2473         }
2474     }
2475 
2476     //where
2477     private boolean nonVirtualForPrivateAccess(Symbol sym) {
2478         boolean useVirtual = target.hasVirtualPrivateInvoke() &&
2479                              !disableVirtualizedPrivateInvoke;
2480         return !useVirtual && ((sym.flags() & PRIVATE) != 0);
2481     }
2482 
2483     public void visitSelect(JCFieldAccess tree) {
2484         Symbol sym = tree.sym;
2485 
2486         if (tree.name == names._class) {
2487             code.emitLdc((LoadableConstant)checkDimension(tree.pos(), tree.selected.type));
2488             result = items.makeStackItem(pt);
2489             return;
2490         }
2491 
2492         Symbol ssym = TreeInfo.symbol(tree.selected);
2493 
2494         // Are we selecting via super?
2495         boolean selectSuper =
2496             ssym != null && (ssym.kind == TYP || ssym.name == names._super);
2497 
2498         // Are we accessing a member of the superclass in an access method
2499         // resulting from a qualified super?
2500         boolean accessSuper = isAccessSuper(env.enclMethod);
2501 
2502         Item base = (selectSuper)
2503             ? items.makeSuperItem()
2504             : genExpr(tree.selected, tree.selected.type);
2505 
2506         if (sym.kind == VAR && ((VarSymbol) sym).getConstValue() != null) {
2507             // We are seeing a variable that is constant but its selecting
2508             // expression is not.
2509             if ((sym.flags() & STATIC) != 0) {
2510                 if (!selectSuper && (ssym == null || ssym.kind != TYP))
2511                     base = base.load();
2512                 base.drop();
2513             } else {
2514                 base.load();
2515                 genNullCheck(tree.selected);
2516             }
2517             result = items.
2518                 makeImmediateItem(sym.type, ((VarSymbol) sym).getConstValue());
2519         } else {
2520             if (isInvokeDynamic(sym)) {
2521                 result = items.makeDynamicItem(sym);
2522                 return;
2523             } else {
2524                 sym = binaryQualifier(sym, tree.selected.type);
2525             }
2526             if ((sym.flags() & STATIC) != 0) {
2527                 if (!selectSuper && (ssym == null || ssym.kind != TYP))
2528                     base = base.load();
2529                 base.drop();
2530                 result = items.makeStaticItem(sym);
2531             } else {
2532                 base.load();
2533                 if (sym == syms.lengthVar) {
2534                     code.emitop0(arraylength);
2535                     result = items.makeStackItem(syms.intType);
2536                 } else {
2537                     result = items.
2538                         makeMemberItem(sym,
2539                                        nonVirtualForPrivateAccess(sym) ||
2540                                        selectSuper || accessSuper);
2541                 }
2542             }
2543         }
2544     }
2545 
2546     public boolean isInvokeDynamic(Symbol sym) {
2547         return sym.kind == MTH && ((MethodSymbol)sym).isDynamic();
2548     }
2549 
2550     public void visitLiteral(JCLiteral tree) {
2551         if (tree.type.hasTag(BOT)) {
2552             code.emitop0(aconst_null);
2553             result = items.makeStackItem(tree.type);
2554         }
2555         else
2556             result = items.makeImmediateItem(tree.type, tree.value);
2557     }
2558 
2559     public void visitLetExpr(LetExpr tree) {
2560         code.resolvePending();
2561 
2562         int limit = code.nextreg;
2563         int prevLetExprStart = code.setLetExprStackPos(code.state.stacksize);
2564         try {
2565             genStats(tree.defs, env);
2566         } finally {
2567             code.setLetExprStackPos(prevLetExprStart);
2568         }
2569         result = genExpr(tree.expr, tree.expr.type).load();
2570         code.endScopes(limit);
2571     }
2572 
2573     private void generateReferencesToPrunedTree(ClassSymbol classSymbol) {
2574         List<JCTree> prunedInfo = lower.prunedTree.get(classSymbol);
2575         if (prunedInfo != null) {
2576             for (JCTree prunedTree: prunedInfo) {
2577                 prunedTree.accept(classReferenceVisitor);
2578             }
2579         }
2580     }
2581 
2582 /* ************************************************************************
2583  * main method
2584  *************************************************************************/
2585 
2586     /** Generate code for a class definition.
2587      *  @param env   The attribution environment that belongs to the
2588      *               outermost class containing this class definition.
2589      *               We need this for resolving some additional symbols.
2590      *  @param cdef  The tree representing the class definition.
2591      *  @return      True if code is generated with no errors.
2592      */
2593     public boolean genClass(Env<AttrContext> env, JCClassDecl cdef) {
2594         try {
2595             attrEnv = env;
2596             ClassSymbol c = cdef.sym;
2597             this.toplevel = env.toplevel;
2598             /* method normalizeDefs() can add references to external classes into the constant pool
2599              */
2600             cdef.defs = normalizeDefs(cdef.defs, c);
2601             generateReferencesToPrunedTree(c);
2602             Env<GenContext> localEnv = new Env<>(cdef, new GenContext());
2603             localEnv.toplevel = env.toplevel;
2604             localEnv.enclClass = cdef;
2605 
2606             for (List<JCTree> l = cdef.defs; l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail) {
2607                 genDef(l.head, localEnv);
2608             }
2609             if (poolWriter.size() > PoolWriter.MAX_ENTRIES) {
2610                 log.error(cdef.pos(), Errors.LimitPool);
2611                 nerrs++;
2612             }
2613             if (nerrs != 0) {
2614                 // if errors, discard code
2615                 for (List<JCTree> l = cdef.defs; l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail) {
2616                     if (l.head.hasTag(METHODDEF))
2617                         ((JCMethodDecl) l.head).sym.code = null;
2618                 }
2619             }
2620             cdef.defs = List.nil(); // discard trees
2621             return nerrs == 0;
2622         } finally {
2623             // note: this method does NOT support recursion.
2624             attrEnv = null;
2625             this.env = null;
2626             toplevel = null;
2627             nerrs = 0;
2628             qualifiedSymbolCache.clear();
2629         }
2630     }
2631 
2632 /* ************************************************************************
2633  * Auxiliary classes
2634  *************************************************************************/
2635 
2636     /** An abstract class for finalizer generation.
2637      */
2638     abstract class GenFinalizer {
2639         /** Generate code to clean up when unwinding. */
2640         abstract void gen();
2641 
2642         /** Generate code to clean up at last. */
2643         abstract void genLast();
2644 
2645         /** Does this finalizer have some nontrivial cleanup to perform? */
2646         boolean hasFinalizer() { return true; }
2647 
2648         /** Should be invoked after the try's body has been visited. */
2649         void afterBody() {}
2650     }
2651 
2652     /** code generation contexts,
2653      *  to be used as type parameter for environments.
2654      */
2655     final class GenContext {
2656 
2657         /**
2658          * The top defined local variables for exit or continue branches to merge into.
2659          * It may contain uninitialized variables to be initialized by branched code,
2660          * so we cannot use Code.State.defined bits.
2661          */
2662         final int limit;
2663 
2664         /** A chain for all unresolved jumps that exit the current environment.
2665          */
2666         Chain exit = null;
2667 
2668         /** A chain for all unresolved jumps that continue in the
2669          *  current environment.
2670          */
2671         Chain cont = null;
2672 
2673         /** A closure that generates the finalizer of the current environment.
2674          *  Only set for Synchronized and Try contexts.
2675          */
2676         GenFinalizer finalize = null;
2677 
2678         /** Is this a switch statement?  If so, allocate registers
2679          * even when the variable declaration is unreachable.
2680          */
2681         boolean isSwitch = false;
2682 
2683         /** A list buffer containing all gaps in the finalizer range,
2684          *  where a catch all exception should not apply.
2685          */
2686         ListBuffer<Integer> gaps = null;
2687 
2688         GenContext() {
2689             var code = Gen.this.code;
2690             this.limit = code == null ? 0 : code.nextreg;
2691         }
2692 
2693         /** Add given chain to exit chain.
2694          */
2695         void addExit(Chain c)  {
2696             if (c != null) {
2697                 c.state.defined.excludeFrom(limit);
2698             }
2699             exit = Code.mergeChains(c, exit);
2700         }
2701 
2702         /** Add given chain to cont chain.
2703          */
2704         void addCont(Chain c) {
2705             if (c != null) {
2706                 c.state.defined.excludeFrom(limit);
2707             }
2708             cont = Code.mergeChains(c, cont);
2709         }
2710     }
2711 
2712     record PatternMatchingCatchConfiguration(Set<JCMethodInvocation> invocations,
2713                                             ListBuffer<int[]> ranges,
2714                                             JCCatch handler,
2715                                             State startState) {
2716         public PatternMatchingCatchConfiguration restart(State newState) {
2717             return new PatternMatchingCatchConfiguration(invocations(),
2718                                                         new ListBuffer<int[]>(),
2719                                                         handler(),
2720                                                         newState);
2721         }
2722     }
2723 }